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RESEARCH ATOLL BULLETIN NO. 474 CHECKLIST OF MARINE ALGAE AND SEAGRASSES FROM THE PONDS OF THE PELICAN CAYS, BELIZE BY DIANE S. LITTLER, MARK M. LITTLER, AND BARRETT L. BROOKS ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. MARCH 2000 Columbus Re( .. 16"55'N Tobacco Range .. .. : : '' . Man of War Cay .: :' Tobacco Reef . .. ' .. 4. .. Blue Ground.::. Range,.:.;. . . .. . . .$?.. : Twin C a y s q' i; !'/ .. . .Q :: .. &" f8m . South Water Cay Carrie Bow Cay .. 0. ::. ... .* . 8;c be. .. . . ..... .. : : Curlew Bank Figure I. Location ofthe atoll-like Pelican Cays group on the Central Province ofthe Bclize Barrier Reef, Central America. Enlarged view of the major islands and habitats surveyed during the present study shown in inset (adapted from drawing by M . K . Ryan). .. CHECKLIST OF MARINE ALGAE AND SEAGRASSES FROM THE PONDS OF THE PELICAN CAYS, BELIZE DIANE S. LITTLER,'.* MARK M. LITTLER,' and BARRETT L. BROOKS' ABSTRACT One hundred and fifty two species of marine macrophytes (148 algae and 4 vascular plants) were recorded from ponds (embayments, bays, coves, and lagoons) within the Pelican Cays, a recently recognized atoll-like system of the Rhomboid Cays in the Central Province of the Belize Barrier Reef. Of the algae, 64 were Rhodophyta, 59 Chlorophyta, 16 Phaeophyta, and 9 Cyanophyta; 4 Magnoliophyta also were present. This unusually high marine plant biodiversity (for such a small geographic area) can be traced to the unique commingling of four major biomes-mangrove, coral, seagrass, and algal-under stable oligotrophic conditions (as indicated, for example, by the area's consistently "gin-clear" waters). The cays also have three distinct habitat types: hanging roots, peat banks, and pond floors. The pond floors (bases) contain abundant psammophytic seagrasses and Chlorophyta (rhizophytes), anchored on the shallow horizontal margins. The suspended mangrove roots support combinations of delicate plant and animal taxa not found on the embedded roots, peat banks, or pond bases. The adjacent peat banks support more herbivore-resistant (calcified, tough, and chemically defended) taxa, indicative of a relatively grazer-accessible habitat. Between-pond floristic differences appear to be minor, but populational abundances vaty greatly, probably because of the circulatioa and size of the ponds. One algal species, the giant-cell Calrlerpa nummalaria, has not been found elsewhere in the Western Atlantic. Commercially valuable red algal agar-producers (Grucilaria, Hydropuntia) and carigeenan-producers (Meristiella) abound near the openings to several of the ponds. An unusual number of macroalgal species have attained record large sizes in these ponds. We fully documented all taxa to provide an initial checklist, with collection data for the major ponds of the Pelican Cays, as well as overall ranges for the Caribbean and adjacent seas. INTRODUCTION The Belize Barrier Reef (I0 to 32 km wide and about 250 km long; Rutzler and Macintyre, 1982) contains hundreds of mangrove islands, diverse intertidal and subtidal barrierand patch-reef zones, two large atolls, and vast lagoonal seagrass beds. The benthic plant communities of these and mainland habitats have received inadequate attention, however, 'Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0166, USA. 'Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA. especially in light of Belize's increasing development and its growing popularity with the diving and scientific communities. Only five algal floristic accounts have been published thus far: the earliest, by Taylor (1935), documents 84 marine algae; Tsuda and Dawes (1974) list 104 marine plants collected at Glovers Reef; Norris and Buclier (1982) treat 165 taxa of benthic niarine algae from the vicinity of Carrie Bow Cay, Southwater Cay, and Twin Cays; Littler ct al. (1995) document 63 marine macrophytes from Tobacco Range; and Littler and Littler (1997) illustrate 190 species as an initial field guide to encourage conservation efforts in the Pelican Cays. In addition, specialized generic treatments have identified a number of taxa new to Belize: 7 Polysiphonia (Kaprann and Norris, 1982), 7 Udoiea (Littler and Littler, 1990), 1 Anadpizene (Littler and Littler, 1991), and 8 Avrairwilleu (Littler and Littler, (1992). To our knowledge, no other floristic studies of such high-diversity, interspersed, mangrove1 algallcorallseagrass habitats have been carried out. STUDY AREA 'The atoll-like Pclican Cays, located in the Central Province of the Belize Barrier Reef (Fig. I,), comprise a pristine, low-energy, niangrovc-island ecosystem dominated by sessile pllotosyuthetic and lilter-feeding populations. Most are morphologically delicate and vultierablc to damage from boat wakes, physical disturbance, and sedimentation, as well as natural (Lapointc et al., 1993) and anthropogenic (Littler et al., 1993) eutrophication. AImost all of the intertidal habitats contain the upper band of BosirychiulCaiei~eila i~biquitous tlie Caribbean. The in predominant algal groups (67%) are coarsely branched thick-leathery or calcareous forms (Littler and Littler l997), which are indicative of constant, low-nutrient conditions. Thcre is a paucity of the filamentous and sliect-like green algal forms that characterize bird islands (Lapointe el al., 1993) sucli as nearby eutrophic mangrove cays (e.g., Man-of-war Cay, Channel Cay, Douglas Cay). The macrophyte biodiversity of tlie I'clican Cays area (190 taxa) is greater than that of any comparable system studied in the Caribbcan (Iittler and Littlcr, 1097). By comparison, only 209 taxa have bccn reported fro111 the Caribbean and adjaccnt seas as a whole (Littlcr et al., 1989). In the past, wc Imve rccorded rich floras of undocumented macrophytes in Belizean niangrove systems such as Twin Cays (Littlcr et al., 1985) and Tobacco Range (Littler ct al., 1995). llowevcr, the macrophyte diversity of the I'clican Cays far excecds that of Twin Cays and Tobacco Range combined (cf Littler ct al.. 1985. 1995; Littler and Littler, 1997). This ~uiusually high marine plant diversity in such a sniall geographic area is thouglit to be due to the stable oligotrophic history, the commingling of various habitat types, and the close juxtaposition of complex coral, seagrass, macroalgal, and mangrove hiomes. METHODS This s t ~ ~ d y restricted to selectcd ponds (embaymcnts, coves, bays, and lagoons) and was primarily to the large macrophytic forms that are not ubiq~~itously dispersed by birds, windaerosols, and ships. We covered thc threc major phyla of niarine algae. Rhodophyta (red algae, 64 taxa), Clilorophyta (green algae, 59 taxa), and I'haeopliyta (brown algae. 16 taxa). Also included wcre Cyanophyta (hluc-green algae. 9 taxa), which rcprcscnt an iniportant macrophyte component in some habitats, and the flowering plant phylum Magnoliophyta (seagrasses, 4 taxa). Though generally omitted from algal floras and texts, the seagrasses play a major role in the ecology and population dynamics of nearly all Pelican Cays' ecosystems. The algal diversity of the Pelican Cays' pond systems was documented as a further step toward establishing a baseline of systematic information of use to governmental agencies. Collections from the mangrove hanging (suspended) roots, seagrass floors, and shallow peat banks (including embedded roots) within ponds were made from February 1992 to May 1995 by snorkeling. During February 1992, we began recording observations of populations and island systems in the Pelican Cays group using names of locations from charts and some of our own site designations (Littler and Littler, 1997, Fig. 1). The present treatment also uses the letter designations for "ponds" (A-J) employed in this volume. Our research team has now made multiple seasonal marine plant collections at 43 sites from the 1 1 major islands of the Pelican Cays: 11 sites at Manatee Cay, 6 at Bird Cays, 5 at Fisherman's Cay, and 3 at each of the remaining cays. For consistency, however, this report is restricted to the ponds lettered A-G and J in Fig. 1. Specimens for pressing were combined in large mesh bags, while separate plants were placed in individual plastic bags at the time of collection, later transferred to polycarbonate vials, fixed in 5% Formalin, and finally preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. In