828 PLS Fall 2006
Professor Jacoby
PUBLIC OPINION AND THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
This course will cover the research literature on American public opinion. We will address the dominant themes in the field, as well as several ideas that should probably receive more attention from scholars. We will read most of the major empirical works on the various topics described in this syllabus; our approach will be rigorous and, in general, highly critical. We will scrutinize the methodological aspects of public opinion research, as well as the degree to which previous analyses have contributed to the development of substantive theories. Over the past fifty years, social scientists have come a long way in discerning the ways that ordinary citizens think about and react to the political world. Similarly, there has been quite a bit of recent research that seeks to explicate the various linkages between public opinion, the actions of political elites, and public policies. Nevertheless, there remains an enormous amount of work to be done. Hopefully, this seminar will point out some promising avenues for future explorations of American public opinion. Students are expected to be active participants in this seminar. Therefore, everyone should (minimally) complete the required readings on each topic before the relevant class meeting. If at all possible, it would also be helpful to examine some of the other works listed on the syllabus. Most of the required articles are widely available in professional journals; additional copies can be xeroxed and circulated, if desired. The course grades will be based on: Class participation (thirty percent); a written assignment (forty percent); and the final examination (thirty percent). The nature of the written assignment will be discussed in more detail, in class. Ideally, it will be an empirical analysis related to some topic covered in the course. Other possibilities include literature reviews and/or a research design. In any event, the written assignment will be due by Friday, December 15, by 5:00 p.m.
TOPICS AND READING ASSIGNMENTS
(Required readings are preceded by an asterisk) I. INTRODUCTION
A. Basic Definitions and Historical Views of Public Opinion Herbst, Susan. (1993) Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics. Chapters 1-3. . Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. (1993) The Spiral of Silence: Public OpinionOur Social Skin (Second Edition), Chapters 1-20. * Sniderman, Paul M.; Richard A. Brody; Philip E. Tetlock. (1991) Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Chapter 1. Back, Kurt W. (1988) Metaphors for Public Opinion in Literature. Public Opinion Quarterly 52: 278-288. Beniger, James R. (1987) Toward a New Paradigm: The Half-Century Flirtation with Mass Society. Public Opinion Quarterly 51: S46-S66.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 2 Converse, Philip E. (1987) Changing Conceptions of Public Opinion in the Political Process. Public Opinion Quarterly 51: S12-S24. Katz, Elihu. (1987) Communications Research Since Lazarsfeld. Public Opinion Quarterly Lippmann, Walter. (1922) Public Opinion B. The Public Mood: Public Opinion and the American Political System * Stimson, James A. (2004) Tides of Consent: How Public Opinion Shapes American Politics. Henry, Gary T. and Craig S. Gordon. (2001) Tracking Issue Attention: Specifying the Dynamics of the Public Agenda. Public Opinion Quarterly 65: 157-177. Stimson, James A. (1999) Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings (Second Edition). Best, Samuel J. (1999) The Sampling Problem in Measuring Policy Mood: An Alternative Solution. Journal of Politics 61: 721-740. * Verba, Sidney. (1996) The Citizen Respondent: Sample Surveys and American Democracy. American Political Science Review 90: 1-7. * McCombs, Maxwell and Jian-Hua Zhu. (1995) Capacity, Diversity, and Volatility of the Public Agenda: Trends from 1954 to 1994. Public Opinion Quarterly 59: 495-525. C. Basic Concepts: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Information Processing Berinsky, Adam. (2004) Silent Voices: Public Opinion and Political Participation in America. Introduction, Chapters 1 and 2. * Miller, Joanne M. and David A. M. Peterson. (2004) Theoretical and Empirical Implications of Attitude Strength. Journal of Politics 66: 847-867. Alvarez, R. Michael and Charles H. Franklin. (1994) Uncertainty and Political Perceptions. Journal of Politics 56: 671-688. Eagly, Alice H. and Shelly Chaiken. (1993) The Psychology of Attitudes. Chapter 1. * Zaller, John and Stanley Feldman. (1992) A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions Versus Revealing Preferences. American Journal of Political Science 36: 579-616. Fiske, Susan and Shelley Taylor. (1991) Social Cognition (Second Edition), Chapters 4 and 5. * Sniderman, Paul M.; Richard A. Brody; Philip E. Tetlock. (1991) Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Chapter 2. Lodge, Milton and Ruth Hamill. (1986) A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing. American Political Science Review 80: 505-520. * Hamill, Ruth; Milton Lodge; Frederick Blake. (1985) The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata. American Journal of Political Science 29: 850-870.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 3 II. POLITICAL CULTURE * Fiorina, Morris P.; Samuel J. Abrams; Jeremy C. Pope. (2006) Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America (Second Edition). New York: Pearson Longman. * Erikson, Robert S.; John P. McIver; Gerald C. Wright, Jr. (1987) State Political Culture and Public Opinion. American Political Science Review 81: 797-814. A. Core Values and Adherence to Fundamental Principles Ricci, David M. (2004) Good Citizenship in America. * Davis, James A. (2004) Did Growing Up in the 1960s Leave a Permanent Mark on Attitudes and Values?: Evidence from the General Social Survey. Public Opinion Quarterly 68: 161-183. * Michelbach, Philip A.; John T. Scott; Richard E. Matland; Brian H. Bornstein. (2003) Doing Rawls Justice: An Experimental Study of Income Distribution Norms. American Journal of Political Science 47: 523-539. * Scott, John T.; Richard E. Matland; Philip A. Michelbach; Brian H. Bornstein. (2001) Just Deserts: An Experimental Study of Distributive Justice Norms. American Journal of Political Science 45: 749-767. Sniderman, Paul M.; Joseph F. Fletcher; Peter H. Russell; Philip E. Tetlock. (1996) The Clash of Rights. * Feldman, Stanley. (1988) Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion: The Role of Core Beliefs and Values. American Journal of Political Science 32: 416-440. McClosky, Herbert and John Zaller. (1984) The American Ethos: Public Attitudes Toward Capitalism and Democracy (especially Chapters 1 through 7). Marcus, George; David Tabb; John L. Sullivan. (1974) The Application of Individual Differences Scaling to the Measurement of Political Ideologies. American Journal of Political Science 18: 405-420. Devine, Donald. (1972) The Political Culture of the United States. * McClosky, Herbert. (1964) Consensus and Ideology in American Politics. American Political Science Review 58: 361-382. * Prothro, James W. and Charles M. Grigg. (1960) Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement. Journal of Politics 22: 276-294. B. Delimiters to Political Orientations * Wildavsky, Aaron. (1987) Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation. American Political Science Review 81: 3-22. * Axelrod, Robert. (1986) An Evolutionary Approach to Norms. American Political Science Review 80: 1095-1112.