Coursehero >> Hawaii >> University of Hawaii, Manoa >> ARCH 101

Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, homework solutions, papers, exam answer keys and textbook solutions.

101 GEOG Review sheet #3 of 3 Chapter 9 1. From space, the surface of planet Earth looks dull and rough. a. True b. False 2. __________ studies the landforms that pattern Earth s surface and the processes that shape them. a. Biogeography b. Climatology c. Geomorphology d. Scientology 3. Shape of a mountain is an example of __________. a. Process b. Structure 4. While thousands of different landforms populate the Earth, a relatively small number of processes shape them. a. True b. False 5. __________ processes are driven by the internal heat of the Earth, which in turn results from the radioactive decay of elements deep beneath the surface. a. Endemic b. Endogenic c. Exogenic d. Pandemic 6. Exogenic forces are mountain __________ processes. a. Building b. Destroying 7. At the heart of the study of geomorphology lies the deeply held belief that the geomorphic processes we observe today have been active throughout the geologic history of our planet, and that physical laws, as we understand them, have been constant in time. This is called the principle of __________. a. Catastrophism b. Evolution c. Genesis Review #3 of 3, p. 1 d. Uniformatarianism 8. Certainly catastrophic events do occur and they have major impacts on the shape of planetary surfaces. a. True b. False 9. Early in the planet's formation, materials separated by __________ with the lighter elements floating to the surface. a. Color b. Density c. Gender d. Size 10. At the very center, extending outward more than 1/2 the radius of the planet (remember the radius of Earth is about 4000 miles) is the __________. a. Asthenosphere b. Core c. Crust d. Mantle 11. Covering the solid Earth at the surface is a thin layer called the __________. a. Asthenosphere b. Core c. Crust d. Mantle 12. Which is lighter? a. Continental crust b. Oceanic crust 13. Which is older? a. Continental crust b. Oceanic crust 14. Which is mostly basalt? a. Continental crust b. Oceanic crust 15. The crust and mantle are separated by a curious break called the __________, which was discovered by analysis of seismic waves. a. Mano Review #3 of 3, p. 2 b. Manu c. Moho d. Moku 16. Because of cooling at Earth's surface, a bit of the upper mantle and the entire crust have hardened together into a rigid layer called the __________. a. Atmosphere b. Biosphere c. Hydrosphere d. Lithosphere 17. __________ rock, forms when molten magma (or lava, which is magma that flows onto the surface) cools and solidifies. a. Igneous b. Metamorphic c. Sedimentary 18. __________ rocks are high in silica (aluminum and oxygen), and have low melting points and low densities. a. Felsic b. Mafic 19. Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers that often preserve fossil remains. a. True b. False 20. According to the plate tectonics theory, the Earth was shrinking as it cooled, and somehow the shrinking had caused the crust to warp and crack into mountain ranges and ocean basins. a. True b. False 21. Long underwater mountain ranges, or __________, were centers of sea floor spreading. a. Atlas Mountains b. Cocos nucifera c. Emperor Seamounts d. Mid-oceanic ridges 22. When the sea floor crust collides with continental margins, it dives down into the mantle to be remelted at __________. a. Divergence zones Review #3 of 3, p. 3 b. Reverse fault zones c. Subduction zones d. Transform fault zones 23. The Himalaya Mountains was formed by __________ crust conversion. a. Continental-continental b. Continental-oceanic c. Mantle-continental d. Oceanic-oceanic 24. It is suggested that about 225 million years ago, all of the continents had crunched together in one gigantic landmass, which has been called __________. a. Gondwana b. Laurasia c. Pangaea d. Tethys Sea 25. the Pacific and Eurasia plates are converging from opposite directions, colliding in the Western Pacific. This collision has formed long __________ (lines of volcanic islands forming at collision boundaries) of the western Pacific, including the islands of Japan. a. Hot spot islands b. Island arcs c. Oceanic islands d. Sedimentary arcs 26. Most volcanic and earthquake activity around the globe occurs at hot spots. a. True b. False 27. The Hawaiian Islands are a classic example of a/an __________. a. Hot spot b. Oceanic-oceanic crust collision c. Sea-floor spreading d. Sedimentary upraise 28. The Pacific plate is moving toward the northeast in the Hawaiian Islands region. a. True b. False Review #3 of 3, p. 4 29. Beyond Midway, a chain of underwater seamounts (underwater mountains) extends all the way to Asia. This chain of underwater mountains is called the __________ chain, and is a prominent feature of any sea floor map. a. Emperor Seamount b. Hawaiian