118 Biology Nov. 22, 2006 EXAM 4 - VERSION A Mark your name, ID number & test version (A, B, C, D...) on your answer sheet. You can keep this list of exam questions. You may write on it if you wish. This form will be the only way you will know what answers you marked on the scantron. Each question has only 1 correct answer. Indicate your choice on the answer sheet - scantron. If you need clarification for a question, raise your hand & stay in your seat. I will come to you. If you are stumped by a question, place a mark by it, and return to it later. > = greater than AV = atrioventricular BP = blood (hydrostatic) pressure CO = cardiac output CRP = C-reactive protein ERV = expiratory reserve volume HDL = high density lipoprotein HP = hydrostatic pressure HR = heart rate IRV = inspiratory reserve volume LA = left atrium LV = left ventricle < = less than LDL = low density lipoprotein OP = osmotic pressure RA = right atrium RMV = respiratory minute volume RR = respiration rate RV = right ventricle SA = sinoatrial node SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum SV = stroke volume TV = tidal volume VC = vital capacity
1.
The ______ is the strongest chamber of the heart while the _____ is(are) the weakest. a. RV - atria b. LV - atria c. RV - LV d. LV - RV Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood? a. vena cava b. pulmonary vein c. aorta d. a & b The AV valves of the heart are closed when the ventricles ________ and the atria __________. a. contract - contract b. are relaxed - contract c. contract - are relaxed d. are relaxed - are relaxed Heart valves may be damaged by _____________, which can lead to impaired blood flow through the heart. a. cholesterol deposits b. age related stiffening c. some infections d. all of these Cardiac muscle cells have more _________ than white fiber skeletal muscle cells. a. sarcomeres b. myoglobin c. nuclei d. SR Aerobic exercise benefits the heart by increasing ____________. a. the number of cardiac stem cells b. the number of mature cardiac cells c. blood flow to the heart muscle tissue d. the relative size of each cell's SR Trace the "shortest" pathway of blood past/through these structures after the blood exits the left atrium: 1 - semilunar valves, 2 - AV valves, 3 aorta, 4 - vena cava, 5 - systemic capillaries, 6 - left ventricle: a. 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 4 b. 1, 6, 2, 3, 5, 4 c. 2, 6, 1, 4, 5, 3 d. 1, 6, 2, 4, 5, 3 The heart's conduction fibers send electrical signals through the heart ______ because they are ______ than other cardiac muscle cells. a. slowly - larger in diameter b. quickly - larger in diameter c. quickly - smaller in diameter d. slowly - smaller in diameter
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Trace the pathway of the electrical excitation of the heart from start to the end: 1 - atrial muscle, 2 - ventricular muscle, 3 - AV node, 4 - SA node, 5 - Purkinje fibers, 6 - AV bundle: a. 4, 1, 3, 6, 5, 2 b. 3, 1, 4, 2, 6, 5 c. 3, 1, 4, 6, 5, 2 d. 4, 3, 1, 6, 2, 5
10. The sympathetic nervous system releases the neurotransmitter ____ that produces _____ of cardiac cells, resulting in a faster HR. a. Ach - depolarization b. Ach - hyperpolarization c. NE - depolarization d. NE - hyperpolarization 11. Graph C shows an EKG (electrocardiograph) showing the depolarization of the heart; this particular pattern indicates _________. a. a normal heart b. atrial fibrillation c. bradycardia d. AV block 12. Calculate CO given this information: Ave BP = 80 mmHg, HR = 50 beats/min., & SV = 100 ml/beat. a. 4,000 ml/min. b. 5,000 ml/min. c. 20,000 ml/min. d. 40,000 ml/min. 13. Increasing _______ will increase the contraction strength/force of the heart (assuming all other variables