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 4 Almond, Gabriel and Sidney Verba. (1963) The Civic Culture. Chapters 1, 12, 13. Abramowitz, Alan. (1980) The United States: Political Culture Under Stress. In Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba (Editors) The Civic Culture Revisited. C. Social Capital Hill, Kim Quaile and Tetsuya Matsubayashi. (2005) Civic Engagement and Mass-Elite Policy Agenda Agreement in American Communities. American Political Science Review 99: 215-224. * Hero, Rodney. (2003) Social Capital and Racial Inequality in America. Perspectives on Politics 1: 113-122. Putnam, Robert D. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. * Brehm, John and Wendy Rahn. (1997) Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital. American Journal of Political Science 41: 999-1023. Putnam, Robert D. (1995) Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy 6: 65-78. * Putnam, Robert D. (1995) Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America. PS: Political Science and Politics 28: 664-683. Coleman, James S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory, Chapter 12. D. Materialist and Postmaterialist Values in Western Societies * Clarke, Harold D.; Allen Kornberg; Chris McIntyre; Petra Bauer-Kaase; Max Kaase. (1999) The Effect of Economic Priorities on the Measurement of Value Change: New Experimental Evidence. American Political Science Review 93: 637-648. * Davis, Darren W. and Christian Davenport. (1999) Assessing the Validity of the Postmaterialism Index. American Political Science Review 93: 649-664. * Inglehart, Ronald and Paul R. Abramson. (1999) Measuring Postmaterialism. American Political Science Review 93: 665-677. Davis, Darren W.; Kathleen M. Dowley; Brian D. Silver. (1999) Postmaterialism in World Societies: Is it Really a Value Dimension? American Journal of Political Science 43: 935-962. Warwick, Paul V. (1998) Disputed Cause, Disputed Effect: The Postmaterialist Thesis Reexamined. Public Opinion Quarterly 62: 583-609. Clarke, Harold D.; Nitish Dutt; Jonathan Rapkin. (1997) Conversations in Context: The (Mis)Measurement of Value Change in Advanced Industrial Societies. Political Behavior 19: 19-40. Also, the exchange with Abramson, Ellis, and Inglehart that follows this article. Layman, Geoffrey C. and Edward G. Carmines. (1997) Cultural Conflict in American Politics: Religious Traditionalism, Postmaterialism, and U. S. Political Behavior. Journal of Politics 59: 751-777. Abramson, Paul R. and Ronald Inglehart. (1995) Value Change in Global Perspective.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 5 * Abramson, Paul R. and Ronald Inglehart. (1992) Generational Replacement and Value Change in Eight West European Societies. British Journal of Political Science 22: 183-228. Inglehart, Ronald. (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. * Inglehart, Ronald. (1988) The Renaissance of Political Culture. American Political Science Review 82: 1203-1230. Inglehart, Ronald. (1971) The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Postindustrial Societies. American Political Science Review 65: 911-1017.
III. THE SOURCES OF ISSUE ATTITUDES WITHIN THE MASS PUBLIC
A. Self-Interest and Symbolic Politics in Citizen Attitudes toward Policy Issues * Huckfeldt, Robert; Jeffrey Levine; William Morgan; John Sprague. (1999) Accessibility and the Political Utility of Partisan and Ideological Orientations. American Journal of Political Science 43: 888-911. Tedin, Kent L. (1994) Self-Interest, Symbolic Values, and the Financial Equalization of Public Schools. Journal of Politics 56: 628-649. Green, Donald Philip. (1992) The Price Elasticity of Mass Preferences. American Political Science Review 86: 128-148. Sniderman, Paul M.; Richard A. Brody; Philip E. Tetlock. (1991) Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology, Chapters 4 and 5. * Sears, David O. and Carolyn L. Funk. (1990) Self-Interest in Americans Political Opinions. In Jane J. Mansbridge (Editor) Beyond Self-Interest. Sears, David and Jack Citrin. (1985) Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California. (Enlarged Edition). * Kuklinski, James H.; Daniel S. Metlay; W. D. Kay. (1982) Citizen Knowledge and Choices on the Complex Issue of Nuclear Energy. American Journal of Political Science 26: 615-642. * Sears, David; Richard Lau; Tom Tyler; H. Allen. (1980) Self-Interest Versus Symbolic Politics in Policy Attitudes and Presidential Voting. American Political Science Review 74: 670-684. Sears, David O.; Tom R. Tyler; Jack Citrin; Donald Kinder. (1978) Political System Support and Public Response to the Energy Crisis. American Journal of Political Science 22: 56-82. B. Personal Concerns and Politics Alford, John R.; Carolyn L. Funk; John R. Hibbing. (2005) Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted? American Political Science Review 99: 153-168. Mutz, Diana C. (1994) Contextualizing Personal Experience: The Role of the Mass Media. Journal of Politics 56: 689-714.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 6 Mutz, Diana C. (1993) Direct and Indirect Routes to Politicizing Personal Experience: Does Knowledge Make a Difference? Public Opinion Quarterly 57: 483-502. * Mutz, Diana C. (1992) Mass Media and the Depoliticization of Personal Experience. American Journal of Political Science 36: 483-508. * Sniderman, Paul and Richard Brody. (1977) Coping: The Ethic of Self-Reliance. American Journal of Political Science 21: 501-522. C. Values, Ambivalence, and Issue Attitudes * Jacoby, William G. (2006) Value Choices and American Public Opinion. American Journal of Political Science 50: 706-723. Goren, Paul. (2005) Party Identification and Core Political Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science 49: 881-896. Grant, J. Tobin and Thomas J. Rudolph. (2003) Value Conflict, Group Affect, and the Issue of Campaign Finance. American Journal of Political Science 47: 453-469. * Alvarez, R. Michael and John Brehm. (2002) Hard Choices, Easy Answers, Chapters 1-7. * Alvarez, R. Michael and John Brehm. (1998) Speaking in Two Voices: American Equivocation about the Internal Revenue Service. American Journal of Political Science 42: 418-452. * Alvarez, R. Michael and John Brehm. (1997) Are Americans Ambivalent Toward Racial Policies? American Journal of Political Science 41: 345-374. * Alvarez, R. Michael and John Brehm. (1995) American Ambivalence Towards Abortion Policy: Development of a Heteroskedastic Probit Model of Competing Values. American Journal of Political Science 39: 1055-1082. * Feldman, Stanley and John Zaller, (1992) The Political Culture of Ambivalence: Ideological Responses to the Welfare State. American Journal of Political Science 36: 268-307. D. Beliefs About the Economy * De Boef, Suzanna and Paul M. Kellstedt. (2004) The Political (and Economic) Origins of Consumer Confidence. American Journal of Political Science 48: 633-649. * Rudolph, Thomas J. (2003) Whos Responsible for the Economy? The Formation and Consequences of Responsibility Attributions. American Journal of Political Science 47: 698713. Duch, Raymond M.; Harvey D. Palmer; Christopher J. Anderson. (2000) Heterogeneity in Perceptions of National Economic Conditions. American Journal of Political Science 44: 635652.