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153 PSY Mc/B - FHS Chapter III Study Guide Know (in general terms): 1. The definitions of the glossary terms in the margins which are not specifically cited in the study guide items below- (see below) 2. The cues and senses involved in creating sexual arousal- primary source- tactile, then- visual cues, odors, and sounds 3. What a model is- a conceptualization of a set of behaviors that helps organize them into easily understood components 4. The four-stage model proposed by Masters and Johnson and their lasting contribution- lasting contribution- describe in detail the physiological changes both genital and extragenital that occur in each stage. 1. excitement 2. plateau 3. orgasm 4. resolution 5. Tiefer's criticisms of M & J's model and the problems to which the model leads- stages cannot be reorganized, nor can stages be added, promotes a fragmented view of the body and doesn't show interaction with the mental part of it 6. What characterizes Kaplan's three-stage model of sexual arousal- desire- underlying level of interest (libido), excitement- activated by the limbic system, orgasm- controlled by excitement centers in the lower spinal chord 7. What conditioned emotional responses are, how they develop and the role they play in Byrne's model of sexual response- cer- learned responses from negative (leads to avoidance) and positive (approaches the sitch) 8. How to contrast erotophobes and erotophiles and how they are likely to become so- erotophobessexually avoidant, erotophiles- sexual approachers, if a child is taught masturbation is dirty they are more likely to become erotophobic 9. How Barlow accounts for the effects of anxiety in sexual functioning and what his findings mean about influences on sexual response- inhibits dysfunctional men and facilitates functional men, emotions alone don't determine a sexual response 10. How Bancroft's model describes the interplay of cognitive, emotional and physiological components of sexual response- emotional- initial, then cognitions and external stimuli determine genital response, then orgasms are controlled by brain and spinal chord 11. How sexual arousal proceeds, according to the cognitive models- sexual grounding 12. How to describe the changes of the excitement phase in the internal genitals of females- vag lube(transduction), blood to genitals (vasocongestion), red veg walls, vag = wider and longer, tenting effect ( when the uterus contracts bringing the cervix with it), fibrillations- contractions 13. How to describe the changes of the excitement phase in the external genitals of females- labia majora to flatten and move apart somewhat, the diameter of the clitoral shaft increases, the glans swells 14. The extra-genital changes of the excitement phase in females- nipples become erect, widen and darken, breasts may increase by as much as 25%, sex flush, myotonia (muscles tense) 15. What characterizes the orgasmic platform of the plateau phase- outer 1/3 of the vag is engorged, narrowing the vag opening by 30%, grips the penis 16. What characterizes the responses of the orgasmic phase in females- labia minora- enlarge and get pink or red, clitoris retracts under the hood, heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and myotonia increase, breasts increase, nipples are more erect and darker, uterus contracts further to form the seminal pool 17. How to discuss the variations in women's experience of orgasm- 2-15 contractions, some multiple, some can't with a partner, some can't have one but enjoy sex anyways 18. What characterizes the resolution phase in females- contractions cease, blood flows out, vag gets smaller, heart rate, bp and resp all go back to normal, uterus moves back down into seminal pool 19. What characterizes the changes of the excitement phase in males- erection, engorgement of the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, urethral opening widens, scrotal sac thickens and smooths out, testies get bigger toword the end, same non genital changes as girls 20. What characterizes the changes of the plateau phase in males- diameter of the coronal ridge increases, penis darkens, testes get 50-100% bigger, elevate and rotate so the back faces the perineum, cowper's gland fluid appears on the tip of the penis 21. What is distinctive about the Cowper's gland and its secretions- not semen but may contain stray sperm and get a girl pregnant 22. What occurs during the first stage of the orgasm phase in males- emission stage- uscular walls of the testes, epididymes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract, causing ejaculate to collect in the urthral bulb, ejaculatory inevitability 23. What occurs during the second stage of the orgasm phase in males- expulsion stage of ejaculationejaculate is forces out of the penis by bulbocavernosus muscle at the base of the penis, contractions .8 seconds apart 24. How the resolution phase in males differs, usually, from that in females- add't'l stim will not produce and orgasm or erection, this is called the refractory period