are constant). a. parasympathetic stimulation b. heart rate c. diastolic time d. calcium (Ca+2) active transport 14. Which blood vessel has the most elastic fibers in its walls to ensure good "recoil" as BP drops? a. artery b. vein c. arteriole d. capillary 15. If the smooth muscle tissue in ________ relaxes, more blood will be sent into _______. a. arterioles - arteries b. arterioles - capillaries c. venules - capillaries d. veins - venules 16. Increasing blood _________ will cause an increase in blood _________. a. water content - OP b. flow - OP c. volume - HP d. proteins - HP 17. Which blood vessels have large internal lumens (spaces) so they contain a large % of our blood volume? a. arterioles b. capillaries c. veins d. arteries 18. Individuals who _____ frequently, are more prone to varicose veins. In extreme cases, varicose veins may lead to ______. a. walk - birth marks b. stand - blood clots c. swim - heart murmurs d. run - edema 19. During contraction of the heart, the ventricular pressure must be greater than the arterial _____ BP, in order to "push" open the _____ valve. a. diastolic - AV b. systolic - semilunar c. diastolic - semilunar d. systolic - AV
20. Net filtration pressure at the beginning of the capillary in graph B is _______ mmHg. One possible cause of the pattern of capillary exchange under these conditions is __________. a. + 15 - hypertension b. + 5 - hypertension c. -15 - dehydration d. -10 - dehydration 21. Which line on graph A best describes resistance to blood flow on the Y-axis, if the X-axis is the radius of a blood vessel? a. X b. W c. Z d. Y 22. Compared to normal resting values (assuming all else is constant), increasing ______ will increase blood flow. (This isn't about homeostasis.) a. Mean arterial BP b. SV c. HR d. All of these 23. Which statement correctly describes the relationship between blood flow & CO? a. Right CO > Left CO > flow blood b. Right CO = Left CO = blood flow c. Right CO < Left CO < blood flow d. Right CO = Left CO > blood flow 24. Which variable is regulated by negative feedback homeostasis? a. CO b. "diastolic" BP c. RMV d. RR 25. Which organ(s) receive(s) less blood during exercise? a. brain b. skin c. kidney d. skeletal muscle 26. If your resting BP = 100/80 mmHg, HR = 60 beats/min. & arteriole diameter = 4 mm, ______ will produce the biggest increase in blood flow in that arteriole. a. decreasing BP to 90/60 mmHg b. increasing HR to 65 beats/min. c. decreasing HR to 50 beats/min. d. increasing arteriole to 6 mm 27. _______ does NOT increase your risk of developing atherosclerosis. a. Elevated plasma CRP b. Type II Diabetes c. Elevated plasma HDL d. Elevated plasma LDL 28. Which individual, on average, has the most efficient cardiovascular system? a. resting HR = 35 beats/min., max. SV = 200 ml/beat b. resting HR = 50 beats/min., max. SV = 160 ml/beat c. resting HR = 75 beats/min., max. SV = 125 ml/beat d. resting HR = 100 beats/min., max. SV = 100 ml/beat 29. During inspiration, air flows through these structures, in order, to reach the alveoli: 1 - trachea, 2 - bronchiole, 3 - nasal cavity, 4 - larynx, 5 bronchi, 6 - pharynx. a. 3, 4, 6, 1, 2, 5 b. 3, 6, 4, 1, 5, 2 c. 6, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 d. 4, 6, 3, 1, 5, 2