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 7 E. Public Attitudes Toward Welfare Federico, Christopher M. (2006) Race, Education, and Individualism Revisited. Journal of Politics 600-610. Winter, Nicholas G. (2006) Beyond Welfare: Framing and the Racialization of White Opinion on Social Security. American Journal of Political Science 50: 400-420. * Federico, Christopher M. (2004) When Do Welfare Attitudes Become Racialized? The Paradoxical Effects of Education. American Journal of Political Science 48: 374-391. * Berinsky, Adam J. (2002) Silent Voices: Social Welfare Policy Opinions and Political Inequality in America. American Journal of Political Science 46: 276-287. Feldman, Stanley and Marco Steenbergen. (2001) The Humanitarian Foundation of Public Support for Social Welfare. American Journal of Political Science 45: 658-677. * Gilens, Martin. (1999) Why Americans Hate Welfare, Chapters 1 through 4. Hansen, John Mark. (1998) Individuals, Institutions, and Public Preferences Over Public Finance. American Political Science Review 92: 513-532. Peffley, Mark; Jon Hurwitz; Paul Sniderman. (1997) Racial Stereotypes and Whites Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime. American Journal of Political Science 41: 30-60. * Jacoby, William G. (1994) Public Attitudes Toward Government Spending. American Journal of Political Science 38: 336-361. F. Foreign Policy Attitudes: A Special Case? * Huddy, Leonie; Stanley Feldman; Charles Taber; Gallya Lahav. (2005) Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies. American Journal of Political Science 49: 593-608. Carrubba, Clifford J. and Anand Singh. (2004) A Decision Theoretic Model of Public Opinion: Guns, Butter, and European Common Defense. American Journal of Political Science 48: 218231. * Brewer, Paul R.; Kimberly Gross; Sean Aday; Lars Willnat. (2004) International Trust and Public Opinion About World Affairs. American Journal of Political Science 48: 93-109. * Todorov, Alexander and Anesu N. Mandisodza. (2004) Public Opinion on Foreign Policy: The Multilateral Public that Perceives Itself as Unilateral. Public Opinion Quarterly 68: 323-348. Baum, Matthew A. (2003) Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, JN: Princeton University Press. * Baum, Matthew A. (2002) Sex, Lies, and War: How Soft News Brings Foreign Policy to the Attentive Public. American Political Science Review 96: 91-110. Gartner, Scott Sigmund and Gary M. Segura. (2000) Race, Casualties, and Opinion About the Vietnam War. Journal of Politics 62: 115-146.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 8 * Herrmann, Richard K.; Philip E. Tetlock; Penny S. Visser. (1999) Mass Public Decisions on Going to War: A Cognitive-Interactionist Framework. American Political Science Review 93: 553-574. Oneal, John R. and Anna Lillian Bryan. (1995) The Rally Round the Flag Effect in U. S. Foreign Policy Crises, 1950-1985. Political Behavior 17: 379-402. Hurwitz, Jon and Mark Peffley. (1990) Public Images of the Soviet Union: The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes. Journal of Politics 52: 2-28. * Hurwitz, Jon and Mark Peffley. (1987) How are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? American Political Science Review 81: 1099-1120.
IV. THE DYNAMICS OF PUBLIC OPINION ON POLITICAL ISSUES
A. Temporal Stability and Change in Issue Attitudes * Taber, Charles S. and Milton Lodge. (2006) Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs. American Journal of Political Science 755-769. * Hill, Jennifer L. and Hanspeter Kriesl. (2001) An Extension and Test of Converses Black and White Model of Response Stability. APSR 95: 397-414. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M. and Suzanna De Boef. (2001) Macropartisanship and Macroideology in the Sophisticated Electorate. Journal of Politics 63: 232-248. Lacy, Dean. (2001) Nonseparable Preferences in Survey Responses. American Journal of Political Science 45: 239-258. Sears, David O. and Carolyn L. Funk. (1999) Evidence of the Long-Term Persistence of Adults Political Predispositions. Journal of Politics 61: 1-28. Page, Benjamin I. and Robert Y. Shapiro. (1992) The Rational Public, Chapters 3-6. * Krosnick, Jon A. (1991) The Stability of Political Preferences: Comparisons of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science 35: 547-576. * Norpoth Helmut and Milton Lodge. (1985) The Difference Between Attitudes and Nonattitudes in the Mass Public. Just Measurements? American Journal of Political Science 29: 291-307. * Converse, Philip E. and Gregory B. Markus. (1979) Plus ca Change ... The New CPS Election Study Panel. American Political Science Review 73: 32-49. Achen, Christopher. (1975) Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response. American Political Science Review 69: 1218-1231. * Converse, Philip E. (1970) Attitudes and Nonattitudes: Continuation of a Dialogue. In Edward R. Tufte (Editor), The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 9 B. The Dynamics of Mass Opinion Soroka, Stuart N. (2006) Good News and Bad News: Asymmetric Responses to Economic Information. Journal of Politics 68: 372-385. * Stevenson, Randolph T. (2001) The Economy and Policy Mood: A Fundamental Dynamic of Democratic Politics? American Journal of Political Science 45: 620-633. Koch, Jeffrey W. (1998) Political Rhetoric and Political Persuasion: The Changing Structure of Citizens Preferences on Health Insurance During Policy Debate. Public Opinion Quarterly 62: 209-229. Cobb, Michael D. and James H. Kuklinski. (1997) Changing Minds: Political Arguments and Political Persuasion. American Journal of Political Science 41: 88-121. * Glynn, Carroll J.; Andrew F. Hayes; James Shanahan. (1997) Perceived Support for Ones Opinions and Willingness to Speak Out: A Meta-analysis of Survey Studies on the Spiral of Silence. Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 452-463. * Durr, Robert H. (1993) What Moves Policy Sentiment? American Political Science Review 87: 158-170. . Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. (1993) The Spiral of Silence: Public OpinionOur Social Skin (Second Edition), Chapters 21-27. Katz, Cheryl and Mark Baldassare. (1992) Using the L-Word in Public: A Test of the Spiral of Silence in Conservative Orange County, California. Public Opinion Quarterly 56: 232-235. * Zaller, John R. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Zaller, John. (1991) Information, Values, and Opinion. American Political Science Review 85: 1215-1238. * Page, Benjamin I.; Robert Y. Shapiro; Glenn R. Dempsey. (1987) What Moves Public Opinion? American Political Science Review 81: 23-44. Markus, Gregory B. (1979) The Political Environment and the Dynamics of Public Attitudes: A Panel Study. American Journal of Political Science 23: 338-359. * Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. (1974) The Spiral of Silence: A Theory of Public Opinion. Journal of Communication. 24: 43-51. C. The Dynamics of Political Issues Barabas, Jason. (2006) Rational Exuberance: The Stock Market and Public Support for Social Security Privatization. Journal of Politics 68: 50-61. * Adams, Greg D. (1997) Abortion: Evidence of Issue Evolution. American Journal of Political Science 41: 718-737. Fried, Amy. (1997) Muffled Echoes: Oliver North and the Politics of Public Opinion. * Pollock, Philip H. III. (1994) Issues, Values, and Critical Moments: Did Magic Johnson Transform Public Opinion on AIDS? American Journal of Political Science 38: 426-446.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 10 Sharp, Elaine B. (1994) The Dynamics of Issue Expansion: Cases from Disability Rights and the Fetal Research Controversy. Journal of Politics 56: 919-939. Neuman, W. Russell. (1990) The Threshold of Public Attention. Public Opinion Quarterly 54: 159-176. Carmines, Edward G. and James A. Stimson. (1989) Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. * Paine, Scott C. (1989) Persuasion, Manipulation, and Dimension. Journal of Politics 51: 3649. * Carmines, Edward G. and James A. Stimson. (1986) On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution. American Political Science Review 80: 901-920. D. Public Opinion and the (First) Gulf War * Joslyn, Mark R. (2003) The Determinants and Consequences of Recall Error About Gulf War Preferences. American Journal of Political Science 47: 440-452. * Chapters by Iyengar and Simon, Zaller, and Brody in W. Lance Bennett and David W. Paletz (Editors) Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. * Parker, Suzanne L. (1995) Toward an Understanding of Rally Effects: Public Opinion in the Persian Gulf War. Public Opinion Quarterly 59: 526-546. Mueller, John. (1994) Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War.