which increases age with 25. How to distinguish between the vaginal, clitoral and A-frame orgasms- a-frame, no platform, less common, from g spot 26. What has been found about orgasms resulting from G-spot stimulation- ejaculation of fluid from the urethra, ejaculatory orgasms 27. What has been concluded about comparisons of the orgasms- they're all equally great 28. What erogenous zones are, where they tend to be located and why they can be located elsewhere- lips, mouth and nipples, more innervated areas, but individual preferences have more to do with it. 29. The kinds of visual images that affect sexual arousal and from where their influence comes- erotic images, a man sees his own penis, dreams, influence from- social and current influences, 30. What menstrual synchrony is, what contention it supports and the features and findings of the studies that investigated it- similar menstrual timing in women living in close proximity, shows that pheromones can affect reproductive processes, girl underarm sweat--boy underarm sweat 31. How to contrast the influence of tactile stimulation of the mouth and tongue with that of auditory stimuli on sexual arousal- not taste that effects it but the tactile sense of the mouth and tongue. Auditoryhearing a lovers voice, sexy music or noises 32. The primary functions of, and influences on sexual arousal of, the cerebral cortex- determines whether something is sexual or not, inhibitions of sexual response, direct stimulation 33. The major structures, primary functions of, and influences on sexual arousal of the limbic systemcingulated gyrus, hippocampate, amygdale and hypothalamus control sexual function through regulation of hormones 34. What the Kluver-Bucy syndrome is and how it was discovered- study monkeys where temporal lobes were destroyed; they became docile, masturbated lots and mounted many monkeys. 35. What hormones do and by what they are produced- endocrine gland, delivered to target organ to cause something to happen 36. The two distinct roles of the sex hormones and the two hormones most involved- 1. Fetus- boy or girl and other sexual stuff, 2. Temporarily modify behavior, testosterone and estrogen 37. The hormones produced by the pituitary gland and the effects they produce- influence production of other sex: FSH(produces estrogen, sperm/ovum maturation), LH(increase progesterone/testosterone), oxytocin(uterin contractions during birth/orgasms) and prolactin 38. How to discuss the varied effects of testosterone spontaneous erections are androgen dependent, low levels may produce erections as a result of some stimuli 39. Why older adults may actually enjoy enhanced sexual expression- no kids, no job, no birth control, slow ejaculation means long sex for women, worked the kinks out 40. How to summarize the effects of aging on sexual functioning in females- natural decrease in estrogen level, menopause, thinning of vag walls, less natural lube, short vag, 41. How to summarize the effects of aging on sexual functioning in males- decline in testosterone, direct stimulation to get an erection, erections less firm 42. The substances thought to be aphrodisiac and what research shows really works- think- oysters, Spanish fly, raw turtle eggs, goat testicles and ground rhino horn, research shows- Spanish fly gives an erection because it's toxic 43. How to summarize the effects of prescription drugs on sexual functioning- many psychiatric meds, some are good and some are bad, meds for hypertension hurt desire, some meds help sexual fuction yohimbine, L-Dopa, potentially helpful but crazy side effects 44. What is the most widely used recreational drug, and what are its supposed and real effects on sexual functioning- alcohol- believed to enhance sex, real effects- reduces info going from CNS to PNS, dulls the senses, hormone production is altered 45. How to describe the supposed effects and drawbacks (as aphrodisiacs) of: a) marijuana- low doses increase testosterone production, high doses decrease, impairs cognitions and effects of events b) cocaine and amphetamines- think- enhanced desire and orgasm, really- chronic use interferes c) the opiates- not associated with increased sex drive, chronic users report less desire and frequency d) amyl nitrate- treat heart probs, increased length of orgasm, premature ejacuation, many neg side effects 46. The common sexual concerns of men (*See Reflect on This, p. 98)- does it feel good? Does my partner enjoy this? Is this interfering with my relationship? Is it hurting anyone? Is this interfering with other parts of my life? 47. Why it's not uncommon for women to feel uncomfortable about sex (*)- women are taught at a young age to feel self conscious of their bodies and urges 48. The steps the authors suggest you take if your physiological responses just are not cooperating- take a deep breath, try to relax, examine other factors, 49. The most important message you can get from this chapter, according to the authors- physiological responses don't occur on their own.

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