30. As you swallow food, the ________ fold(s) over the entrance to the glottis to ensure that the food enters the esophagus. a. tonsils b. tongue c. epiglottis d. nasal conchae 31. The person whose vocal cords are ______ mm long & ______ mm thick has the deepest (lowest) pitch voice, on average. a. 30 - 8 b. 25 - 6 c. 20 - 4 d. 15 - 2 32. Your _______ will dilate (open up) when you inhale ________. a. alveoli - cold air b. bronchioles - smoke c. alveoli - air pollution d. bronchioles- warm air 33. ________ remove(s) debris & pathogens that get into the alveoli. a. Surfactant b. Macrophages c. Ciliated cells d. Water 34. _________ reduce(s) surface tension of the fluid within the alveoli, to aid alveolar inflation. a. Mucous b. Water c. Surfactant d. Proteins 35. Which city has the highest air pressure (assuming weather is similar)? a. Salt Lake City, 4300' b. New Orleans, -8' c. Boston, 43' d. Flagstaff, 6900' 36. Air Flow = ___________________. a. (Patmos. - Palveoli) / Resistance b. (Patmos. + Palveoli) / Resistance c. (Patmos. - Palveoli) * Resistance d. (Patmos.) /(Resistance * Palveoli) 37. If the atmospheric air pressure = 500 mmHg, an alveolar pressure = ______ will allow us to inhale the most air into our lungs. a. 510 mmHg b. 505 mmHg c. 500 mmHg d. 495 mmHg e. 490 mmHg 38. Which muscle or muscle group contracts during expiration? a. abdominal b. neck c. diaphragm d. shoulder
39. Calculate VC, given these data: TV = 500 ml, dead space = 200 ml, IRV = 2500 ml, residual volume = 1000 ml, ERV = 2000 ml. a. 6200 ml b. 5200 ml c. 5000 ml d. 4500 ml 40. Which breathing pattern provides the most oxygen at the lowest cost, for exercise? a. RR = 30 breaths/min. & TV = 2 l/breath b. RR = 40 breaths/min. & TV = 2 l/breath c. RR = 30 breaths/min. & TV = 4 l/breath d. RR = 60 breaths/min. & TV = 2 l/breath
41. Increased PCO2 in systemic arteries causes _________, that unless corrected, can _______ the nervous system.
a. b. c. d. 42. acidosis - excite alkalosis - excite acidosis - inhibit alkalosis - inhibit
Under normal conditions, where is the PO2 highest? a. alveoli b. vena cava c. pulmonary vein d. atmosphere If PCO2 = 45 mmHg in blood entering a pulmonary capillary & alveoli have a PCO2 = 35 mmHg, blood exiting the lungs has a PCO2 = _____. a. 10 mmHg b. 35 mmHg c. 40 mmHg d. 80 mmHg Using the data in graph D, at a PO2 = 20 mmHg, ________ has the highest saturation of oxygen. a. maternal hemoglobin b. fetal hemoglobin c. myoglobin d. lama hemoglobin If normal systemic arterial values are PO2 = 100 mmHg & PCO2 = 40 mmHg, which change below will produce the biggest increase in RMV? a. PO2 = 80 mmHg b. PCO2 = 30 mmHg c. PO2 = 120 mmHg d. PCO2 = 60 mmHg Which variable increases exponentially as your exercise level (oxygen consumption) increases? a. alveolar P O2 b. alveolar P CO2 c. systemic arterial pH d. RMV A person suffering from an asthma attack has ________ than a normal adult of similar age & size. a. smaller airway diameters b. less mucous c. larger airway diameters d. a larger VC In many cases, emphysema develops because ________ kills ciliated cells in your airways while ________ "eat(s)" the alveoli. a. smoke - macrophages b. macrophages - smoke c. mucous - smoke d. smoke - mucous If you stop smoking at age 40, after 20 years of smoking, your lung VC __________. a. returns to normal for you age after 5 years b. returns to its normal rate of decline c. keeps declining at a higher rate than normal d. is normal as soon as the excess mucous is removed Graph E is a comparison of studies that evaluated the risk of developing heart disease from second-hand (passive) smoking. It shows that second-hand exposure to smoke _______ risk of developing heart disease compared to ________. a. increases your - non-smokers b. increases your - smokers c. decreases your - smokers d. has no effect on - non-smokers
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Graph A
Graph B
Graph C
Graph D
Time on X-axis
Graph E
Results from Different Research Studies
Summary of epidemiological studies on passive smoking and coronary heart disease. J. Barnoya & S.A. Glantz. 2005. Special Report: Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke. Circulation 111:2684-2698.