V. IDEOLOGY, BELIEF SYSTEMS, AND POLITICAL SOPHISTICATION
* Liberal-Conservative Thinking in the American Electorate. (2002) Research in Micropolitics: Political Decision Making, Participation, and Deliberation, Volume Six. Michael X. Delli Carpini, Leonie Huddy, Robert Y. Shapiro, Editors. A. The Classic Works Bennett, W. Lance. (1977) The Growth of Knowledge in Mass Belief Studies: An Epistemological Critique. American Journal of Political Science 21: 465-500. Converse, Philip E. (1975) Public Opinion and Voting Behavior. In Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby (Editors), The Handbook of Political Science (Volume 4). * Converse, Philip E. (1964) The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics. In David E. Apter (Editor), Ideology and Discontent. * Campbell, Angus; Philip E. Converse; Warren E. Miller; Donald E. Stokes. (1960) The American Voter. Chapters 9 and 10.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 11 B. Political Sophistication * Goren, Paul. (2004) Political Sophistication and Policy Reasoning: A Reconsideration. American Journal of Political Science 48: 462-478. Gordon, Stacy B. and Gary M. Segura. (1997) Cross-National Variation in the Political Sophistication of Individuals: Capability or Choice? Journal of Politics 59: 126-147. * Luskin, Robert C. (1990) Explaining Political Sophistication. Political Behavior 1: 331-362. * Luskin, Robert C. (1987) Measuring Political Sophistication. American Journal of Political Science 31: 856-899. Neuman, W. Russell. (1986) The Paradox of Mass Politics. C. Attitudinal Constraint * Wyckoff, Mikel L. (1987) Measures of Attitudinal Consistency as Indicators of Ideological Sophistication: A Reliability and Validity Assessment. Journal of Politics 49: 148-168. * Nie, Norman H. and James N. Rabjohn. (1979) Revisiting Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Or, Doing Research is Like Watching a Tennis Match. American Journal of Political Science 23: 139-175. Also see comments by Sullivan, Piereson, Marcus, Feldman, Bishop, Tuchfarber, Oldendick, and Bennett. * Bishop, George F.; Alfred J. Tuchfarber; Stephen E. Bennett. (1978) The Changing Structure of Mass Belief Systems: Fact or Artifact? Journal of Politics 40: 781-790. * Bishop, George F.; Alfred J. Tuchfarber; Robert W. Oldendick. (1978) Change in the Structure of American Political Attitudes: The Nagging Question of Question Wording. American Journal of Political Science 22: 250-269. * Sullivan, John L.; James E. Piereson; George E. Marcus. (1978) Ideological Constraint in the Mass Public: A Methodological Critique and Some New Findings. American Journal of Political Science 22: 333-349. * Nie, Norman H. and Kristi Anderson. (1974) Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Political Change and Attitude Structure. Journal of Politics 36: 540-591. D. Dimensions of Political Judgment Rosenberg, Shawn W. (1988) The Structure of Political Thinking. American Journal of Political Science 32: 539-566. Rosenberg, Shawn W. (1988) Reason, Ideology, and Politics. * Peffley, Mark A. and Jon Hurwitz. (1985) A Hierarchical Model of Attitude Constraint. American Journal of Political Science 29: 871-890. * Conover, Pamela J. and Stanley Feldman. (1984) How People Organize the Political World: A Schematic Model. American Journal of Political Science 28: 95-126.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 12 Jackson, John E. (1983) The Systematic Beliefs of the Mass Public: Estimating Policy Preferences with Survey Data. Journal of Politics 45: 840-865. Kinder, Donald R. (1983) Diversity and Complexity in American Public Opinion. In Ada W. Finifter (Editor), Political Science: The State of the Discipline. * Stimson, James A. (1975) Belief Systems: Constraint, Complexity, and the 1972 Election. American Journal of Political Science 19: 393-418. E. The Levels of Conceptualization * Leighley, Jan. (1991) Participation as a Stimulus of Political Conceptualization. Journal of Politics 53: 198-211. * Jacoby, William G. (1988) The Sources of Liberal-Conservative Thinking: Education and Conceptualization. Political Behavior 10: 316-332. * Jacoby, William G. (1986) Levels of Conceptualization and Reliance on the LiberalConservative Continuum. Journal of Politics 48: 423-432. Cassel, Carol. (1984) Issues in Measurement: The Levels of Conceptualization Index of Ideological Sophistication. American Journal of Political Science 28: 418-429. * Hagner, Paul and John C. Pierce. (1982) Correlative Characteristics of the Levels of Conceptualization. Journal of Politics 44: 779-807. * Smith, Eric R. A. N. (1980) The Levels of Conceptualization: False Measures of Ideological Sophistication. American Political Science Review 74: 685-696. Nie, Norman H.; Sidney Verba; John R. Petrocik. (1979) The Changing American Voter (Enlarged Edition). Chapter 7. Field, John O. and Ronald A. Anderson. (1969) Ideology in the Publics Conceptualization of the 1964 Election. Public Opinion Quarterly 33: 380-398. F. The Liberal-Conservative Continuum and Public Opinion * Barker, David C. and James D. Tinnick III. (2006) Competing Visions of Parental Roles and Ideological Constraint. American Political Science Review 100: 249-264. * Jacoby, William G. (1995) The Structure of Ideological Thinking in the American Electorate. American Journal of Political Science 39: 314-335. * Jennings, M. Kent. (1992) Ideological Thinking Among Mass Publics and Political Elites. Public Opinion Quarterly 56: 419-441. * Jacoby, William G. (1991) Ideological Identification and Issue Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science 35: 178-205. * Sniderman, Paul M.; Richard A. Brody; Philip E. Tetlock. (1991) Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Chapters 8 and 12.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 13 Jacoby, William G. (1990) Variability in Issue Alternatives and American Public Opinion. Journal of Politics 52: 579-608. Green, Donald Philip. (1988) On the Dimensionality of Sentiment Toward Partisan and Ideological Groups. American Journal of Political Science 32: 758-780. Levitin, Teresa E. and Warren E. Miller. (1979) Ideological Interpretations of Presidential American Election. Political Science Review 73: 751-771. Conover, Pamela Johnston and Stanley Feldman. (1981) The Origins and Meaning of LiberalConservative Self-Identification. American Journal of Political Science 29: 850-870. Fleishman, John A. (1986) Trends in Self-Identified Ideology, 1972-1982: No Support for the Salience Hypothesis. American Journal of Political Science 30: 517-541. G. Political Knowledge Althaus, Scott L. (2004) Collective Preferences in Democratic Politics: Opinion Surveys and the Will of the People. Mondak, Jeffery J. and Mary R. Anderson. (2004) The Knowledge Gap: A Reexamination of Gender-Based Differences in Political Knowledge. Journal of Politics 66: 492-512. * Gilens, Martin. (2001) Political Ignorance and Collective Policy Preferences. American Political Science Review 95: 379-396. * Mondak, Jeffery J. (2001) Developing Valid Knowledge Scales. American Journal of Political Science 45: 224-238. Hutchings, Vincent L. (2001) Political Context, Issue Salience, and Selective Attentiveness: Constituent Knowledge of the Clarence Thomas Confirmation Vote. Journal of Politics 63: 846-868. * Kuklinski, James H.; Paul J. Quirk; Jennifer Jerit; Robert F. Rich. (2001) The Political Environment and Citizen Decision Making: Information, Motivation, and Policy Tradeoffs. American Journal of Political Science 45: 410-424. Miller, Joanne M. and Jon A. Krosnick. (2000) News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens are Guided by a Trusted Source. AJPS 44: 295-309. * Kuklinski, James H.; Paul J. Quirk; Jennifer Jerit; David Schweider; Robert F. Rich. (2000) Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship. Journal of Politics 62: 790-816. Delli Carpini, Michael X. and Scott Keeter. (1996) What Americans Know About Politics and Why it Matters. Nie, Norman H.; Jane Junn; Kenneth Stehlik-Barry. (1996) Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Bennett, Stephen Earl. (1995) Comparing Americans Political Information in 1988 and 1992. Journal of Politics 57: 521-532.
