1, April 2008 Yalta Agreement Manhattan Project Hiroshima Potsdam Declaration Containment George Kennan Truman Doctrine Iron Curtain Marshall Plan NATO Chaing Kai-Shek/Mao Tse-Tung Press Club Speech Korean War
WWII end vs WWI end Problem: ally Soviet Union quickly enemy after the war Potential soviet threat Patton wanted to rearm the Germans and make and ally to fight against USSR Churchill wouldn't talk to Stalin when Big Three would talk about post WWII Dividing the war into two speheres of influence 1st it was perceived later soviet union carved out spheres of influence Poland, Hungary, Czech, Bulgaria, Romania Western NATO = Germany, France, Britain, Spain, Austria Political Didn't like their totalitarian government they didn't like our capitalistic Who would control Western Europe after the war? Germans were warlike group USSR that suffered (USSR point of view) Attacked in both wars When would they attack again Soviet army didn't retreat after the war Occupied Poland, Romania, Czech, etc Declined to evacuate US didn't think they should move in and control them We didn't remove our armies from western Europe either France, etc. After war ended isolationism didn't come back Public said place for America on world stage Britain receding and America ascending Take over the role of policing the war Soviets consolidated their power quickly even before war was over Yalta AgreementStalin was desperate and agreed in principle that after war ended that they would evacuate their military from where they occupied He really had no intention of doing this b/c wanted to maintain buffer zone US approached as Wilsonian idealists Opportunity to remake the world in America's image Free economy, social, religious Communist occupation of Czechoslovakia and remained until far of Berlin War US consolidation of power Funds, propaganda US worried b/c communists were winning other elections in Europe in allied countries 1949- Italy and France Law passed to eliminate communism in their government Greece was a flashpoints Place where superpowers would clash using a proxy Early fear of USSR Thought people around to cause Communist political movements in America Anxiety 1945 Roosevelt died and succeeded by Truman Truman was our first cold warrior Truly feared soviets
Thought possibly people passing secrets around like Manhattan Project Manhattan project The US army's project to build a nuclear weapon that would employ the most brilliant minds people on it were Jews fleeing from Germany at the time wasn't known if you could split atom and results knew catastrophic but didn't know if could contain title for delivery mechanism, fuel, and technology to produce the machinery to make the parts what to do after have this information scientist thought that there would be a series of reactions that just kept going nuclear material would travel through the core of the earth thought it would burn up the atmosphere projected at least 1mil American casualties if had to invaded Japanese use and hasten the end of the war? Truman made the decision to use Show off and threaten with a nuclear detenation? Shouldn't bomb b/c would be cruel to commit mass murder against civilians? we had 2 bombs: fatman and lil' boy this would help only for the Pacific theater where to use? Quixoto? Didn't choose this b/c was the location of their personal art collection Shouldn't bomb cultural and ethnic things No better way to destroy relationship with civilians Hiroshima Headquarters for army and national defense Selected in late July 1945 Pottsdam Declaration Urged Japan to surrender to avoid prompt and utter destruction Japan didn't take seriously st 1 nuclear bomb dropped by Enola Gay 4 miles destroyed Army staff annihilated 64,000 people destroyed Nagasaki second nuclear bomb dropped Consequence of dropping: People who weren't killed started getting very sick and died painful deaths radiation poison Japanese head emperor got on the radio and told EVERYONE to lay down their arms Very significant b/c had never spoken to citizens Had seen firsthand the effects of the bomb Ordered total surrender MacArthur accepted in Tokyo Harbor on USS Missouri End of WWII policies Containment- we cannot military fight the soviets military and win so we acknowledge they should have a sphere of influence and then contain it George Kennen Expert on Soviets Put together containment policy Had to approach the soviet as: Soviets thought there were two rival camps Themselves And US and Capitalistic countries There was nothing the US could do to reconcile differences with Russians Truman began to develop a rougher and rougher stance against USSR Truman doctrineDirect response to what was happening in Greece Greek communists trying to over through monarchy Greek communists receiving aid from USSR
