section Psy 2
OUTLINE Brain and Behavior
1. Korsakoff's (alcoholism)
I. Gross Organization of the Nervous System
A. Peripheral -Outside the bone casing 2. Somatic (Voluntary) -goes to all the large muscles in your body a. Afferent Nerves -sensory b. Efferent Nerves -motor 2. Autonomic (Involuntary) a. Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) b. Parasympathetic (Rest & Recuperation/Relaxation) B. Central -anything encased in bone 1. Spinal Cord -Reflexes 2. Brain
-forebrain -midbrain -hindbrain -cerebellum -smoothes movements, balance -medula -automatic functions -pons -sends information up and back a. Ventricles b. Hemispheres
II. Structural Organization of the Brain
A. Hindbrain a. Medulla b. Pons -fiber pathway that allows the brain to talk to the rest of the cerebellum c. Cerebellum -smoothes out muscle movement B. Midbrain C. Forebrain a. Hypothalamus -below the thalamus. The seat of emotion.
b. Thalamus -a sensory switch board in a relay system. Only sense that doesn't go through there is smell. c. Limbic System -a combination of structures in the cerebrum, memory/ respond to things of emotional significance. d. Cerebrum/Cortex -the highest level part of the brain Brain rests on a membrane and cerebral spinal fluid.
III. Functional Organization of the Brain
A. Sensory Systems B. Motor System -association cortex talks to the frontal cortex -information, understanding the past, foresight prefrontal cortex -primary motor begins movement -basal ganglia is working properly in parkinsons C. Limbic System Limbic/Endocrine System Interactions
IV. Cells of the Nervous System
A. Glia the major component of your brain
1. Schwann Cells & Oligodendrocytes -provide myelin (electrical insulation( for multiple neurons)
-schwann provide electrical insulation for individual neurons 2. Astrocytes -maintain the extracellular environment, clear away debris, store glucose, etc 3. Microglia -microglia the immune system B. Neurons -highly specialized
1.Dendrites -the "input" side of the neuron. Highly branched 2. Soma -The cell body. Contains the cell's nucleus, organelles, and the metabolic and protein manufacturing machinery. 3. Axon -projects from the soma. The "antenna" of the "output" side 4. Terminal button -The business end of the axon. Releases the transmitters used in neuron to neuron communication.
V. Neuronal Structure
A. Dendrite B. Soma C. Axon D. Terminal Button
VI. Neuronal Physiology
A. Electrical Potentials 1. The (Resting) Membrane Potential
a. The Ions
b. Pumps & Channels
2. The Action Potential
a. Threshold -sodium potassium pump b. Refractory periods c. Summation -fire or not to fire i. Temporal -telling things to fire -same location in space, firing repeatedly ii. Spatial -fires to a remote location, rebuilds -across two different points in space on the neuron B. The Synapse 1. The Terminal Button
2. The Synaptic Cleft 3. The Postsynaptic Density
VII. Neurotransmitters
A. Acetylcholine -when lost, Alzheimer's B. The Monoamines 1. Tyrosine-based a. Dopamine (DA) -when lost, causes parkinson's disease b. Norepinephrine (NE) c. Epinephrine (E) 2. Trypthophan-based a. Serotonin (5HT) C. The Amino Acids 1. Glutamate (excitatory) 2. GABA D. (inhibitory) Peptides
VIII. Neurotransmitter Receptors
A. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels (Ionotropic) -ligand is anything that sticks to something else -send out signals
-most common and talked about receptor -binding sites on the surface facing into the synaptic cleft -when binding sites are activated, it opens the receptor so it's not pinched off anymore, allowing things to pass through -takes two transmitter modules at the same time at the binding sites, and channel pore pops open for one or two milliseconds. B. G-Protein Linked (Metabotropic) -Do not have a pore -they still have 2 binding sites that have to be activated -the protein are embedded in the protein -activated with enzymes -act as amplifiers to the signal that goes through the ligand-gated ion channels, make more or less responsive.
G-protein receptor- does not by itself have a pore. -the transmitter binds to the receptor -never leaves the membrane -alpha component disengages, breaks away, and moves on -will activate an enzyme
Corpus Caliosum- right and left side talk Left side- language, analytical
Right side- emotion, music
Hippocampus involved with memory
OUTLINE I. Definitions A. Learning: A durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience B. Memory: The means by which past experience is drawn on to guide or direct behavior or thoughts in the present. What THEY aren't (things which influence performance separate from learning or memory): fatigue, attention, motivation, maturation. II. Some Types of Learning A. Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning (involuntary responses)
Conditional stimulus originally neutral cue (light, sound) Unconditional stimulus = consequence (unlearned)
Unconditional Response = Instinctive (or already learned) respond to Unconditional stimulus You wind up getting a conditioned response- the learned response made to conditioned stimulus to prepare for the following unconditioned stimulus.
1. Acquisition 2. Extinction -when the response goes away 3. Spontaneous Recovery 4. Stimulus Generalization/Discrimination 5. Higher Order Conditioning B. Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning (voluntary responses) 1. Reinforcement vs. Omission/Punishment 2. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed vs. Variable; Response vs. Interval 3. Comparison of processes Classical vs. Operant C. Observational Learning Bobo Doll III. Memory Processes (Big Picture) A. Encoding 1. Attention 2. Depth of Processing
3. Elaboration 4. Imagery B. Storage 1. Sensory Memory 2. Short Term Memory/Working Memory Limited time, capacity 3. Long Term Memory 1. Flashbulb Memories 2.(Serial Position Effect) Primacy vs. Recency C. Retrieval 1. Reinstating Context (cues/reminders) 2. Reconstruction (misinformation effect) IV. Forgetting A. Ineffective Encoding B. Decay C. Interference (retroactive vs. proactive) D. Retrieval Failure E. Motivated Forgetting ? VI. Learning & Memory (The Biology) A. The Limbic System Hippocampus, Amygdala & Friends
B. The Frontal Cortex/Basal Ganglia Circuit Loop the loop. C. Long-Term Potentiation AMPA, NMDA and calcium D. Multiple Memory Systems More than one way to cut a pie E. Memory Modulation 1. A little Stress isn't always a bad thing. 2. Volume Control & say hello to some old friends.