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1: Topic Scientific Method and Critical Reading & Writing Understand the steps involved in the Scientific Method. Observation/Question Literature/Library research Create hypothesis Design experiment Conduct experiment Accept or reject hypothesis Be able to give examples within the different steps that might lead to inaccuracies. Tired when collecting data Hurried through observations Repeat experiments to be thorough Be prepared to discuss how you would apply the scientific method to investigate the validity of observations such as: (a) The nutritional value of vegetables tends to decrease with days after harvest; (b) The increase demand for corn for ethanol production has affected the price of cereals and milk. Observe prices of cereals and milk in the grocery store Research past and current price trends for cereals and milk Using corn for ethanol production has doubled the price of cereals and milk for the average consumer Collect data on three largest grocery store chains for prices of cereals and milk presently and in the past 5 years. Based on the data of the grocery stores prices for cereals and milk have increased over the past 5 years What are the limitations of the Scientific Method? Science is a human activity and subject to human problems. One time events are difficult to study Cannot prove something is safe Correlation vs. cause and effect Under what circumstances are the Scientific Method not applicable? One time events Proving something is safe Be able to differentiate between "hypothesis", "model", "theory" and "law". Hypothesis a limited statement regarding cause and effect in specific situations; also refers to our state of knowledge before experimental work has been performed. Model reserved for situations when it is known that the hypothesis has the least limited validity; only valid for small amounts of "stretching" and the law fails Theory and law represents the hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses, which has been confirmed through repeated experimental tests Differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary literature sources. Recognize examples of each type. Primary literature contain original data and ideas are generally the first published record of an investigation 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 1 of 10 o Research articles, research monographs, preprints, patents, dissertations, and conference proceedings Secondary literature information about primary sources; may rearrange or modify data to include additional data o Encyclopedias, review articles, handbooks, bibliographies, and abstracts/indexes Tertiary sources discuss science rather than contribute or are indirect sources o Textbooks, directories, and literature guides What is a Fallacy? Be able to identify examples of fallacies of distraction, inductive fallacies and causal fallacies. Fallacy an incorrect or misleading notion or opinion based on inaccurate facts or invalid reasoning o Fallacies of distraction false dilemma, from ignorance o Inductive fallacies hasty generalization, unrepresentative sample o Casual fallacies joint effect, insignificant What are the characteristics of "active" reading and writing? Not just looking for information looking for the author's purpose, persuasive tone, and bias Topic 2: Food Consumption Trends What are the four major segments of the food Industry? Be prepared to list these and explain their significance to Agriculture which is generally defined as the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. Production technologies involved in production of the raw materials include the selection of plant and animal varieties, cultivation, growth, harvest, slaughter, and the storage and handling of raw materials Manufacturing and processing converts raw agricultural products to more refined or finished products Distribution deals with those aspects conducive to product sales, including: product form, weight and bulk, transportation, storage requirements and storage stability Marketing the selling of foods and involves wholesale, retail, institutions, and restaurants Review the graphs depicting the following trends related to the U.S. population and food consumption: (a) Change in per capita consumption for various foods; (b) Percent of disposable income spent on food. 1960 17.5% spent (14.1% to be eaten at home; 3.4% to be eaten away from home) 2005 10% spent (5.9% to be eaten at home; 4.1% to be eaten away from home) What are the factors affecting food expenditure in the U.S. and other countries. Disposable income Abundant arable land and a varied climate Farm-to-consumer distribution system 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 2 of 10 Ag information, state of the art farming and Allied industries What are Allied industries? Be able to recognize examples of Allied industries. Companies that do not sell food directly but are deeply involved in the food industry o Packaging o Chemical o Food machinery and equipment o Monitoring and regulatory agencies Review the summary of the ERS report on Food Spending by American Households, 2003-04 posted on Blackboard. Married with children spend less per person than married without children 1 person households spent 2x as much per person than larger households and more expenses away from home As age of the head of the household increased (until age 64) so did the expenditures Review the required reading on WIC: What is WIC? Where is WIC available? Who is eligible? What is "nutrition risk?" Who gets first priority for participation in WIC? How is the WIC program related to the objectives of "Food-Society and Environment"? Provides nutritious food nutrition education and health referrals to participants at no charge Established by congress and each year a specific amount of funding is authorized Available EVERYWHERE 90 WIC agencies Eligible status based individually pregnant or postpartum, infants and children up to 5. Must be determined by health professional to be at a nutrition risk. Medically based nutrition risk; dietary nutrition risk WIC serves 8 million people How do food choices by individuals impact the following aspects of a society: health and well being; agricultural production; price of food; environment; recreational facilities; taxes and service fees? Be prepared to show that these components are interrelated and can be viewed as being "cyclic" as the "Illness from a poor diet or from inappropriate handling of food can have economic costs for both individuals and society. These health outcomes can, in turn, influence food choices". Types and amounts of food an individual chooses to eat not only affect his or her well-being, but also have implications for society as a whole. Choices are intensely personal, influenced by not only prices and income, but also sociological factors, family structure, time constraints, and Federal food assistance programs, such as the Food Stamp Program Food choices, in turn, influence an individual's health and well-being through the amount of nutrients each person receives. Illness from a poor diet or from inappropriate handling of food has economic costs for both individuals and society. These health outcomes can, in turn, influence food choices. For example, many American's concerned about heart disease, stroke, or cancer are cutting back on fat, saturated fat, and calories and eating more fruits and vegetables. 