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Forces Social That Shaped America Cristis Office Hours T, F 11:00-12:00 Batelle Terrace H-1 8/31/07 Colonial Era America "Searchers again Assembled": Gender Distinctions in 17 th Century America Mary Beth Norton Sex biological genitalia determine a persons sex Gender person chooses gender In Ts society, s/he choose his/her sex, but society tried to change his/her gender. o Raised as a girl, but had both genitalia o Fought in war as a boy, came to America as a male indentured student o Had many female qualities Men saw these qualities and called him a women Eventually, they concluded him/her as a woman since s/he couldnt have sexual intercourse. At this time, men are supposed to father children. o Brought T to court, without charges, for the courts to determine his/her sex. Gender and class rank were the two most important things in 17 th Century society in determining how your life would be. Genders importance in the community was shown by the lengths people went to, in finding Ts gender. Clothing was very important to society at this time. o Women wore womens clothing; men wore mens clothing. No variation. Community was the most important thing, to society at this time. T considers himself both genders, which is what the court decided. Court ordered him to wear both mens and womens clothing at the same time (mens clothes with an apron). o Restricted T, couldnt switch genders anymore. Virginia Commonwealth Founded as a commercial state to harvest and trade tobacco. o Different from other colonies People came to better themselves; mostly poor, came over as an indentured servant. o As in indentured servant, could not marry, have children, work for others, until time was up. High mortality rate bad water, poor crops, high disease, etc. More men than women more freedoms for women because they were highly prized o Much higher rate of pre-martial sex; adultery, pregnancy before marriage; out-of-wedlock births Pilgrams "Forming a city on a hill" John Winthrop Winthrop, Mass. o Wants to be the shining example of all society More stable family structure; less deaths Homogenous; everyone from the same culture, religion, etc. Enjoyed sex and alcohol, but not over-indulging Everyone was either promoting good morals or bad morals o Supposed to spy on your neighbor and report their sins o Tithing man responsible for around 10 families; made sure they went to church and followed the rules "Idle hands do the devils work" Witch In Europe Major times of Persecution in Europe was between 156-1760 o 60,000 killed 80% women o 110,000 accused 85% women o majority were women Malleus Maleficarum o 1486 by two Dominican Monks o Handbook for witch hunters Characteristics of a witch o "bitch more hideous to look at than all others" o Old, poor, illiterate, widowed, healer or midwife in community o Approached by the devil in times of distress o Mark on the left side of the body Women would examine other women for this mark o Sex with the devil to seal the pack o Recruited other women, change the weather, cause harm to others o Could fly from the fat of dead babies Came from confessions under torture o On the Sabbath, kiss the devil (several forms, half goat); would be whipped if they werent bad enough, then eat dead babies, then sit around a fire and have an orgy with the devil Sex was supposed to be painful, not pleasureful o Women were more susceptible because the had a desire for in carnal lust o Christ died for men, not for women. Early on, the poor (nuisances) were the ones who were primarily accused o Relied on their richer neighbors to care for them. Later on, richer women and "uppity" women were prosecuted Remegious created the "Cold water test" threw women in a lake o If they drowned, they werent a witch; if they survived, they were burned at the stake. Older women have less dense bones, which allows them to float easier. Two German towns were left with one women each. Salem Witch Trials Two young girls were living together in a household o Began to have fits decided to be because of witchcraft More girls came forward o Legal action against 144 people, some men o 14 women and 5 men were hanged; one man pressed to death o More died in jail Last about a year Salem was originally founded as a fishing outpost town o As the town grew larger and larger, people expanded to the village which eventually wanted its own church and government Theories of what caused this: o Ergot poisoning the rye wheat was moldy and people ate the wheat in bread and had hallucinogenic visions, like LSD o Class theory Village was getting richer and people o Freudian theory girls were sexual repressed o Indian Wars theory Indian wars going on around the settlement; scared people, they turned on themselves and this happened o Feminist theory girls were trying to obtain