British government almost bankrupt and couldn't support monarchy so asked US to help British asked us to help take over b/c if they stopped then the communists could take over Shock to US b/c we thought Britain was economically still OK Churchill's Iron Curtain- iron curtain of communism leading to desperation, poverty, political persecution, reduction or elimination of freedoms we enjoy in the west Effort to help take over containment Advocated that its America's responsibility to keep this from happening Churchill very afraid of communism Truman was happy to help USSR propaganda attack against Turkey USSR PLAN: When communist insurgencies began in Turkey USSR close by to help Turks worried about Soviets but couldn't build up Doctrine proposed millions of dollars to support "resist attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures" Didn't specifically mention USSR, Turkey, Greece Basically asking Congress for a blank check Insert the US politically and economically anywhere Economic side After WWII $2 trillion in property loss in Europe and pacific and message of Communism enticing The government was here for YOU and a government of the people against the special interests Marshall Plan- Proposal to finance European recovery Initially offered aid to USSR if they would renounce communism US: Provide money, material, technical advice, EUROPE: would administer the grants Europe embraced and USSR rejected Wanted $22 billion in US aid to rebuild Congress thought was WAY too much money but when Communists took Czech let Europe have money Results exceeded expectations Was our way of extending our influence over Europe USSR use military and US use wealth and might to extend influence Military organization to project military influence into Europe on a needed basis NATO Response to Russian military aggression Eastern Europe asked for this Remembered what Hitler did Took piece by piece North Atlantic Alliance Treaty Brussels Treaty began NATO and later the US and Canada added to it Enormous moment in US history Violated Washington's advice in farewell address = avoid other people's problems We were obliged to come to the aid of people in trouble No more isolationism Soviet response: Warsaw Pact = military alliance of Soviet countries that was exactly the same as NATO Thought NATO was an offensive alliance not defensive that it was actually Began the arms race April 3, 2008 Need Notes April 8, 2008 Southern Christian Leadership Conference Civil Rights Act of 1957 Little Rock/Orval Faubus Sit-ins Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Freedom Rides Birmingham, 1963 March on Washington Civil Rights Act of 1964
President's Committee Civil on Rights To Secure These Rights "Second Reconstruction" Brown vs. Board of Education "separate but equal" Thurgood Marshall Southern Manifesto Rosa Parks Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Black Power Stokely Carmichael
H. Rap Brown Black Panthers Malcolm X/Elijah Mohammed
1950s = second reconstruction Dwight Eisenhower (President) entered office committed to civil rights cause (1952) Did what he could through executive orders Constitutional authority Desegregated all of the public services of DC Federal territory but physically located in the south Going against the principle annunciated by Supreme Court Separate but equal Plessy v Ferguson Believer that the federal govt was subordinate to state and local government Powers of the federal government was decircumsized Relied on state and local government to enact policy under pressure from Washington Wouldn't give money to fix roads or build schools Eisenhower criticized for this approach Supreme court Brown v the Board of Education of Topeka, KS Began in the 1930s Testing the separate but equal ruling of plessy v ferguson NAACP lawyer = Thurgood Marshall Later supreme court justice 1950- Sweat v Painter In TX separate law schools was not legal Intangible reasons that this was not permissible Intangible reasons = diversity Exposing yourself to the views of another group of people This gave them the opportunity to do away with separate but equal Supreme court all democrats (FDR, Truman) Hugo Black- former member of the KKK Earl Warren- "in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place Separate but equal leads to a feeling of inferiority Negatively impacts performance reduces black performance in school Null and void plessy v ferguson Called for prompt desegregation of the public school system Southern reaction Southern manifesto denouncing courts decision as abuse of judicial power Judicial activism Court had no business legislating from the bench Business of legislative branch of the government 1956- still schools segregated Civil Rights Movement Montgomery, AL bus boycott Rosa Parks arrested on public bus for refusing to give up her front seat to a white person Black leaders in Montgomery met at a Baptist church Dr. Martin Luther King's church Argued for nonviolent resistance Approach described as using love as a weapon Blacks refused to ride the bus system Carpooled Many blacks lost their jobs in retaliation Threatened to take away their licenses for carpooling Arrest warrants for MLK and 100 of his followers b/c violated 1921 law for hindering business practice without reason for just and reasonable excuse MLK turned himself in and followers did too Police photo of him was put on television as well as peaceful protestors SCLC