Seamount c. Kamehameha Seamount d. Nihoa Seamount 30. No other hot spots speckle the Earth besides the one that created the Hawaiian Islands. a. True b. False Chapter 10 1. Earth is an active (dynamic) planet. a. True b. False 2. Ocean bottoms are lower in elevation than continental surfaces by an average of three miles. This distinction is illustrated in a __________ curve, which shows the accumulated area of the entire Earth's solid surface above each elevation and in relation to sea level. a. Bimodal b. Deviation c. Hypsometric d. Pandemic 3. Oceanic crust is thicker and denser than continental crust. a. True b. False 4. Most continental crust has been around for __________ of years. a. Thousands b. Millions c. Billions d. Trillions 5. Continental shields make up the majority of the continent of __________. a. Africa b. Eurasia c. North America Review #3 of 3, p. 5 d. South America 6. Earth's oldest rocks have been found in the Pacific Ocean. a. True b. False 7. The westward movement of the North American plate, for example, has scraped up a band of ancient islands, coral reefs, chunks of ocean floor, and other debris along the western edge of the plate. These additions to the old original continent are called __________. a. Terraces b. Terrains c. Terranes d. Terrorists 8. Oceanic crust forms at areas of sea floor subduction. a. True b. False 9. Rock is a solid material that endogenic processes cannot mold into the wrinkled, deformed surface of our planet. a. True b. False 10. Anticline a. Downward fold b. Upward fold 11. A common configuration that results from __________ forces is the formation of parallel horsts and grabens. a. Compression b. Tensional 12. Africa's Great Rift Valley system, for example, consists of 3000 miles of grabens being formed as the continent of Africa splits apart. a. True b. False 13. Because the Hawaiian Islands do not experience the huge tectonic forces exerted on continental landmasses, they do not experience significant faulting. a. True b. False Review #3 of 3, p. 6 14. Huge, lumbering, rigid lithospheric plates slide smoothly past one another. a. True b. False 15. When plates stop moving relative to each other, tremendous pressure builds up and when they finally lurch onward, this energy is released suddenly as a __________ wave. a. Seismic b. Sound c. Tectonic d. Tsunami 16. The vast majority of earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. a. True b. False 17. Because it is shrinking, active subduction zones encircle virtually the Pacific Basin. The accompanying huge circle of earthquakes (and volcanoes) has been called the Pacific __________. a. Land of Pele b. Line of Motion c. Ring of Fire d. Zone of Tension 18. When seismic energy is released, energy radiates out from the center of movement. This spot is called the earthquake s epicenter. a. True b. False 19. During an earthquake, the P-waves most likely cause more damage than the S-waves. a. True b. False 20. The Richter scale is the most widely recognized __________ measure of earthquake intensity. a. Arithmetic b. Exponential c. Geometric d. Logarithmic 21. Hawai'i has had numerous Great Earthquake in documented history. Review #3 of 3, p. 7 a. True b. False 22. The vast majority of earthquakes in Hawai i occur on the Big Island. a. True b. False 23. __________ magmas produce high volume, slow moving, effusive eruptions. a. Felsic b. Mafic 24. Mafic magmas are hotter and contain higher density materials, such as iron and magnesium than felsic magmas. a. True b. False 25. Because the viscosity is low, mafic magmas tend to produce volcanic cones with gentle slopes, called __________. a. Composite volcanoes b. Shield volcanoes 26. The underwater eruptions produce long linear, basaltic mountain ranges and large areas covered with lava called __________. a. Flood basalts b. Mushroom olivine c. Plain limestone d. Table granites 27. Explosive eruptions often result from __________ magmas. a. Felsic b. Mafic 28. Mt. Fuji is an example of a __________. a. Composite volcano b. Shield volcano 29. __________, the world's largest mountain, last erupted in 1984, sending lava to within four miles of Hilo town. a. Kilauea b. Loihi c. Mauna Kea d. Mauna Loa Review #3 of 3, p. 8 30. Haleakala is a/an __________ volcano. a. Active b. Dormant c. Extinct d. Rejuvenated Chapter 11 1. Endogenic processes build rough mountains and exogenic processes melt them away, bit by tiny bit. a. True b. False 2. Together these forces of erosion and deposition smooth out the roughest terrain and flatten the Earth's solid surface. a. True b. False 3. The first step in breaking down mountains is __________, which refers to the physical and chemical dissolution of solid rock. a. Convergence b. Faulting c. Folding d. Weathering 4. All of the physical breakdown processes break off small pieces rocks, of which may accumulate at the base