118 BIOLOGY - EXAM 5 - FINAL JUNE 7, 2006 - VERSION A Mark your name, ID number, & test version (A, B, C...) on your answer sheet. You can keep this list of exam questions. You may write on it if you wish. Remember, this will be the only way you will know what answers you marked on the scantron. Each question has only 1 correct answer. Indicate your choice on the answer sheet - scantron. If you need clarification for a question, raise your hand & stay in your seat. If you are stumped by a question, place a mark by it, and return to it later. ADH = antidiuretic hormone ANP = atrial natriuretic peptide Bowman's capsule = renal capsule cells of Leydig = interstitial cells = endocrinocytes distal tubule = distal convoluted tubule EPO = erythropoietin Fallopian tube = uterine tube = oviduct FSH = follicle stimulating hormone GFR = glomerular filtration rate GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone HP = hydrostatic or blood pressure 1. hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin HIV = human immunodeficiency virus HPV = human papilloma virus (genital warts) JGA = juxtaglomerular apparatus loop of Henle = loop of nephron LH = luteinizing hormone NFP = net filtration pressure OP = osmotic pressure proximal tubule = proximal convoluted tubule STD = sexually transmitted disease vas deferens = ductus deferens
After urine exits a nephron, it travels through these structures, in order, to leave the body: 1 - urethra, 2 - urinary bladder, 3 - ureter, 4 - renal pelvis. a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 3, 2, 1, 4 c. 4, 3, 2, 1 d. 4, 1, 2, 3 The urinary bladder is lined with a thick, _________ epithelium that secretes a protective layer of __________. a. stretchable - mucous b. ciliated - mucous c. stretchable - acids d. ciliated - acids When the urinary bladder is full, the ___________ nervous system causes the bladder to contract & the internal urethral sphincter to relax. a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. somatic motor d. antipathic Which individual is least likely to suffer from incontinence? a. pregnant, 20 year old female b. 70 year old female c. athletic, 20 year old male d. 70 year old male ________ is the most toxic, water-soluble nitrogenous waste product. a. Ammonia b. Creatine c. Uric acid d. Urea Which renal blood vessel has fenestrae (pores) to increase the movement of fluids through its walls? a. Efferent arteriole b. Afferent arteriole c. Glomerulus d. Peritubular capillaries Which of these solutions has the highest HP? a. 1 L, 10% NaCl b. 2 L, 5% NaCl c. 3 L, 1% NaCl d. 4 L, 0% NaCl If glomerular HP = 65 mmHg, glomerular OP = 35 mmHg, renal capsule HP = 20 mmHg & renal capsule OP = 5 mmHg, the correct NFP = _________. a. 25 mmHg b. 20 mmHg c. 15 mmHg d. 10 mmHg
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Which substance does NOT filter in proportion to its abundance in plasma? a. albumin b. water c. glucose d. sodium, Na+ Which section of the nephron has the most microvilli on its cells to maximize fluid reabsorption? a. Bowman's capsule b. distal tubule c. loop of Henle d. proximal tubule If the kidneys filtered 280 mg/dl of glucose & the maximum reabsorption rate of glucose is 180 mg/dl, the amount of glucose in urine is ______mg/dl. a. 0 b. 100 c. 180 d. 280 To maintain fluid homeostasis, urine production should equal _______ ml if other water gains & losses are as follows: water drunk = 2500 ml, metabolic water produced = 300 ml, feces = 200 ml, sweat & respiration = 1400 ml. a. 2800 b. 2500 c. 1600 d. 1200 Which variable should be relatively constant because it is regulated only by negative feedback homeostasis? a. female FSH b. urine volume c. GFR d. afferent arteriole diameter When activated, the hormone angiotensin does NOT ______________. a. increase the release of ADH b. cause vasoconstriction c. promote thirst d. inhibit the sympathetic system When ADH binds to receptors on cells in the __________ region of a nephron, facultative water reabsorption ____________. a. proximal tubule - increases b. proximal tubule - decreases c. collecting duct - decreases d. collecting duct - increases Which hormone is produced by the JGA of the kidney when blood HP is below normal? a. ANP b. aldosterone c. renin d. ADH Chronic __________ may be caused by emphysema, in response the kidneys will _________ their secretion of H+ ions into urine. a. alkalosis - decrease b. acidosis - increase c. alkalosis - increase d. acidosis - decrease Which of the following increases your risk of developing cystitis (a bladder infection)? a. Being a male b. Frequent dehydration c. Urinating every 2 hours d. Wearing new underwear A diet high in ___________ in combination with ___________ increases your risk of developing kidney stones made of uric acid crystals. a. protein - overhydration b. fat - overhydration c. protein - dehydration d. fat - dehydration