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VI. THE MASS MEDIA AND PUBLIC OPINION
A. Do the Media Help People Learn About Politics and Society? * Claassen, Ryan L. and Benjamin J. Highton. (2006) Does Policy Debate Reduce Information Effects in Public Opinion? Analyzing the Evolution of Public Opinion on Health Care. Journal of Politics 68: 410-420. * Jerit, Jennifer; Jason Barabas; Toby Bolsen. (2006) Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment. American Journal of Political Science 50: 266-282. * Prior, Markus. (2005) News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout. American Journal of Political Science 49: 577-592. * Iyengar, Shanto; Helmut Norpoth; Kyu S. Hahn. (2004) Consumer Demand for Election News: The Horserace Sells. Journal of Politics 66: 157-175. Gunther, Albert C.; Cindy Christen; Janice L. Liebhart; Stella Chih-Yun Chia. (2001) Congenial Public, Contrary Press, and Biased Estimates of the Climate of Opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly 65: 295-320. * Mutz, Diana C. and Paul S. Martin. (2001) Facilitating Communication Across Lines of Political Difference. American Political Science Review 95: 97-114. * Gilens, Martin. (1999) Why Americans Hate Welfare, Chapters 5 and 6. Dalton, Russell J.; Paul A. Beck; Robert Huckfeldt. (1998) Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in the 1992 Presidential Election. American Political Science Review 92: 111-126. Haller, H. Brandon and Helmut Norpoth. (1997) Reality Bites: News Exposure and Economic Opinions. Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 555-575. B. Media Effects on Political Orientations * Barker, David and Kathleen Knight. (2000) Political Talk Radio and Public Opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly 64: 149-170. * Gilliam, Franklin D., Jr. and Shanto Iyengar. (2000) Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public. American Journal of Political Science 44: 560-573. * Zaller, John. (1996) The Myth of Massive Media Impact Revived: New Support for a Discredited Idea. In Diana C. Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman, Richard A. Brody (Editors), Political Persuasion and Attitude Change. Bartels, Larry M. (1993) Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure. American Political Science Review 87: 267-285. * Jordan, Donald L. (1993) Newspaper Effects on Policy Preferences. Public Opinion Quarterly 57: 191-204.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 15 * Page, Benjamin and Robert Y. Shapiro. (1992) The Rational Public, Chapter 8. * Entman, Robert M. (1989) How the Media Affects What People Think: An Information Processing Approach. Journal of Politics 51: 347-370. C. Agenda-Setting and Related Phenomena * Valentino, Nicholas A. (1999) Crime News and the Priming of Political Attitudes During Evaluations of the President. Public Opinion Quarterly 63: 293-320. * Krosnick, Jon A. and Donald R. Kinder. (1990) Altering the Foundations of Public Support for the President through Priming. American Political Science Review 84: 497-512. Iyengar, Shanto and Donald R. Kinder. (1987) News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. Erbring, Lutz; Edie N. Goldenberg; Arthur H. Miller. (1980) Television News, Real-World Cues, and Changes in the Public Agenda. American Journal of Political Science 24: 16-49. McCombs, Maxwell E. and Donald L. Shaw. (1972) The Agenda-Setting Function of the Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly 36: 176-187. D. Issue Framing and Related Phenomena * Berinsky, Adam J. and Donald R. Kinder. (2006) Making Sense of Issues Through Media Frames: Understanding the Kosovo Crisis. Journal of Politics 68: 640-656. Entman, Robert M. (2004) Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. * Nelson, Thomas E. (2004) Policy Goals, Public Rhetoric, and Political Attitudes. Journal of Politics 66: 581-605. * Druckman, James N. (2001) On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame? Journal of Politics 63: 1041-1066. * Jacoby, William G. (2000) Issue Framing and Public Opinion on Government Spending. American Journal of Political Science 44: 750-767. Nelson, Thomas E.; Zoe M. Oxley; Rosalee A. Clawson. (1997) Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects. Political Behavior 19: 221-246. * Nelson, Thomas E.; Rosalee A. Clawson; Zoe M. Oxley. (1997) Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance. American Political Science Review 91: 567-584. Nelson, Thomas E. and Donald R. Kinder. (1996) Issue Frames and Group-Centrism in American Public Opinion. Journal of Politics 1055-1078. Kuklinski, James and Norman L. Hurley. (1994) On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messages: A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking. Journal of Politics 56: 729-751. Iyengar, Shanto. (1991) Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 16 Lau, Richard R.; Richard A. Smith; Susan T. Fiske. (1991) Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion. Journal of Politics 53: 644-675. * Iyengar, Shanto. (1989) How Citizens Think About Political Issues: A Matter of Responsibility. American Journal of Political Science 33: 878-900. * Iyengar, Shanto. (1987) Television News and Citizens Explanations of National Issues. American Political Science Review 81: 815-832.