of outcrops forming __________. a. Rejuvenated hills b. Secondary craters c. Sliding hillsides d. Talus slopes 5. In the highest mountains in Hawai'i, the freeze/thaw cycle is virtually a daily occurrence and thus frost wedging is quite active. Repeated cycles create a curious sorting of rock fragments into rows called __________. a. Parallel veins b. Pebble streams c. Stone stripes d. Table rocks Review #3 of 3, p. 9 6. On a larger scale, if an extremely heavy weight (like an ice sheet) is removed from a rocky region, the entire mass will expand upwards as pressure is relieved forming a/an __________, in which the surface rock breaks off in sheets. a. Devil s tower b. Exfoliation dome c. Onion ring d. Shear mountain 7. In general, increases in temperature and rainfall will increase the rate of chemical weathering. a. True b. False 8. In chemical weathering, water solutions may attack a rock and dissolve only part of the matrix, leaving behind a crumbly, corroded surface in a process called __________. a. Frost wedging b. Hydration c. Hydrolysis d. Oxidation 9. In carbonation, carbonic acid, a component of rainwater completely dissolves away the __________ at places where water seeps into the ground from above and near underground rivers. This process produces the world's most spectacular caverns and some interesting surface relief as well, such as sinkholes, which form when the roof of caverns collapses. a. Basalts b. Granites c. Limestone d. Sandstone 10. Occasionally, material loosened by weathering or other processes slips downward by gravity alone as a/an __________. a. Anticline b. Graven c. Landslide d. Sink hole 11. __________ refers to breaking loose and removing solid material from the surface. a. Deposition b. Erosion Review #3 of 3, p. 10 c. Hydrolysis d. Weathering 12. Each stream derives its water from a unique __________. a. Accumulation plain b. Convergence pan c. Drainage basin d. Meandering 13. The ridge of the Ko'olau mountains, on O'ahu, provides a very clear example of a __________ that separates the drainage basins of streams flowing to the windward and leeward sides. a. Divide b. Gulf c. Rift d. Split 14. The most common pattern is random branching called a __________ drainage pattern. a. Dendritic b. Deranged c. Parallel d. Rectangular 15. A __________ pattern forms in very steep terrain where streams do not have the opportunity to migrate sideways. a. Dendritic b. Deranged c. Parallel d. Rectangular 16. Fracturing and faulting of the landscape, which forces streams into right angle turns, causes the __________ pattern. a. Dendritic b. Deranged c. Parallel d. Rectangular 17. The material carried along by the stream itself rolls and bounces along the surface loosening rock by __________. a. Abrasion b. Exfoliation c. Hydrolysis d. Resolution Review #3 of 3, p. 11 18. Chemical reactions in the water dissolve material and further erode the bedrock. a. True b. False 19. All of the loosened material by hydraulic actions, called __________, is then transported downstream. a. Loaf b. Magma c. Sand d. Sediment 20. The fastest erosion occurs near the stream head, where the gradient is steep. a. True b. False 21. In the upper reaches of the streams, rapid erosion carves __________-shaped valleys. a. U b. V c. W d. Y 22. Toward the lower reaches of the river, the gradient is less steep and streams form __________ channels that wander back and forth a. Folding b. Meandering c. Snaking d. Swinging 23. Eventually, as the meander becomes larger and more exaggerated, it will be cut off by the formation of a new, shorter section of channel, stranding a small body of water called a/an __________. a. Cutbank b. Floodplain c. Oxbow lake d. Point bar 24. __________ are breaks in the stream gradient where either waterfalls or steep rapids form. a. Fluvial stakes b. Gradational falls Review #3 of 3, p. 12 c. Nickpoints d. Parallel benches 25. __________ form when meandering rivers excavate broad flatbottomed valleys. a. Cutbanks b. Floodplains c. Oxbow lakes d. Point bars 26. Sediment laid down by flooding rivers often produces very fertile soil, some of the most productive on Earth in fact. a. True b. False 27. Perhaps nowhere has levee building reached such a high art as __________'s attempts to control the Huang He (Yellow River). a. China b. India c. Japan d. Vietnam 28. When sediment-laden rivers empty into oceans or lakes at their mouth, the sediment may form a deposit called a __________. a. Delta b. Divide c. Natural levee d. Pan handle 29. Palolo Valley on O'ahu is an example of __________ valleys. a. Amphitheater-headed b. Glacier-cut c. Muddy-bottom d. Raised-bed 30. As the valley heads join, a narrow ridge forms between them leaving a triangular wedge of the original shield volcano surface called a __________. a. Megalith b. Pali c. Planeze d. Talus Chapter 12 Review #3 of 3, p. 13 1. Running