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 3 of 10 Topic 3: Food Pyramids How do food choices impact Agriculture? Type of crops American farmers grow Prices farmers receive for crops How crops are processed to final products Compare and contrast the major components and underlying principles in the USDA 2005 version "My Pyramid Plan" and the "Healthy Eating Pyramid" proposed by nutrition experts at the Harvard School of Public Health. One size doesn't fit all More fruits and vegetables Exercise more What factors may lead to the development of other "Healthy" pyramids in addition to the two Pyramids mentioned above? Culture Vegetarianism Geographic location aging What is the basic concept of the "the color wheel of foods" proposed by David Heber? Don't eat enough fruits and vegetables Creating a color coding system makes consumption easier What percentage and trend changes in the American diet would be needed to satisfy the USDA Food Pyramid for the following: sweets, total fats, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meats and cereals? How would these changes impact production? 60% reduction in sweets 36% reduction in total fats Fruit consumption doubled 10% increase in vegetables 22% increase in dairy products 5% increase in meats Cereal near what it should be Impact production by shifting 3.5 million acres from corn for sweeteners to feed grains Topic 4: World Population- Based on the video 6 billion and beyond Recall the key concepts covered in 6 Billion and Beyond were: Population growth affects people in the United States and is not just an issue in the developing world. High levels of consumption in the developed world may cause more damage to the environment than population growth in developing nations. Rapidly growing populations affect how humans interact with the environment and use its resources. 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 4 of 10 Although death rates have fallen in much of the world, sheer numbers are still growing rapidly because so many of the world's people are young and bearing children. This is called population momentum. Family planning is an important element in efforts to stabilize population growth. Where women have education and access to job opportunities, they tend to have fewer and healthier children. Rapid population growth is correlated with high unemployment and poverty. Our choices and today actions will have a profound effect on the future of people 50 years from now and the sustainability of Planet Earth. Also, review the following questions which you were supposed to have answered during the viewing of the video (You can view the video at the media holdings in the library): How much of the world's population is less than 25? Which city is the largest in the developing world? How many of these megacities will there be by 2015? In Mexico, what is the position of the church in regard to birth control? What is a new population strategy espoused at the population conference in the Hague, Netherlands? How much has the population increased in Kenya since 1948? What proportion of Kenyan women has their first birth as teenagers? Why don't Kenyan women have fewer children? Why aren't Kenyans more concerned by the risk of AIDS? Who decides the number of children in Kenya? What percentage of Kenyans finish high school? How many are unemployed? What is the population of India? What percentage is illiterate? What percentage of girls attends high school? How many marry by age 18? How long until the population of India surpasses that of China? When did China start limiting population? What is the population of China? How has family income fared in the last 20 years since they began population control? Do most Chinese agree with the government population policy? Why? What is the penalty for not following the policy (having a second child)? What is the rationale for the penalty? In China, how many children are born without permission each year? How many children were born in Italy in 1958 versus 1998? Describe the age distribution of Italians presently. What has caused the lower birth rate? What is the average age of first birth of Italian women? What would be necessary for an increase in the birth rate in Italy? How does the U. S. rank is terms of population? What is the biggest issue of population growth for Americans? How many resources do Americans consume relative to people in the developing world? How fast is the number of automobiles growing relative to the U. S. population rate? 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 5 of 10 How many acres of land are developed each hour in the U. S.? When the wildlife and birds are gone, who is next? Topic 5: Food Sources- Major crops parts 1 and 2 Explain the differences between a major and minor crop. Distinguished based on area covered (acres) and contribution to human calories What 3 crops feed most of the world? Wheat Rice Corn Describe the major food crop categories in the U.S. Cereal grains Oilseeds Vegetables fruits and nuts Sugar crops What are the top 3 crops grown in the U.S.? 1. corn 2. soybean 3. wheat What is dent corn and sweet corn? Dent animal feed Sweet human consumption What are some of the major uses of dent corn in the U.S.? Approximately what percentages of U.S. dent corn are used for (a) animal feed 58% (b) exports 19% (c) ethanol production 9.3% As the no.1 exporter of corn, the U.S. supplies what percent of the world's corn needs? 