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Lecture14_Phylogenies
Course: BIOL 180, Fall 2007School: Washington
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***Where Phylogenies we've been and where we're going*** First three weeks: evolutionary processes and evolutionary genetics (why do allele frequencies change through time?) Next 3rd of course: what has evolution produced? speciation history of life diversity of life (bacteria, viruses, plants, fungi, animals, etc.) Final 3rd: ecology = analyze how species interact with each other and their environment Then,...
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***Where Phylogenies we've been and where we're going*** First three weeks: evolutionary processes and evolutionary genetics (why do allele frequencies change through time?) Next 3rd of course: what has evolution produced? speciation history of life diversity of life (bacteria, viruses, plants, fungi, animals, etc.) Final 3rd: ecology = analyze how species interact with each other and their environment Then, how do all these organisms work .... Biology 200: on a cellular and sub-cellular (molecular) level? Biology 220: on an organ, systems, and whole-organism level? I. What is a phylogeny? What is a phylogenetic tree? A. Definitions: B. Phylogeny = the evolutionary history of a clade Clade (or lineage) = a monophyletic group A monophyletic group = a common ancestor and all of its descendants Phylogenetic tree = a graphical summary of that history ("who's related to whom")
Reading a tree: O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
tip = a taxon (named group) root = base of the tree = most ancestral species branch = population through time node = speciation event outgroup = a species that is closely related to the group in question, but not a part of that group monophyletic group = an ancestral population and all of its descendants
II. How can we estimate phylogenies? What traits are useful for reconstructing ancestor-descendant relationships? A. Analyzing traits homologous = characteristics that are similar because of descent from a common ancestor Supporting the hypothesis of homology: species are related taxa also B. The problem of homoplasy Homoplasy (analogous traits) = characteristics that are similar but NOT as a result of descent from a common ancestor Examples: Homoplasy obscures It results from 1) Convergent evolution = the evolution of similar traits in species that are not closely related Convergence occurs when
2) Reversal = when a trait reverts to a previous state Reversals are common in
C. Using parsimony to resolve conflicts Parsimony = in logic, the simplest explanation is preferred In biology: the tree that implies the Why? Homology is much more D. What kinds of homologous traits are useful for inferring phylogenies? Synapomorphies = shared derived characters Shared = derived traits = = homologous traits that certain Synapomorphies identify
E. Sources of data 1. Morphological traits pulley-shaped astralagus as a synapomorphy that identifies
2. Molecular characters (another source of data) What do molecular characters say about the relationship of whales and artiodactyls?
Recent fossil finds confirm that hippos and whales are closely related Pakicetus (left), Ichthyolestes (right) (48 mya)
Ambulocetus (46 mya)
Rodhocetus (46 mya)
Basilosaurus (38 mya)
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