VII. PUBLIC VALUES IN THE MASS PUBLIC
A. Tolerance * Davis, Darren W. and Brian D. Silver. (2004) Civil Liberties vs. Security: Public Opinion in the Context of the Terrorist Attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science 48: 28-46. * Mondak, Jeffery J. and Mitchell S. Sanders. (2003) Tolerance and Intolerance: 1976-1998. American Journal of Political Science 47: 492-502. Gibson, James L. and Amanda Gouws. (2001) Making Tolerance Judgments: the Effects of Context, Local and National. Journal of Politics 63: 1067-1090. Golebiowska, Ewa A. (1996) The Pictures in Our Heads and Individual-Targeted Tolerance. Journal of Politics 58: 1010-1034. Golebiowska, Ewa A. (1995) Individual Value Priorities, Education, and Political Tolerance. Political Behavior 17: 23-48. Marcus, George E.; John L. Sullivan; Elizabeth Theiss-Morse; Sandra L. Wood. (1995) With Malice Toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments. * Gibson, James L. (1992) The Political Consequences of Intolerance: Cultural Conformity and Political Freedom. American Political Science Review 86: 338-356. * Kuklinski, James H.; Ellen Riggle; Victor Ottati; Norbert Schwarz. (1991) The Cognitive and Affective Bases of Political Tolerance Judgments. American Journal of Political Science 35: 1-27. Gibson, James L. (1989) The Structure of Attitudinal Intolerance in the United States. British Journal of Political Science 19: 562-570. Gibson, James L. (1989) The Policy Consequences of Political Intolerance: Political Repression During the Vietnam War Era. Journal of Politics 51: 13-35. Gibson, James L. (1988) Political Intolerance and Political Repression During the McCarthy Red Scare. American Political Science Review 82: 511-529. Sullivan, John L.; James E. Piereson; George E. Marcus. (1982) Political Tolerance and American Democracy.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 17 * Sullivan, John L.; Stanley Feldman; George E. Marcus. (1982) The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis. American Political Science Review 75: 92-106. * Sullivan, John L.; James E. Piereson; George E. Marcus. (1979) An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance: Illusory Increases, 1950s-1970s. American Political Science Review 73: 781-794. B. Citizen Feelings about Government and the Political System Benesh, Sara C. (2006) Understanding Public Confidence in American Courts. Journal of Politics 68: 697-708. * Price, Vincent and Anca Romantan. (2004) Confidence in Institutions Before, During, and After Indecision 2000. Journal of Politics 66: 939-956. Gay, Claudine. (2002) Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship Between Citizens and Their Government. American Journal of Political Science 46: 717-732. * Hibbing, John R. and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. (2001) Process Preferences and American Politics: What People Want Government to Be. American Political Science Review 95: 145-154. Hoekstra, Valerie J. (2000) The Supreme Court and Local Public Opinion. American Political Science Review 94: 89-100. Cantril, Albert H. and Susan Davis Cantril. (1999) Reading Mixed Signals: Ambivalence in American Public Opinion About Government. * Hibbing, John R. and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. (1998) The Medias Role in Public Negativity Toward Congress: Distinguishing Emotional Reactions and Cognitive Evaluations. American Journal of Political Science 42: 475-498. Hibbing, John R. and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. (1995) Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes Toward American Political Institutions. * Sniderman, Paul M., Richard A. Brody, Philip E. Tetlock. (1991) Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Chapter 11. Bennett, Linda M. and Stephen Earl Bennett. (1990) Living with Leviathan: Americans Coming to Terms with Big Government. C. Political Trust * Rudolph, Thomas J. and Jillian Evans. (2005) Political Trust, Ideology, and Public Support for Government Spending. American Journal of Political Science 660-671. * Mutz, Diana C. and Byron Reeves. (2005) The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust. American Political Science Review 99: 1-16. Hetherington, Marc J. (2004) Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 18 Hetherington, Marc J. and Suzanne Globetti. (2002) Political Trust and Racial Policy Preferences. American Journal of Political Science 46: 253-275. * Hetherington, Marc J. (1998) The Political Relevance of Political Trust. American Political Science Review 92: 791-808. Erber, Ralph and Richard R. Lau. (1990) Political Cynicism Revisited: An InformationProcessing Reconciliation of Policy-Based and Incumbency-Based Interpretations of Changes in Trust in Government. American Journal of Political Science 34: 236-253. * Miller, Arthur H. (1974) Political Issues and Trust in Government: 1964-1970. American Political Science Review 68: 951-972. * Citrin, Jack. (1974) Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government. American Political Science Review 68: 973-988.
VIII. SOCIAL GROUP INFLUENCES AND PATTERNS
* Nelson, Thomas E. (1999) Group Affect and Attribution in Social Policy Opinion. Journal of Politics 61: 331-362. * Zinni, Frank P.; Laurie A. Rhodebeck; Franco Mattei. (1997) The Structure and Dynamics of Group Politics, 1964-1992. Political Behavior 247-282. Koch, Jeffrey W. (1993) Is Group Membership a Prerequisite for Group Identification? Political Behavior 15: 49-60. * Brady, Henry and Paul M. Sniderman. (1985) Attitude Attribution: A Group Basis for Political Reasoning. American Political Science Review 79: 1061-1078. Price, Vincent. (1989) Social Identification and Public Opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly 53: 197-224. Jacoby, William G. (1988) The Impact of Party Identification on Issue Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science 32: 643-680. A. Social Status and Social Class * Shingles, Richard D. (1989) Class, Status, and Support for Government Aid to Disadvantaged Groups. Journal of Politics 51: 933-962. * Himmelstein, Jerome L. and James A. McRae. (1988) Social Issues and Socioeconomic Status. Public Opinion Quarterly 52: 492-512. McAdams, John. (1986) Status Polarization of Social Welfare Attitudes. Political Behavior 8: 313-334. * Jackman, Mary R. (1979) The Subjective Meaning of Social Class in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly 43: 443-462. * Knoke, David. (1979) Stratification and the Dimensions of American Political Orientations. American Journal of Political Science 23: 772-791.
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B. Neighborhood and Community Influences * Huckfeldt, Robert; Paul E. Johnson; John Sprague. (2002) Political Environments, Political Dynamics, and the Survival of Disagreement. Journal of Politics 64: 1-21. * Huckfeldt, Robert; Paul Allen Beck; Russell J., Dalton; Jeffrey Levine. (1995) Political Environments, Cohesive Social Groups, and the Communication of Public Opinion. American Journal of Political Science 39: 1025-1054. Huckfeldt, Robert and John Sprague. (1995) Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. * Huckfeldt, Robert and John Sprague. (1987) Networks in Context: The Social Flow of Political Information. American Political Science Review 81: 1197-1216. * MacKuen, Michael and Courtney Brown. (1987) Political Context and Attitude Change. American Political Science Review 81: 471-490. Huckfeldt, Robert. (1983) The Social Context of Political Change: Durability, Volatility, and Social Influence. American Political Science Review 77: 929-944. C. Deliberation and Social Interaction Effects * Jackman, Simon and Paul M. Sniderman. (2006) The Limits of Deliberative Discussion: A Model of Everyday Political Arguments. Journal of Politics 68: 272-283. Mutz, Diana C. and Jeffery J. Mondak. (2006) The Workplace as a Context for Cross-Cutting Political Discourse. Journal of Politics 68: 140-155. * Druckman, James N. (2004) Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)relevance of Framing Effects. American Political Science Review 98: 671-686. * Druckman, James N. and Kjersten R. Nelson (2003) Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens' Conversations Limit Elite Influence. American Journal of Political Science 47: 729-745. * Barabas, Jason. (2004) How Deliberation Affects Policy Opinions. American Political Science Review 98: 687-702. * Mutz, Diana. (2002) Cross-Cutting Social Networks: Testing Democratic Theory in Practice. American Political Science Review 96: 111-126. Huckfeldt, Robert. (2001) The Social Communication of Political Expertise. American Journal of Political Science 425-438.
