2 TEST REVIEW 1. Stages of Sleep and Brain Waves in Sleep a. Stage 1 transition between wakefulness and sleep, has relatively rapid low voltage brain waves b. Stage 2 slower more regular wave pattern, has momentary interruptions called sleep spindles c. Stage 3 brain waves slower with high peaks and low valleys d. Stage 4 deepest stage of sleep, people least responsive, and wave patterns slow and regular 2. EEG 3. REM, REM rebound, muscles during REM a. REM sleep that occupies a little over 20% of sleep characterized by: rapid eye movement, increased and irregular heart rate, increase in blood pressure, increase in breathing rate, erections in males, usually accompanied by dreams, person's body is typically "paralyzed" b. Rebound effect when deprived of REM spend more time in REM sleep than they normally would c. Muscles during REM typically "paralyzed" 4. Age differences in sleep a. As people get older they sleep less b. The proportion of REM sleep decreases with age 5. Theories of Dreams: a. Unconscious Wish fulfillment theory (FRUED 1900): proposed that dreams represented unconscious wishes that the dreamer want to see fulfilled b. Dreams for survival theory: dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep c. Activation-synthesis theory: during REM sleep brain stimulates memories lodged in the brain and put it together to make a logical story line 6. Dream Symbolism: 7. Different Sleep Disorders: a. Insomnia unable to fall asleep easily, go to sleep readily but wake up frequently during the night, can be due to a particular situation b. Sleep apnea condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping, results are disturbed and fitful sleep, the person is constantly reawakened when the lack of oxygen becomes great enough to trigger a waking response. c. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - killer of seemingly normal infants who die while sleeping d. Night Terrors sudden awakenings during REM sleep that come with extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal, occurs in stage 4 sleep e. Narcolepsy go straight from wakefulness to REM sleep skipping the other stages 8. EEG: 9. Different Brain Waves during sleep stages: a. Stage 1 relatively rapid low amplitude brain waves b. Stage 2 slower more regular wave pattern along with momentary interruptions called "sleep spindles" c. Stage 3 slow waves with greater peaks and valleys than stage 2 d. Stage 4 deepest stage of sleep, least responsive
10. What goes on during REM sleep: a. Heart rate increases and becomes irregular b. Blood pressure rises c. Breathing rate increases d. Males have erections e. Rapid eye movement f. Dreaming 11. REM rebound: REM deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep than they normally would 12. Circadian Rhythm/cycles: a. Circadian rhythms biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24 hour cycle b. Circadian cycles involves a variety of behaviors, 13. Hypnosis: a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others; can be used to successfully solve practical human problems a. Appears that they are asleep b. Will not perform antisocial behaviors c. Will not carry out self-destructive acts d. Will not reveal hidden truths about themselves e. Capable of lying 14. Meditation: a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness a. Feel very relaxed b. Quiet room, eyes closed, repeating a word or sound c. Goal suspension from the bonds of everyday awareness and access to an altered state of consciousness 15. Seasonal affective disorder: a form of severe depression in which feelings of despair and hopelessness increase during the winter and lift during the rest of the year 16. Drugs Classification: 17. Addiction: drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug, in some cases it may be nearly irrisistable a. Biologically based addiction the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug that it cannot function without it b. Psychologically based addictions the person believes they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living 18. Psychoactive drugs: drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior a. Coffee b. Beer 19. Drug Tolerance: 20. Effects of Drugs: a. Stimulants increased confidence, mood elevation, sense of energy and alertness, decreased appetite, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, transient drowsiness, delayed orgasm b. Depressants anxiety reduction, impulsiveness, dramatic mood swings, bizarre thoughts, suicidal behavior, slurred speech, disorientation, slowed mental and physical functioning, limited attention span c. Narcotics anxiety and pain reduction, apathy, difficulty in concentration, slowed speech, decreased physical activity, drooling, itching, euphoria, nausea d. Hallucinogens
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
27.
28. 29.
30. 31.
32.
i. Cannabis: euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, increased appetite, disoriented behavior ii. MDMA, LSD: heightened sense of oneself and insight, feelings of peace, empathy, energy, heightened aesthetic responses, vision and depth distortion, heightened sensitivity to faces and gestures, magnified feelings, paranoia, panic, Classical euphoria Conditioning: a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned Unconditioned Response (USR): a response that is natural and needs no training Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditional stimulus Conditioned Response (CR): a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus Operant Conditioning: Learning in which voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences a. The organism operates on its environment to produce a desirable result (study = good grades) Law of Effect: responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated a. Thorndike believed over time and through experience the organism would make a direct connection between the stimulus and the response without any awareness that the connection existed Little Albert: Reinforcement: the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated a. Primary Reinforcer satisfies some biological need and works naturally (food for a hungry person, blanket for a cold person...) b. Secondary Reinforcer a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforce (money needed for food and shelter so money becomes secondary) Biological Constraints: built in limitations in the ability of organism to learn particular behaviors Shaping: the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior a. Reinforce any behavior that is at all similar to the behavior you want the person to learn Schedules of reinforcement: different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior a. Continuous reinforcement schedule reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs b. Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time c. Fixed ratio schedule a schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made d. Variable ration schedule a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed number e. Fixed interval schedule a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low f. Variable interval schedule a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
33. Spontaneous Recovery: the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning a. Helps explain why it is so hard to overcome drug addiction 34. Intelligence Tests a. IQ a score that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological age b. WAIS Wechsler Adult intelligence scale, verbal and performance c. WISC Wechsler Intelligence scale for children 35. Measures of Tests a. Validity the property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure b. Reliability the property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure c. Norms standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test 36. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences a. Musical b. Logical-mathmatical c. Interpersonal (understand people/relashonships) d. Intrapersonal (knowing your ownself) e. Spatial (ability to perceive the world accurately) f. Linguistic g. Bodily/kinesthetic h. Naturalist (understand, categorize, and explain things in the natural world) 37. Intelligence: the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources when faced with challenges 38. Alfred Binet: French psychologist that devised the first formal intelligence test which was to identify the "dullest" students in the Paris school system in order to provide them with aid. 39. IQ formula: IQ score = MACA x 100 40. Mental Retardation: a. Below average in: i. Communication skills ii. Self care iii. Ability to live indenpendently iv. Social skills v. Community involvement vi. Self direction vii. Health and safety viii. Academics b. Roots i. Biological causes (down's) ii. Familial retardation iii. Care and treatment 41. Achievement test: a test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area 42. Aptitude test: a test designed to predict a person's ability in a particular area or line of work 43. Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized intelligence a. Fluid Intelligence reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
b. Crystallized intelligence accumulation of information, skills, and strategies people have learned through experience 44. Practical and Emotional Intelligence a. Practical intelligence overall success in living b. Emotional intelligence set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions 45. Clips : Freudian dreams, marijuana legalization, heroin addicts 46. Brian Kelly's talk