80% How is dent corn primarily used in California? Silage Where is the major region of dent corn production for use as silage? What are the six classes of wheat? Where are they grown? Hard red winter wheat Kansas Hard red spring Dakotas, Montana, Minnesota Hard white wheat Soft red winter Soft white wheat Durum Based on acres produced, which class of wheat accounts for the following percentages of U.S wheat production: (a) 38% - hard red 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 6 of 10 (b) less than 1% - hard white What is the importance of the protein, gluten, found in wheat? What classes of wheat are used for flour? cakes and pastries? pasta? Everything but hard white and durum Know that wheat is the most widely adapted crop in the world. Approximately what percentages of U.S. wheat production are used for (a) animal feed, (b) human food, (c) exports and (d) seed? What percent of world's supply of soybean is produced by the U.S.? 43% Where are soybeans primarily grown in the U.S.? What are the major uses of soybeans? Where is rice primarily grown in the world? Where is rice primarily grown in the U.S? Know that rice feeds more people in the world than any other crop. What are the three categories (types) of rice? Long Medium Short Which is the number 1 type of rice produced in California? Medium What are the number 1 and 2 potato states? Idaho Washington What percentages of the U.S total potato production does each of two top states produce? Recognize that in the U.S., almost the same percentages of potato produced are used for consumption as table sock (fresh) and as frozen French fries- What percentage? What is the one major crop that is not grown for food? How is it utilized? Cotton Recognize that among the world's major crops, COTTON is the one that is not grown for direct human consumption. Instead, this crop is the major source for fiber. It is baled and then processed into the raw product used for manufacturing clothes. Where is barley grown and what is its use? North Dakota Beer What are some of the crops grown to produce edible oils? What are dry beans? Be able to give some examples. Know that dry beans are high in protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B1, and fiber, and contain no cholesterol. What are the crops grown to make sugar? Which crops produce sucrose? fructose? Sugar cane, sugar beets, corn 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 7 of 10 Sucrose raw sugar Fructose corn What are the major U.S. states for fresh market vegetable production? What are the major U.S. states for processing vegetable production? Which region in California is the number 1 agricultural production area? Know that in 2005, Fresno, with $4.64 billion in agricultural value, remained the number one county in the nation followed by Tulare and Kern counties. Which 5 states account for approximately 87% of the fruits and tree nuts production in the US? Know the top five Agricultural states in the US and their rank in terms of cash receipts. What are the Top 3 agricultural commodities in California? 1. milk and cream 2. nursery 3. grapes What was California gross cash income from Agriculture in 2005? $31.8 billion Approximately what percentages of this were from the following? -Vegetables and melons 31% - Fruits and nuts 23% - Field crops 9% - Livestock and Poultry 27% -Nursery and Floriculture 10% Know the top four ranked Agricultural counties in California. Of the top 10 CA counties, how many are in the San Joaquin Valley? 8 Topic 6: Food Sources- Animals What is the number one state in beef cattle? pork? dairy? sheep? Cattle Texas Pork Iowa Dairy California Sheep Texas Which meat industry has grown the most in the last 50 years? Poultry Compare the changes in the beef cattle, poultry, pork, and dairy industries. Beef, pork, poultry are corporate Small operations control beef Less dairy cows used to produce more milk What is Mad Cow Disease? What is the variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)? What are some of the primary animal feeds? Grain, silage, hay What is aquaculture? Approximately what percent of all food fish is derived from aquaculture? 20% What percentage of fish consumption from aquaculture is projected to be by 2025? 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 8 of 10 50% Which country is the leader for all food produced from aquaculture? Accounting for what percent of the world's production? What are the major feed sources for poultry, pork, beef, dairy and fish? What the top three ranked states for production of the following: corn for silageWisconsin all hay Texas alfalfa hay California sheep production - Texas Topic 7: Food Safety- Animal Products and Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Refer to video and website for Modern Meat: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/meat/ Refer also to the readings material posted on Blackboard in folders #14- Feb 21 Food safety-Meat Products and #15- Feb 26 Food safety-Fruits and Vegetables How can pathogenic bacteria move from beef cattle in a feedlot to ground beef for human consumption? When cattle are slaughtered if fecal matter splashes on carcass How serious a health risk is E. coli O157:H7? Only one that's dangerous serious because it attacks children and antibiotics make it worse. Can be lethal. Review the 10 FAQ about E. coli O157:H7 posted in folder #14. What is the USDA doing to insure safe meat? Testing in harvesting facilities HACCP What is the American Meat Institute doing to insure safe meat? What are fast food restaurants doing to insure safe meat? More preventative measures What can you do to protect yourself from food-borne pathogenic bacteria in meat? What can you do to protect yourself from food-borne pathogenic bacteria in fruits and vegetables? What are some of the common pathogens found on fruits and vegetables? Bacteria E. coli What are some of the common signs of food borne illness? Diarrhea Stomach cramps Review the reading posted in folders #14 and #15 on Blackboard. These will be very helpful for your discussion type answers for questions such as: 1. Be prepared to Critically discuss the statement: "Consuming fruits and vegetables is safer than consuming meat products as there is less food borne pathogens on fruits and vegetables and hence less care needs to be taken in the handling and storage of these farm produce compared to the handling of meat." 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 9 of 10 2. Be prepared to summarize and critically discuss the article entitled "Food safetyUncovering the facts & myths surrounding the E. coli outbreak of 2006" published in the California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) magazine- Fall 2007 issue. 400f6ecd5472982bbca226ce91de6a041f226138.doc Page 10 of 10

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