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IX. RACE AND AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION
Kellstedt, Paul M. (2003) The Mass Media and the Dynamics of American Racial Attitudes. * Kinder, Donald R. and Nicholas Winter. (2001) Exploring the Racial Divide: Blacks, Whites, and Opinion on National Policy. American Journal of Political Science 45: 439-456. Kinder, Donald R. and Lynn M. Sanders. (1996) Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. A. Are Americans Racists? Huber, Gregory A. and John S. Lapinski. (2006) The Race Card Revisited: Assessing Racial Priming in Policy Contests. American Journal of Political Science 50: 421-440. * Feldman, Stanley and Leonie Huddy. (2005) Racial Resentment and White Opposition to RaceConscious Programs: Principles or Prejudice? American Journal of Political Science 49: 168183. * Soss, Joe; Laura Langbein; Alan R. Metelko. (2003) Why Do White Americans Support the Death Penalty? Journal of Politics 65: 397-421. * Berinsky, Adam J. (1999) The Two Faces of Public Opinion. American Journal of Political Science 43: 1209-1230. * Gilens, Martin. (1999) Why Americans Hate Welfare, Chapter 7. Virtanen, Simo V. and Leonie Huddy. (1998) Old-Fashioned Racism and New Forms of Racial Prejudice. Journal of Politics 60: 311-332. * Kuklinski, James H.; Michael D. Cobb; Martin Gilens. (1997) Racial Attitudes and the New South. Journal of Politics 59: 323-349. * Sears, David O.; Colette Van Laar; Mary Carillo; Rick Kosterman. (1997) Is It Really Racism? The Origins of White Americans Opposition to Race-Targeted Policies. Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 16-53. Sniderman, Paul M. and Edward G. Carmines. (1997) Reaching Beyond Race. * Sniderman, Paul M.; Edward G. Carmines; Geoffrey C. Layman; Michael Carter. (1996) Beyond Race: Social Justice as a Race Neutral Idea. American Journal of Political Science 40: 33-55. Hagen, Michael. (1995) References to Racial Issues. Political Behavior 17: 49-88. Raden, David. (1994) Are Symbolic Racism and Traditional Prejudice Part of a Contemporary Authoritarian Attitude Syndrome? Political Behavior 16: 365-384. Sniderman, Paul M.; Richard A. Brody; Philip E. Tetlock. (1991) Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Chapters 12 and 13. * Sniderman, Paul M.; Thomas Piazza; Philip E. Tetlock; A. Kendrick. (1991) The New Racism. American Journal of Political Science 35: 423-447.
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B. Public Opinion Within the African-American Community * Brown, Robert A. and Todd C. Shaw. (2002) Separate Nations: Two Attitudinal Dimensions of Black Nationalism. Journal of Politics 64: 22-44. * Davis, Darren W. and Ronald E. Brown. (2002) The Antipathy of Black Nationalism: Behavioral and Attitudinal Implications of an African American Ideology. American Journal of Political Science 46: 239-252. Sniderman, Paul M. and Thomas Piazza. (2002) Black Pride and Black Prejudice. Dawson, Michael C. (2001) Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Herring, Mary; Thomas B. Jankowski; Ronald E. Brown. (1999) Pro-Black Doesnt Mean AntiWhite: The Structure of African-American Group Identity. Journal of Politics 61: 363-386. Mohai, Paul and Bunyan Bryant. (1998) Is There a Race Effect on Concern for Environmental Quality? Public Opinion Quarterly 62: 475-505. Bledsoe, Timothy; Susan Welch; Lee Sigelman; Michael Combs. (1995) Residential Context and Racial Solidarity Among African-Americans. American Journal of Political Science 39: 434-458. Davis, Darren W. (1995) Exploring Black Political Intolerance. Political Behavior 17: 1-22. Reese, Laura A. and Ronald E. Brown. (1995) The Effects of Religious Messages on Racial Identity and System Blame among African Americans. Journal of Politics 57: 24-43. Sigelman, Lee and Susan Welch. (1991) Black Americans Views of Racial Inequality. * Allen, Richard L.; Michael C. Dawson; Ronald Brown. (1989) A Schema-Based Approach to Modeling an African-American Racial Belief System. American Political Science Review 83: 421-442. Schuman, Howard; Charlotte Steeh; Lawrence Bobo; Maria Krysan. (1997) Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations (Revised Edition). Chapters 3-5. C. Racial Context and Environmental Effects * Baybeck, Brady. (2006) Sorting Out the Competing Effects of Racial Context. Journal of Politics 68: 386-396. Branton, Regina P. and Bradford S. Jones. (2005) Reexamining Racial Attitudes: The Conditional Relationship Between Diversity and Socioeconomic Environment. American Journal of Political Science 49: 359-372. * Gay, Claudine. (2004) Putting Race in Context: Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Black Racial Attitudes. American Political Science Review 98: 547-562. Costa, Dora L. and Matthew E. Kahn. (2003) Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economists Perspective. Perspectives on Politics 1: 103-112.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 22 Oliver, J. Eric and Janelle Wong. (2003) Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings. American Journal of Political Science 47: 567-582. * Oliver, J. Eric and Tali Mendelberg. (2000) Reconsidering the Environmental Determinants of Racial Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science 44: 574-589. X. OTHER GROUP-RELATED PATTERNS IN POLITICAL BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES A. Ethnicity and Public Opinion * Berinsky, Adam J. and Tali Mendelberg. (2005) The Indirect Effects of Discredited Stereotypes in Judgments of Jewish Leaders. American Journal of Political Science 49: 845-864. McClain, Paula D. et al. (2006) Racial Distancing in a Southern City: Latino Immigrants Views of Black Americans. Journal of Politics 68: 571-584. * Citrin, Jack; Donald P. Green; Christopher Muste; Cara Wong. (1997) Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations. Journal of Politics 59: 858-881. * de la Garza, Rudolfo O.; Angela Falcon; F. Chris Garcia. (1996) Will the Real Americans Please Stand Up: Angle and Mexican American Support of Core American Political Values. American Journal of Political Science 40 335-351. Citrin, Jack; Beth Reingold; Donald P. Green. (1990) American Identity and the Politics of Ethnic Change. Journal of Politics 52: 1124-1154. B. Gender and Public Opinion * Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M.; Suzanna De Boef; Tse-Min Lin (2004) The Dynamics of the Partisan Gender Gap. American Political Science Review 98: 515-528. * Kaufmann, Karen M. and John R. Petrocik. (1999) The Changing Politics of American Men: Understanding the Sources of the Gender Gap. American Journal of Political Science 43: 864887. Trevor, Margaret C. (1999) Political Socialization, Party Identification, and the Gender Gap. Public Opinion Quarterly 63: 62-89. * Conover, Pamela J. and Virginia Sapiro. (1993) Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and War. American Journal of Political Science 37: 1079-1099. Cook, Elizabeth and Clyde Wilcox. (1991) Feminism and the Gender Gap: A Second Look. Journal of Politics 53: 1111-1122.