of Anatomy Articulation & Resonance
Bones of the Cranium & Face
Anatomy of Articulation & Resonance
Articulation: two or more speech structures ("articulators") are brought together to form speech sounds Phonemes Vocal tract
Oral cavity (mouth) Pharynx Nasal cavity
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Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production
An acoustic source is sent through a filter, which shapes the output Moving articulators produce a dynamic speech signal Source=voicing or turbulence Articulators may be moving or immobile
Articulators
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Bones of the Cranium
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Ethmoid Sphenoid
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Frontal Bone
Frontal Bone
Unpaired bone Includes the forehead, anterior cranial case, supraorbital region Articulates with the parietal bones at the coronal suture Articulates with the zygomatic bones via the zygomatic processes Nasal portion articulates with the nasal bones Orbital portion is the superior surface of the eye sockets
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Parietal Bones
Parietal Bones
Paired bones Articulates with the occipital bone via the lambdoidal suture
Wormiam bones
United midline by the sagittal suture
Articulates with the temporal bone via the squamosal suture
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Temporal Bones
Extremely dense, paired bones Articulates with the parietal bone via the squamosal suture Articulates with the occipital bone via the occipitomastoid suture
Temporal Bone
Inferior view Lateral view
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Temporal Bone
Four segments Squamous portion
"Fan-shaped," thin Roof of the external auditory meatus Zygomatic process Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa
Mastoid process
Posterior part Tympanic antrum Tegmen tympani Mastoid process
Tympanic portion
Anterior & inferior walls of the external auditory meatus
Petrous portion
Cochlea Semicircular canals
Temporal Bone
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Occipital Bone
Unpaired bone Forms base of the skull Articulates with the temporal, parietal, and sphenoid bones
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Occipital Bone
Sphenoid
Occipital
Occipital Bone
Landmarks
External occipital protuberance Cerebral fossa fossa Cerebellar Foramen magnum Condyles Basilar part
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Posterior view of skull
Ethmoid bone
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Ethmoid bone
Ethmoid bone
"Core" of the cranium & facial skeleton Landmarks
Crista galli Perpendicular plate Middle & superior nasal conchae Cribriform plates Orbital plates
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Sphenoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Posterior view Anterior view
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Sphenoid bone
Runs through the mid-sagittal plane Connects the cranial and facial skeletons Landmarks
Corpus Greater wings Lesser wings Pterygoid processes
Bones of the Facial Skeleton
Nasals Maxilla Lacrimal Zygomatic Palatine Inferior Nasal Conchae Vomer Mandible 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
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Bones of the Face
Mandible Maxillae Nasal bone Palatine bone & nasal conchae Vomer Zygomatic bone Lacrimal bone Hyoid bone
Mandible
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Mandible
Unpaired bone Lower jaw Landmarks
Mental symphysis Mental foramen Corpus (body) Angle Ramus Condylar process Coronoid process Mandibular notch Mandibular foramen
Mandibular Hypoplasia Micrognathia
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The Maxillae
The Maxillae
Superior view
Inferior view
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The Maxillae
Paired bone Upper jaw Landmarks
Cleft Palate
Unilateral cleft lip & palate Unilateral cleft palate
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The Nasal Bones
The Palatine Bones
Paired bones Horizontal plate of the palatine bones makes up the posterior of the hard palate Landmarks
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
Paired bones Lateral surface of the nasal cavity Articulate with the maxilla, palatine, and ethmoid bones
Location of the Inferior Nasal Conchae
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Vomer
Location of the Vomer
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Vomer
Unpaired, midline bone Makes up the posterior & inferior nasal septum Dividing plate between the two nasal cavities
Nasal Septum
Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid
cartilage
Vomer
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Zygomatic bones
"Cheekbones" Zygomatic arch: Landmarks
Orbital surface Maxillary process Temporal process Frontal process
Lacrimal bones
Small portion of the lateral nasal wall Small portion of the medial orbit Difficult to locate in the intact skull
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