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On graph A, which line best describes the amount of urea in plasma on the Y-axis, if the X-axis is the percentage of nephrons lost during chronic renal failure (0 to 100% lost)? a. Z b. Y c. W d. V Which of these is a symptom of chronic renal failure? a. anemia b. below normal blood HP c. alkalosis d. dehydration Graph D shows that among hypertension patients, as mean average blood pressure (MAP) __________, there is a _____________ decline in annual GFR (mL/min/year). a. increases - larger b. increases - smaller c. decreases - larger d. decreases - random effect on Follow the pathway of sperm out of a man's body after the sperm exits the seminiferous tubules: 1 - urethra, 2 - epididymis, 3 - vas deferens, 4 - rete testis, 5 - ejaculatory a. duct. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 b. 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 c. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 d. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5 Meiosis of 1 spermatogonium (stem cell) produces ______ sperm. a. 4 diploid b. 4 haploid c. 1 diploid d. 1 haploid Which male, on average, has the most sperm/ejaculation, with the fewest mutations in those sperm? a. 25 year old, runner, non-smoker b. 25 year old, cyclist, smoker c. 50 year old, runner, non-smoker d. 50 year old, cyclist, smoker Under normal conditions, ____________ is always alkaline. a. urine b. vaginal fluid c. seminal fluid d. all of these A skeletal muscle called the cremaster controls the position of the ________ in order to regulate ___________. a. penis - ejaculation b. scrotum - testes temperature c. epididymis - sperm swim speed d. vas deferens - sperm storage By age 50, nearly ______% of men show some degree of erectile dysfunction. This dysfunction is caused primarily by _________. a. 50 - mental illness b. 100 - vascular disease c. 50 - vascular disease d. 100 - mental illness Which structure has a relatively high surface area to volume ratio that improves its function &/or increases its activity level? a. lung alveoli b. nephron c. seminiferous tubules d. all of these One ovarian "follicle" has _______ egg(s) & ________ follicle cell(s). a. many - many b. many - 1 c. 1 - many d. 1-1
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A woman has the largest number of oogonia (stem cells) ______________. a. at birth b. before birth c. at puberty d. after menopause Which reproductive organ has both cilia for movement & microvilli to secrete nutrients onto its epithelium? a. ovary b. uterus c. vagina d. Fallopian tube Which layer of the uterus grows monthly & then is shed during menstruation? a. cervix b. stratum basalis c. stratum functionalis d. myometrium Which factor does NOT increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer? a. age b. BRCA 1 mutation c. aerobic exercise d. early puberty Using the data in graph B, which group of women, aged 38-49 years old, will enter menopause first, on average? a. Current smokers, smoking 10-20 cigarettes/day b. Current smokers, smoking < 10 cigarettes/day c. Women exposed to smoke passively (secondhand) d. Women never exposed to cigarette smoke Which hormone can be produced by the modification of cholesterol? a. FSH b. EPO c. progesterone d. ANP Which hormone has a direct negative feedback effect on the secretion of FSH? a. GnRH b. LH c. testosterone d. inhibin Which hormone must "spike" to a high level to trigger ovulation? a. GnRH b. estrogen c. LH d. FSH The ovarian corpus luteum produces & releases large amounts of the hormones _______________. a. FSH & LH b. FSH & estrogen c. estrogen & progesterone d. LH & progesterone Which line, on graph A, best describes the yearly average estrogen level of a woman on the Y-axis, if the X-axis is her age from 40 to 60 years? a. X b. W c. Y d. Z Which of these hormones keeps the uterine myometrium relaxed (non-contractile) during most of the pregnancy? a. progesterone b. hCG c. FSH d. estrogens
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Unprotected sexual intercourse between a man & woman on day ______ of the woman's monthly cycle has the highest probability of resulting in conception. a. 1 b. 5 c. 12 d. 23 Which of the following can increase a woman's risk of having maternal or fetal complications during a pregnancy? a. Having an STD b. Folic acid deficiency c. Maternal obesity d. Cigarette smoking e. All of these _______ peaks in the first 1-2 months of a pregnancy because it sustains the corpus luteum's hormone production until the placenta can produce enough of those same hormones. a. Estrogen b. Oxytocin c. Relaxin d. HCG Which hormone causes uterine contractions at birth as well as milk "let down" when a baby is suckling? a. prolactin b. oxytocin c. relaxin d. renin Which part of a sperm releases the digestive enzymes that must drill through the egg membranes before fertilization occurs? a. head b. midpiece c. acrosome d. flagellum Which of the following is a harm reduction strategy that has been proven to reduce the spread of STDs such as HIV? a. Needle exchange programs b. Encourage use of condoms c. Treatment for other STDs d. All of these Which age & sex group is at highest risk for a Chlamydia infection? a. Males, 20-24 year old b. Females, 20-24 years old c. Males, 30-34 years old d. Females, 30-34 years old A vaccine has just been developed to prevent infections by the strains of ________ that cause cervical & penile cancer. a. HIV b. HPV c. Influenza d. Hepatitis B A woman with HIV would be least likely to transfer an HIV infection to her child, if her viral count is _______. a. < 500 /ml b. 5,000/ml c. 10,000/ml d. 50,000/ml BONUS: Graph C shows that the U.S. has a __________ incidence (as % of population) with diabetes, heart disease & lung disease than Great Britain, but both countries tend to have a __________ incidence in groups with higher incomes. a. lower - higher b. lower - lower c. higher - lower d. higher - higher
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Graph A
Graph B
Cooper, GS et al. 1995. Follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations in relation to active & passive smoking. Obstetrics & Gynecology 85(3):407-411.
Graph C
Graph D
MAP = mean arterial blood pressure
Untreated hypertension
Banks, J, M Marmot, Z Oldfield, JP Smith. 2006. Disease & Disadvantage in the United States & in England. JAMA 295(17):2037-2044.
GB = Great Britain
US = United States