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 23 C. Religion and Political Attitudes * Bolce, Louis and Gerald DeMaio. (1999) Religious Outlook, Culture War Politics, and Antipathy Toward Christian Fundamentalists. Public Opinion Quarterly 63: 29-61. * Layman, Geoffrey C. (1997) Religion and Political Behavior in the United States: The Impact of Beliefs, Affiliations, and Commitment from 1980 to 1994. Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 288-316. Cohen, Steven M. and Charles S. Liebman. (1997) American Jewish Liberalism: Unraveling the Strands. Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 405-430. * Guth, James L.; John C. Green; Lyman A. Kellstedt; Corwin E. Smidt. (1995) Faith and the Environment: Religious Beliefs and Attitudes on Environmental Policy. American Journal of Political Science 364-382. * Jelen, Ted G. (1993) The Political Consciousness of Religious Group Attitudes. Journal of Politics 55: 178-190. D. AIDS and Public Opinion * Price, Vincent and Mei-Ling Hsu. (1992) Public Opinion About AIDS Policies. Public Opinion Quarterly 56: 29-52. * Stipp, Horst and Dennis Kerr. (1989) Determinants of Public Opinion About AIDS. Public Opinion Quarterly 53: 98-106. E. Public Opinion among the Elderly Day, Christine L. (1993) Older Americans Attitudes Toward the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988. Journal of Politics 55: 167-177. * Rhodebeck, Laurie A. (1993) The Politics of Greed? Political Preferences Among the Elderly. Journal of Politics 55: 342-364.
XI. PUBLIC OPINION AND PUBLIC POLICY
A. Pandering Politicians and Public Opinion Eisinger, Robert M. (2004) The Evolution of Presidential Polling. * Canes-Wrone, Brandice and Kenneth W. Shotts. (2004) The Conditional Nature of Presidential Responsiveness to Public Opinion. American Journal of Political Science 48: 690-706. * Cook, Fay Lomax; Jason Barabas; Benjamin I. Page. (2002) Invoking Public Opinion: Policy Elites and Social Security. Public Opinion Quarterly 66: 235-264.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 24 * McGraw, Kathleen; Milton Lodge; Jeffrey M. Jones. (2002) The Pandering Politicians of Suspicious Minds. Journal of Politics 64: 362-383. Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Robert Y. Shapiro. (2000) Politicians Dont Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness. B. National-Level Evidence * Wlezien, Christopher. (2004) Patterns of Representation: Dynamics of Public Preferences and Policy. Journal of Politics 66: 1-24. Erikson, Robert S.; Michael B. MacKuen; James A. Stimson. (2002) The Macro Polity. Alvarez, R. Michael and John Brehm. (2002) Hard Choices, Easy Answers, Chapters 8-10. * Gilens, Martin. (1999) Why Americans Hate Welfare, Chapter 8. * Smith, Mark A. (1999) Public Opinion, Elections, and Representation Within a Market Economy: Does the Structural Power of Business Undermine Popular Sovereignty? American Journal of Political Science 43: 842-863. * Hill, Kim Quaile. (1998) The Policy Agendas of the President and the Mass Public: A Research Validation and Extension. American Journal of Political Science 42: 1328-1334. Uslaner, Eric M. (1998) Trade Winds: NAFTA and the Rational Public. Political Behavior 20: 341-360. * Monroe, Alan D. (1998) Public Opinion and Public Policy, 1980-1993. Public Opinion Quarterly 62: 6-28. * Wlezien, Christopher. (1995) The Public as Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending. American Journal of Political Science 39: 981-1000. * Stimson, James A.; Michael B. MacKuen; Robert S. Erikson. (1995) Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review 89: 543-565. Symposium on Public Opinion, Institutions, and Policy Making. (1994) PS: Political Science and Politics 27: 9-36. Gerber, Elisabeth and John E. Jackson. (1993) Endogenous Preferences and the Study of Institutions. American Political Science Review 87: 639-656. Monroe, Alan D. (1983) American Party Platforms and Public Opinion. American Journal of Political Science 27: 27-42. * Page, Benjamin I. and Robert Y. Shapiro. (1983) Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. American Political Science Review 77: 175-190. Monroe, Alan D. (1979) Consistency Between Public Preferences and National Policy Decisions. American Politics Quarterly 15: 203-222.
PLS 828, Fall 2006 Public Opinion and the Political System Page 25 C. State Public Opinion and Policy Brace, Paul; Kellie Sims-Butler; Kevin Arceneaux; Martin Johnson. (2002) Public Opinion in the American States: New Perspectives Using National Survey Data. American Journal of Political Science 46: 173-189. * Jacoby, William G. and Saundra K. Schneider. (2001) Variability in State Policy Priorities: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Politics 63: 544-568. * Lascher, Edward L., Jr.; Michael G. Hagen; Steven A. Rochlin. (1996) Gun Behind the Door? Ballot Initiatives, State Policies, and Public Opinion. Journal of Politics 58: 760-775. * Hill, Kim Quaile and Angela Hinton-Andersson. (1995) Pathways of Representation: A Causal Analysis of Public Opinion-Public Policy Linkages. American Journal of Political Science 39: 924-935. Erikson, Robert S.; Gerald C. Wright; John P. McIver. (1993) Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States. * Erikson, Robert S.; Gerald C. Wright, Jr.; John P. McIver. (1989) Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States. American Political Science Review 83: 729-750. * Wright, Gerald C., Jr.; Robert S. Erikson; John P. McIver. (1987) Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the American States. American Journal of Political Science 31: 980-1001. D. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy * Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Benjamin I. Page. (2005) Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy? American Political Science Review 99: 107-124. Holsti, Ole R. (1996) Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. * Russett, Bruce and Thomas Hartley. (1992) Public Opinion and the Common Defense: Who Governs Military Spending in the United States? American Political Science Review 86: 905915. * Bartels, Larry M. (1991) Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Buildup. American Political Science Review 85: 457-474.
XII. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
* Herbst, Susan (1998) Reading Public Opinion: How Political Actors View the Democratic Process. Chapters 1, 2, and 5. * Herbst, Susan. (1993) Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics. Chapter 8. * Page, Benjamin I. and Robert Y. Shapiro. (1992) The Rational Public. Chapters 9 and 10. * Sniderman, Paul M.; Richard A. Brody; Philip E. Tetlock. (1991) Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Chapter 14.