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10 Lecture So many women poised for power refuse those positions. Why? Feminism offends many women by not respecting choices. In England, many black men have children with white women. The white mothers must teach their daughters about racism. Things that are racial and things that are ethnic have much overlap. Ethnic differences are distinguished by being learned. But so many concepts fall into both categories. What sets race apart is that some ethnic practices become the basis for stigma, and the stigmas become the basis for extreme heirarchy. Differences within races are even more pronounced than differences among the races. The biological diversity within races is enormous. Perceived intrisic features of a race are actually features of an economic system. How did most blacks become poor? After Civil War, the elite wondered what to do about these ex-slaves. When blacks were given the opportunity, they moved out of the South. Blacks didn't move North because Northerners didn't want them and tried to stop them from coming up and Southerners wanted to keep them. After the war, plantation owners tried to keep blacks in the South. They also intimidated people from the North who advertised jobs. If blacks moved North, they would take many of the jobs taken by European immigrants. The current black condition was socially constructed based on social class and the economic system. Horatio Alger wrote about people who overcame difficult circumstances to obtain success. There to used be biological explanations for the success of racial groups. More recently, there are cultural explanations. Many Jewish people are successful in US. A sociologist (Steinberg) does not believe in cultural factors. Not all racial groups start off equally. There are two beliefs: Jews came here unskilled and without capital. But Jews were different due to their European origins. The Jews came from urban centers while most other immigrants came from rural backgrounds. The Jews who came over had worked in industrial settings. Jews also knew how to read or write. Is reading or writing really a cultural factor or does it have more to do with religion? Jews are not the only successful group. One good example is the West Indians. They came to this country in large number in the 1960s. Civil rights movement led to many black immigrants esp. from the West Indies. But why didn't American blacks do well? Well, there were major differences between the West Indian blacks and the US blacks. After slavery, there was segregation for US blacks while West Indians did not have that. The West Indians were also 89% literate and 40% were highly educated professionals. Race, gender, class, etc. are interlocking factors. A stereotype is not just a generalization, but also an inflexible generalization not open to being revised from new evidence. In general, stereotypes are bad because they are not open to evidence. Inflexible stereotypes prevent us from learning about the world.

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