3 EXAM REVIEW 11/20/07
LECTURE #18 Plant Defenses 1st Major Theme Pathogens Defense against: Herbivores Pathogens Structural Defenses Chemical defenses o These two major type of defenses apply to both herbivore and pathogen defense Within Pathogens, o Hypersensitive response o Systemic Acquired Resistance 2nd major theme Herbivory: Same two things for pathogens and herbivores o Physical Defenses o Chemical Defenses Secondary Plant compounds Chemical defenses against herbivores (2 categories): - Toxins - Digestibility Reducing Compounds dose dependent Chemical defenses against pathogens - Kill them outright (with toxins?) Specialist Herbivores example of when toxin doesn't work Plant communication Volatization 3rd Major Theme - Life History Strategies The third way that a plant can hide from a pathogen or herbivore is to hide itself in space or time. Apparent Plants Unapparent Plants o Fast growers o Slow growers
LECTURE #19 Animal Defenses 1 Different Types of animal defenses o Chemical o Visual o Morphological o Vocal o Behavioral Nervous System know what it is, structures involved, how they work Sensory System Musculoskeletal System Neuron Structure and types What's happening in the cell o Chemical gradients o Electrical gradients Action Potential KNOW THESE PROCESSES SEE ESSAY NOTES! Arrangement of the Nervous System o Central Nervous System o Peripheral Nervous System Know that these 4 THINGS are happening in BOTH the Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system: o 1.) Some things inhibited o 2.) Some things stimulated o 3.) Some things are relaxing o 4.) Some things are contracting Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
LECTURE #20 Animal Defenses 2 2 MAJOR Themes: 1.) Sensory Systems a. Where they are b. How they work c. Parts involved 2.) How muscles work a. Where they are b. What happens (how they work) c. Parts involved 3 Big Sensory Receptor Cells o Chemoreceptors o Photoreceptors o Mechanoreceptors Locomotion (Involves 3 systems) o Skeletal system o Muscular system o Nervous System Little bit of bone structure "How do we attach muscles to the bone?" "How muscle motion happens REALLY IMPORTANT" o See Essay
LECTURE #21 ANIMAL DEFENSES 3 2 MAJOR CATEGORIES: Nonspecific Immunity Specific Immunity NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY Cells that are involved in the process and body systems that are involved in the process Skin Mucus membranes Digestive tract Cells and the inflammation response 1st line of defense 2nd line of defense nonspecific immune response Fever response result of inflammatory response o Proteins that involved are o Complement proteins and Interferons helper cells 3 MAJOR TYPES OF CELLS (Nonspecific immunity): Macrophages Neutrophils Natural Killer Cells
SPECIFIC IMMUNITY What it is Antigens versus antibodies Immune parts where cells congregate 3 MAJOR TYPES OF CELLS (Specific Immunity): B Cells Helper T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells Cell Mediated Response Humoral Response
Cell Mediated Response: Macrophage ingests and presents the antigen (complex of antigen and MHC protein). Helper T Cell binds to that, recognizes it, secretes a signal (interleukin 2) that recruits cytotoxic T Cells that are specific to that antigen to reproduce (by dividing) and then bind to any cell that might have the antigen and kill it.
Humoral Response
Immune System can do 1 of two things with invaders: 1.) Cell Mediated Response a. Macrophage and Cytotoxic T Cell 2.) Humoral Response If there are free floating antigens in the body, we can target the antigens and destroy it before it even gets into a cell. a. All cells involved are B Cells
Both responses happen at the same time
Major Difference between these two responses is that the B cells do NOT kill anything. B Cells bind proteins and makes antibodies to bind proteins, but they don't kill.
Antibodies are like flags Antibodies and their function How antibodies work and how they bind to a substance Antigens bind to a substance and that makes the antibody-antigen complex easy for Cell-mediated endocytosis Antibodies you get different kinds of antibodies to different kinds of immune responses B memory cells make the igG
3 Immune processes taking place in the body if you were exposed to a pathogen (virus): o Nonspecific response o Cell Mediated Response o Humoral Response Takes a little while for all these processes to take place.
Secondary exposure to an antigen memory cells are there to help identify the antigen as foreign and bad, therefore a quicker response to that particular pathogen takes place o Memory cell for every disease you have encountered make tons of antibodies to get the pathogen out of the body Vaccines Antibiotics Antibiotic Resistance
LECTURE #22 NICHE CONCEPT AND COMMUNITY-LEVEL INTERACTIONS 1st MAJOR Theme: Niches o What they are o How they work o How they are defined 2nd MAJOR Theme Interactions Identify the 5 major interactions: o Commensalism o Mutualism o Parasitism o Competition o Predation Know an example of each type of interaction How predation can change a competition How interactions can change other interactions community-level interactions o An example of community-level interaction o