attention and power so they did this Boys were more educated than girls and had more freedom Accused women who had more freedom or were alone, single had no protector Over 90% of the women who died had no male heir o Conspiracy Theory property of women who were accused, lost their land and it was sold to the powerful o "Women were really witches" Theory Men werent accused as often because they were needed to run the community; women expendable 9/4/07 Gender Differences in Europe/Colonial America Genders were strictly defined o Clothes, jobs, skills o Community determined/enforced the guidelines Sex o Men and women were defined through sex Women seen as: highly emotional, easily persuaded, lustful Man had to be able to get an erection, be able to have kids o Throughout history Ideal version of gender is tied into sex Sex and class determined lifes expectations o Proper attitudes: Womens sphere housework, raised children Expected to be ,,good wifes Constantly engaged in activities that bettered the family Guardians of virtue Not just cooking and cleaning, but recreation benefited the family no idle time; read bible, other helping books Mens sphere went out and got jobs, paid, supported the family Expected to possess skills that will support the family Very shameful to not be able to take care of your family Public responsibilities to the community civic responsibilities, government responsiblities Helping projects, voting, helping neighbors, attend town meetings Trouble started when either stepped outside its sphere Men were leaders of both spheres; men were governing leaders patriarchal social/governing system Domestic Violence condemned, but not a law in most places Divorce available, but difficult, easier in colonial America, vesus late 1800s o True divorce no legal ties together o Separation from bed or board Man is supporting the women, but not living together o Mass. and Conn. had most liberal laws for divorce Adultery, New England (Puritans) see marriage as a civil contract, not as a religious contract South (more Anglicans) see marriage as a religious act, more difficult to divorce Home workplace for women, made everything themselves o Some women had jobs midwife o Female sub-economy Women traded amongst each other Apprenticeship system Women learning a trade at someone elses house Single women (widowed, never married) many ended up not getting married/re-married if they had money (in cities) Deborah Franklin married to Ben for 44 years o Ran shop, like many wives at this time Women stepped outside of their sphere to help run family businesses Easier for women to step outside of their sphere, than for men to step out of the male sphere Revolutionary War Uncertainty of who would win Deputy Husbands Men leave for war, women would take over mens role Camp followers nurses, did laundry, brought food o 20,000 women who were camp followers during war o some came to help husbands, some because they couldnt survive at home o George Washington hated them, but were necessary o Some brought supplied to the front lines "Molly Pitcher" not a real person but a term for women on battlefield o Deborah Samson dressed as a man and fought with Mass. regiment; many wounds; found out after a fever Spy both sides used female spies o Eavesdropping o Carried messages through enemy lines Politically women boycott British goods o Helped American economy; hurt British economy Defied mercantilism o Raised money Victims of war o Forced to flee homes; homes pillaged; rape o Prejustice within the community Revolutions effect on gender roles Some say rev. opened social and commercial doors to men o Lack of class distinction Some believe that the Constitution prohibited better your class o Electoral college Some say that Revolution helped open womens gender roles, some say the opposite o Abigial Adams "Remember the ladies . . . Do not put such unlimited power in the hands of the husbands. Remember that men would become tyrants without limitations." Women were more politically aware; more educational opportunities o Women needed to raise good citizens (Republican Motherhood) women needed to be more educated Didnt get citizenship in the Constitution; no right to vote except, shortly, in New Jersey. Victorian Era (1837 1901) Gender roles get more solid, lasts until WW1 Change begins with the Industrial Revolution o As greater class systems develop from IR, new gender roles are developed ,,Cult of True Womanhood Four Virtues that made ideal women o Piety needed to be pious, needed to be religious in order to sustain natural order of being a women o Purity men are sexual creatures; women need to stay pure; save men from themselves, by filling your husbands sexual desires If men stray, its part of their nature; if women stray, they are "fallen" Double standard Women are asexual creatures; men are of full lust and need to have their sexual desires fulfilled by their wife, or they will stray Virginity is more important in Victorian age, than in Colonial times o Submissiveness Most important to men in order to maintain a good order in society, so women must be submissive and let men be head of household and to follow mens instruction Father, brothers, husbands, sons, priests, government "Suffer in silence" essential in society o Domesticity guarding the home, raising the kids, Republican Motherhood; if man is stressed in the home, it is wifes fault Mothers responsibility for how kids turn out. 09/07/07 Victorian Age Later marriage, more choice of marriage, more economic stability Some what causes the emergence of the middle class Way for middle class women to be ,,superior over working class women Home symbol of where all good things lie For both men and women Men spend more time at home, nuclear family emerges Home life is important Marriage for true love romance Honeymoons Corsets made of steel, whalebone; some weigh up to 37 pounds, take two hours to get dressed Domestic Feminism feeling that women could influence the world through their morals teachings to their husband and children Laws of Couverture when a women married, her identity was merged with her husband o Became a ,,femme couvert, most of the womens possessions became the husbands. o Women could not serve on a jury, nor give testimony in court o Men control property o Men automatically get custody of children o Woman ran the home, but the man owned everything in it Femme Sole a single women or widow; can control own property o Could rarely support themselves for a long period of time o Marriage was a way to support yourself, because of the lack of economic possibilities Bachelor subculture because of cost and pressure Religion was very strict Women could say no to sex, because of chastity and were supposed to control mens impulses Men werent supposed to pressure wife for sex o Instead of compromising wife, they compromised themselves by visiting prostitutes. o Sex more than once a week became an impulse Women were thought to be independent and liked the domestic sphere "Not to be troubled with sexual feelings of any kinds, love of home, husband and children" were normal thought that women should not tax themselves and go to school, exercise, etc. because of a belief in a finite amount of energy in life o If a women went to school, her reproductive organs would shrink and hurt her chances at having children Hysteria - a common ailment The Yellow Wallpaper Narrator is in a room and is bothered by the wallpaper Gets worse and worse as the story progresses Moral of the story is that women shouldnt be locked up and not allowed to express themselves Has to hide her writings Medical community (her husband and brother) repeatedly tells her to not write, exert herself, etc. Sister-in-law represents the ideal woman by doing all of the household chores and keeping care of the baby Narrator is treated like a child by her husband, tucks her in, reads to her, etc. Completely dismisses her talk about wallpaper Repeatedly tells her that she looks better, despite her saying that she feels the same. She wants to sleep on the first floor, but there is only room for one bed, while in the upstairs (nursery?) there is room for both. Bars on windows of the room Woman trapped in the wallpaper is really herself. Woman inside the wallpaper, narrator, and sister-in-law all help tear down the wallpaper; wallpaper is a metaphor for the limitations that are holding women back o All women must work together Story shows a condescending portrait of the male characters. 9/11/07 Womens Suffrage Movement Seneca Falls, New York; 1848 300 men and women attended Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were main organizers o Met at abolition convention in London, where they were segregated and not allowed to gives speeches or participate o Women played a large part in the abolition movement 12 Resolutions Declaration of Sentiments o based on patriotic ideals from the anti-slavery movement and on the Declaration of Independence o signed by 68 women and 32 men o 9th resolution that was not unanimously agreed upon It is the duty of the women to join the elective franchise. The right to vote o Religious argument that all people were created equal and the idea of moral equality (raising mens moral level, making society more moral) o Taking politically power from men would change all of societys structure Civil war Happens o Sufferage movement is put on hold o Women have to pick up since their husbands have left Suffragist person trying to get the right to vote o Suffragette derogatory term for a women who was trying to gain the right to vote; in England, women embraced the term Suffrage Organizations National Womens Suffrage Association o Founded by Susan B. Anthony and Stanton o Education, work opportunities for women o Only white women fighting for white womens votes Did not want black women because they didnt want to fight sexism and racism at the same time. o Fought against 15th Amendment because it did not include women o Trying to get a federal amendment 2 methods Has to be passed by 2/3rds of congress and 2/3rds of states ratify it Called by constitutional convention American Womens Suffrage Association o o o o Run by Lucy Stone (former abolitionist) and Julia Howe Plan was to try to get right to vote state by state Only was trying to get the right to vote for women Worked with men and African-American women Black women Organized through churches, raised money, joined Republican party Sojourner Truth o Black, wanted both abolition and womens suffrage o Ain't I A Women Given in Akron, Ohio Suffrage Article Stanton called a racist in article Supreme Court Decision States have right to decide who can vote Constitution only decides discrimination by race, not gender 1878 AWSA gets a bill in the Senate, but it doesnt pass 1890 NWSA and AWSA become one group, the NAWSA in 90s - Utah, Wyoming, Indiana and Idaho give some women suffrage National Women Opposed to Sufferage Run by a female socialite from New York Arguments o Would destroy the morality that the women were given o Would take women out of their cocoon and forced to be in the real world o Suffrage would create a "mass of individuals with an indescribable sphere" o Too emotional, not smart enough o Already have influence through husbands; already being heard, why should the vote? 9/14/07 Pankhurst Sylvia and Crystalbell Heads of the womens sufferage movement in England Used militant tactics to try to get right to vote; physical violence instead of legislation Alice Paul and Lucie Burns arrested in England while protesting for womens suffrage with the Pankhursts Saw that the militant practices were getting more done than the legislative work done in America Became head of the Congressional Committee o Congressional Committee is an offshoot of NAWSA Harriet Stanton-Blache daughter of Cady; spent two decades in England Equality League of Self-Supporting Women 1913 Women stage a suffrage parade prior to the Inaugural parade for Woodrow Wilson Police let anti-suffrage rioters attack the women, hundreds of women are injured Huge world-wide media attention because of the timing of the event 1914 - Burns and Paul split from NAWSA and become the Congressional Union, is renamed the National Womens Party in 1916. Suffragists in jail called themselves political prisoners Many hunger strikes jails force-fed women Bad conditions in jails August 27, 1920 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote is passed Women lobbied every state; passed Congress in 1919 after many states had already ratified it 1922 Supreme Court upholds the amendment that women have the right to vote WWI had a huge contribution to men because of womens work during the war Publicity helped the movement a lot o Alice Paul NAWSA is reorganized under Cary Chapman Catt Left in 1900, came back in 1916 Developed "Mrs. Caits winning plan" o US divided into four regions Strategies for each region that depended on that region; campaigned against anti-suffragists Became the League of Women Voters o Today, they help people register to vote and to educate women Lower voter turnout than expected among women African-American women were disenfranchised still Many women voted alongside their husbands Equal-right Amendment Alice Paul started a movement for it 1970 passed by Congress, but expired in 1982 because the time limit ran out Quakers believed in equality, abolitionist movement; educated women veterans project at least 3 interviews; get a sense of what these womens experiences were; assumptions you can make about womens experiences during the war and our reaction to it 9/18/07 Women serving in the Armed Forces WWI 300 women served, as telephone operators promised full benefits, but those were not recognized until 1970s WAAC Womens Army Auxilary Corp Introduced before Pearl Harbor; approved in 1942 o Women did not received full military status WAC Womens Army Corp Changed to WAC from WAAC Women were given full military status in 1943 Considered a temporary part of the military About 250,000 women served in WWII 143,000 WACS o only women who served overseas 100,000 WAVES Women Accepted For Volunteer Emergency Service o started in 1942 23,000 WRMs Marines o started in 1943 13,000 SPARS Semper Paratus 4,000 WASPS Air Force o tested planes and moved planes o Only branch that werent recognized as full members of their branch during the war 3 million women in the Red Cross Women also served in medical parts of Army and Navy 8/30/2007 4:20:00 PM 8/30/2007 4:20:00 PM

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