Nonviolent resistance Eisenhower uses his considerable political influence to pass the Civil Rights act of 1957 Stalled in Senate b/c of southern opposition Passed in Senate later b/c of Lyndon Johnson Southerner from TX but a strong supporter of civil rights Established civil rights commission for two years and then later indefinitely Established civil rights division of department of justice Voting Desegregation carrying out After government behind them went out to get people to register to vote When SCLC goes to big southern towns Intimidation Couldn't register people b/c they were afraid Potentially fatal Got the government to forcefully get blacks to register to vote Little Rock, AK Schools will be desegregated Orville Faubus brought out the AK national guard to keep blacks from going to school Had to remove the national guard under court order Histerical mob of whites forbid them to go to school Eisenhower ordered the 101st Air Born division to protect the blacks Remained there for an entire year Demonstrated to MLK that federal government was serious about enforcing civil rights Faubus closed schools for an entire year if blacks had to go to the school nobody was going to the school Forced to reopen under court order Upper south didn't want a similar experience so integrated school Sit in in Greensburo, NC College freshman at school similar to Prairie View A&M wanted to go have lunch but lunch counter was specifically for the use of whites Hundreds of students filled every lunch counter and not a single seat for whites available Did this every day all day for 6 months Blacks and whites across the nation began sit ins If they weren't served they'd shut the place down Went beyond lunch Churches Public swimming pools Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Worked in coordination with SCLC Congress of Racial Equality- organized a group of black and white people to challenge inner city bus desegregation across the south Freedom rides Mobs surrounded bus and dragged people off the bus and assaulted them Birmingham 1963 April, 1963 series of nonviolent protests in Birmingham Determined that Birmingham was most segregated city left in America Eugene Bull Connor used attack dogs, tear gas, electric cattle prods, fire hoses to keep the people from standing around singing about equality People were appauled even most hardcore racists These were people and we were treating them as if they were subhuman MLK decided to take advantage of this Sympathy in his corner March on Washington Congress proposed legislation that would extend civil rights even more than it already was Southerners were filibustering the bill 200,000 blacks marched down the mall to Lincoln memorial singing
Delivered "I Have a Dream Speech" Civil Rights Act of 1964JFK was a supporter of Civil Rights and his successor LBJ When assassinated the civil rights act had stalled Southerners were blocking (filibuster) Johnson gave reluctant senators Johnson treatment Called them up Remember JFK and Jack Kennedy? Would badger people and harass them Pretty much had to take that call The most far reaching civil rights act passed by congress Outlawed discrimination based on color in any place that was a public accommodation Required if going to give a literacy test it must be administered in writing and must be prior authorization and must be geared to people who completed 6th grade Attourney general could sue school district that didn't desegregate fast enough Any business that received federal money must participate Created equal opportunity employment commission Enforcement mechanism for these items Capstone of 2nd reconstruction Voting Rights Act of 1965Authorized Attourney General to send investigators to see any claim of bad voting Illegal to defraud people of their right to vote For any reason Black Power took on Marcus Garvey In Watts, Los Angeles violence and looting Rioting spread to Chicago, Cleveland, NJ Cities burning and nobody knew why Soldiers used tanks and machine guns to fight urban rioters Some members of SNCC started to argue for violent protests Stokley Carmichael- adopted Garvy approach Must work to construct reality by Afro Americans Succeeded by H. Rap Brown Urged blacks to get you some guns and kill some people Moved on to the Black Panthers Urban revolutionaries Wore bandeleros, carried guns, terrified public into accepting them fragmented into smaller groups Malcolm X- formerly Malcolm Little b/c of lost African Surname Muhammad- muslim who recruited X Christianity of the white devil Malcolm X own organization Assassinated by muslims b/c becoming too powerful MLK and Robert Kennedy assassinated