water is the only force that wears away the solid rock. a. True b. False 2. Wind can be a persistent erosive force in areas where bare rock and soil are exposed, like deserts and coastlines. a. True b. False 3. __________ provide(s) the energy as differential heating and cooling of Earth's surface causes pressure differences that drive the winds. a. Clouds b. Ocean currents c. Sunlight d. Volcanoes 4. Compared to other exogenic process, like crashing waves or cascading water, wind erosion and deposition (also called aeolian processes) are pretty strong. a. True b. False 5. In one of the simplest forms of erosion, wind simply blows away loose material, a process called __________. a. Abrasion b. Albedo c. Deflation d. Hydrolysis 6. Australia's Great Stony Desert is an example of a large area of __________. a. Channeled scrubland b. Desert pavement c. Floodplain d. Oxbow lakes 7. Wind can bounce material along the surface, analogous to bed load in streams, causing __________. a. Abrasion b. Albedo c. Deflation d. Hydrolysis Review #3 of 3, p. 14 8. __________ are one of wind erosion landform. These resistant rock formations become sculpted over time into long ridges parallel to the wind direction. a. Ekman spirals b. Gyres c. Natural levees d. Yardangs 9. The study of so-called __________ dust in Hawaiian soil has revealed much about past climates and present day soil fertility. a. American b. Asian c. Australian d. European 10. The enormous __________ deposits on the edge of China's Gobi desert provide the Huang He's (Yellow River) heavy sediment load. a. Clay b. Dust c. Loess d. Sand 11. When the wind blows over abundant sand from a relatively constant direction, __________ dunes form perpendicular to the wind direction. a. Barchan b. Longitudinal c. Star d. Transverse 12. Friction between the ocean surface and wind drives ocean surface currents and creates waves. a. True b. False 13. The size of the resulting waves depends on wind speed, how long the wind blows (duration), and over what distance the wind blows (fetch). a. True b. False 14. When waves travel beyond the windy area in which they were created, they smooth into rounded shapes called __________. Review #3 of 3, p. 15 a. Capillary waves b. Crests c. Surfs d. Swells 15. The distance from crest to crest, or from trough to trough, is called the wave __________. a. Frequency b. Height c. Length d. Period 16. In Hawai'i, most winter swells are generated in the __________ Pacific Ocean a. East b. North c. South d. West 17. When a wave or swell approaches shore, __________ with the ocean bottom causes the wave to steepen and grow in height until it breaks as surf. a. Abrasion b. Deflation c. Friction d. Solifluction 18. Because they have such long periods, tsunami waves travel extremely slowly. a. True b. False 19. A common misconception regarding tsunamis is that only a single giant wave comes ashore. a. True b. False 20. In 1946, a tsunami wave generated in __________ struck, killing 159 and destroying the Hilo waterfront. a. Alaska b. Indonesia c. Japan d. Peru Review #3 of 3, p. 16 21. When waves meet solid land faces, they cut into the land quickly by chemical erosion, abrasion by loose rocks, and hydraulic action of the water itself. a. True b. False 22. The focus of wave action grooves a _________, which continually undercuts the overlying rock. a. Sandy beach b. Sea arch c. Sea stack d. Wave-cut notch 23. When you see sea cliffs, remember that an offshore, steep, wavebuilt slope usually accompanies them. a. True b. False 24. the Mokulua Islands are examples of __________ a. Sandy beach b. Sea arch c. Sea stack d. Wave-cut notch 25. Because sea cliffs and wave-built terraces develop at sea level, these features can be found only at present day sea level. a. True b. False 26. The Ewa Plain on O'ahu is an old wave-built terrace covered with coral that was hoisted above the waves by dropping sea level helped by flexure in the lithosphere. a. True b. False 27. __________ form when waves approach the coast at an angle. a. Barrier currents b. Bay-mouth currents c. Longshore currents d. Tombolo currents 28. Bora Bora, in the Society Islands, is a beautiful example of the __________ stage of reef growth. a. Atoll Review #3 of 3, p. 17 b. Barrier reef c. Fringing reef d. Guyot 29. As the glacier moves downhill it gouges out __________-shaped valleys. a. U b. V c. W d. Y 30. Although Hawai'i does not evoke images of glaciers, during the Pleistocene Epoch, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa were topped with caps of ice. a. True b. False Review #3 of 3, p. 18

Find millions of documents here - Study Guides, Homework Solutions, Papers, Exam Answer Keys and more. Course Hero has millions of course related materials that will enable you to learn better, faster and get an A in all your courses.
Below is a small sample set of documents: