Biology, Environmental ECOL206, spring 2005, U of A Bonine, Bachi, Herron
13 April, 2005
206 Exam 3 Study Guide 2005.DOC
EXAM THREE WILL BE IN LECTURE ON WEDNESDAY 20 APRIL, 2005.
This list of topics should give you an idea as to the range of material and types of questions we are likely to present on the exam. Please refer to your syllabus, text, readings, and lecture and lab notes for information relevant to the third portion of the course. The exam will cover Chapters 9-13 (not 10) in your Miller text, several guest speakers (see your syllabus for names and dates), and the extra assigned readings listed in your syllabus. Also fair game are readings and activities assigned for the labs you will have attended through 08 April, 2005. Likely Exam Format (total of 100 points): True or false and matching (~30 points) Really Short Answer or Definitions (a sentence) (~40 pts) Short Answer (a couple of sentences) (~30 pts) Think about links among the material presented in different parts of the course as you study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. What are some of the causes of erosion? How would you define industrialized agriculture? How is this related to the Green Revolution? How far does the average food item in the US travel from where it is produced to where it is consumed? Distinguish between subsistence farming and the production of cash crops. Why are some folks wary of GMO's? Is the perception of the risk of a given activity or environmental issue different between scientists and the general populace? How are weather and climate different? What are the two main determinants of climate? How is ozone both good and bad depending on where it is in the atmosphere? How are global warming and ozone thinning different? Define Hadley cell. What are the four main greenhouse gases? How does increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increase average global temperatures? Discuss the rate of temperature change occurring now on earth, as well as the magnitude. Are both of these unusual in a long-term context? What is the potential effect of global warming on the distribution of temperate-adapted species? Discuss the relative merits of the prepare vs. prevent approaches to the global warming crisis. What is the Kyoto protocol? Global warming is a potential threat to the Sky Island ecosystems in this area. What is a Sky Island and why are they threatened by global warming? What country contributes the most to greenhouse gas emissions? What country has the highest per capita production of greenhouse gases? Define rain shadow. How is ozone depleted by CFC's? What are the effects of ozone thinning in the stratosphere? Define photochemical smog, primary air pollution, secondary air pollution. Why are health professionals concerned about particulate matter in the environment? What proportion of the water on earth is accessible freshwater? Describe two areas of the US where subsidence is a major problem? Define aquifer. What country has the highest per capita water consumption? What proportion of the water used in the US is used for agricultural production? What is a dead zone in the context of water pollution? About how much water does it take to make a car? Why? Define saltwater intrusion. What contributes to groundwater pollution? What does the Levidow 1999 article say about Bt maize and its role in long-term agricultural production? Where do monarch butterflies overwinter and how is their lifecycle possibly affected by Bt Maize. Atrazine has been shown to lead to hermaphroditism in frogs. Should we care? How does the cattle industry practice a form of ecological colonialism according to Rifkin 1992? How do factory farms potentially harm environmental and human health? What are the pros and cons of grazing animals on public lands in the southwest US, or in the tropics? What is the main mission of the local organization Native Seeds/SEARCH? How can cultural and biological diversity be complementary? 1
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Environmental Biology, ECOL206, spring 2005, U of A Bonine, Bachi, Herron
40. How could you argue that the green revolution and environmental contamination are related?
41. What is an endocrine disrupter? What effects can they have? Are these effects the same for all life stages of an organism? 42. What is the leading cause of death in the US? In the world? 43. Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification. 44. Why are people concerned about mercury? Where does mercury pollution come from? 45. Who is Rachel Carson and why should you know her name? 46. What is thalidomide and what are some of its negative effects? 47. In the US, what is the major human use of freshwater on the East coast? The West coast? 48. Define graywater. 49. How does channelization affect riparian and aquatic ecosystems? 50. Where and why is water moved in California? 51. Define 'Flying Blind' in the context that Theo Colburn uses it. 52. How are breast cancer in human females, decreased genitalia in male alligators, and reduced sperm count in human males linked? 53. What are endocrine disruptors and give an example of one. 54. Where might endocrine disruptors be found? 55. What are three common indoor pollutants and their origins? 56. What are clues found in the animal kingdom throughout the past 50 years that hint at endocrine disruptors in the environment? 57. What is a pesticide? 58. Describe alternatives to pesticide use. 59. What are some pros and cons of pesticide use? 60. Define Integrated Pest Management Mostly (IPM). from Lab: 61. Why do some Tucsonans want to see the Sweetwater Wetland removed? What is the function of this wetland? 62. Describe the process of treating sewage. 63. What lessons were learned while visiting Greasewood Park and comparing species richness and evenness across different transects. 64. What does a chi-square test allow you to conclude? 65. How could you argue that a tree-fall in a forest and a beaver dam in a stream contribute to similar ecological phenomenon? 66. What is the goal of a landfill over the time span of 50 years? 200 years? Is this goal realistic? 67. On what does Tucson spend most of its waste management budget? 68. What gas does the landfill collect, why do they collect it and what do they do with it? 69. What is the difference between a dump and a landfill? 70. T or F: the landfill makes a profit off recyclables. 71. Consumer choices influence the landfills ability to sell certain recyclables; how? 72. In a riparian corridor, diversity is usually highest a) At an intermediate distance from the rivers edge. b) Right next to the river. c) Far from the river where flooding is not a problem. ~Don Swann, 23 March 2005: 73. Why was Saguaro National Park established? 74. Why are Lowland Leopard Frogs in trouble in Arizona? 75. In general, how does the concept of a metapopulation work? 76. Is roadkill an important factor for the persistence of native animal populations? 77. How are many large mammals verified in Saguaro National Park? 78. How are habitat fragmentation and urbanization related? ~Don Falk, 30 March 2005: 79. How is fire an ecosystem process? 80. How has tree density in the sky islands changed in the past 100 years? 81. How can you have fire heterogeneity and regional fire synchrony at the same time? 82. What is dendrochronology? How does it inform our knowledge of past climate (including drought, fire, etc.)? 2
Environmental Biology, ECOL206, spring 2005, U of A Bonine, Bachi, Herron
83. Were large-scale fires common in the 1700s? How were these fires different than the fires we have had in the past few
years? 84. Why are there fewer records of fire over the last 100 years in the trees in the southwest? 85. How does the movement of people into forested areas complicate attempts to restore more natural fire regimes? 86. The human population in Arizona has grown by 120% since 1970. What implications does this have for forest health and biodiversity? ~Katrin Mangin, 08 April 2005: 87. What is meant by the concept in marine conservation of "shifting baselines"? Define the concept and provide an example. 88. List two environmental problems associated with salmon farming. 89. What is shrimp trawling and what are two environmental problems associated with shrimp trawling in the Gulf of California? 90. Cans of tuna are sometimes labelled as "dolphin safe". What does this mean? 91. Are the ways that tuna is caught using "dolphin safe" methods more or less damaging to the marine environment. Explain your answer. 92. How are "eagle pie" and "lion steak" analogous to what is served every day on seafood menus in the United States? ~Bill Matter, 11 April 2005: 93. Define limnology? 94. How is flowtic a useful memory tool? 95. Is a shallow lake more productive than a deep lake? Why? 96. What are edaphi...