the laboratory, portions of each species' collection were retained in vials with liquid preservative, while the remainder of thalli and bulk materials were dried and pressed as herbarium specimens. Dried herbarium collections, wet preserved materials, and, when at the Carrie Bow Cay (CBC) field station, living specimens were examined macroscopically and microscopically, after portions were prepared on glass slides for anatomical study. Thallus sections were made by hand (in the field) or by freezing microtome, stained with 1% aniline blue, and mounted using a 20% glucose syrup (Karo Syrup, Corn Products, Inc.) solution in distilled water containing a trace of phenol. Predominant taxa were listed in phylogenetic order for higher taxa following Wynne (1998), with the species appearing alphabetically. Identifications were checked against type specimens or the original published descriptions. Species names are followed by a citation of the original publication, and the basionym with its reference given below if the species is based on art earlier name. Specimens cited (Table 1) are only those collected during this specific study and are deposited in the Algal Collection, U S . National Herbarium, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (US). DOMINANT MACROPHYTES OF THE PELICAN CAYS' PONDS Pond A (= Cat Cay Bay), is a southwestward-facing pond (Fig. 1). The western margin of this bay (from the ribbon reef to the northernmost limit) is one of the richest (greatest biodiversity) sites in the Pelican Cays. As mentioned above, the reason is the unusual combination of coral, mangrove, algal, and seagrass systems related to the stable seawater quality in this compact pond. The eastern margin of Pond A is richer in algal populations than the invertebrate-dominated western margin. Particularly striking dominants of the hanging root communities in the southern portion of Pond A (= Cat Cay Bay) are colorful red algae Coelothrix irregularis, Acanthophora spicifera, Spyridiajlamentosa, the brown algae Lobophora variegata, Dietyota spp., Padina sanctue-crucis, and the green algae Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis, C. sertularioides, C mexicana, C, verticillata, Halimeda opuntia, and Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (selected examples in Figs. 2-9). Such epiphyte-free macroalgal populations are indicative of Table 1. Location of voucher specimens preserved in the algal collection of the U.S, National Herbarium. See Figure 1 for pond names. ~~ ~ ~ ~ p Ponds Taxa Acanthophora spicifera Acetabularia sp. Anzphiroa fragilissiina Amphiroa rigida Ainphiroa sp. Anadyonzene sp. Anadyoinene saldanhae Anotrichium barhatuii~ Antithanmion sp. Avrainvillea asarfolia Avrainvillea digitata Ai~rainvillea longicaulis Avrainvillea sp. Boseychia sp. Bosttychia tenella Botryocladia cf. shankrii Bottyocladia spinulifcra Brachytrichia quoyi Bryopsis hypnoides Bry0psi.s penimta Bryopsis plun?osa Bryopsis ramulosa Bryopsis sp. CaNithamnion sp. Caloglossum Ieprieurii Catenella sp. Catenella caespirosa Caulerpa cupressoides var.flabelluta Caulerpa cupressoides Cciuierpa nlacrophjna (,'aulerpa mexicana Caulerpa nuinmularia Caulerpa pusiNa Cuulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii Cauleipa racetima var. occidentalis Caulerpa racefnosu var. pellata Criulerpa racen~osu Caulerpa sertu1urioide.s A X B X BB C E&F G J X Table 1.--continued Ponds Taxa Caulerpa sp. Caulerpa taxfolia Caulerpa verticillata Centroceras c/avuiatllm Centroceras sp. Ceramium brevizonatum Ceramium byssoideum Ceramium nitens Ceramium sp. Chaetomorpha sp. Champia parvula var. prostrata Cladophora sp. Cladophorol~sir macromeres C1udophoropsi.ssp. Codium decorticatum Codium interlexlum Codium sp. Codium taylorii Coelothrix irregularis Dasya sp. Dasya spinulegra Derbesia fastigiata Derbesia osferhoulii Diclyota cervicornis Dictyota indica Dictyota men.strua/is Dictyota pulchella Diclyota sp. Dicryosphaeria cavernosa Digenea simplex Fosliella,farinosa var, callithamnioide Galaxaura lapidescens Galaxaura marginala Galaxaura rugosa Galaxaura sp. Galaxaura subverticillata Gelidiopsis inlricala Gelidiopsis planicaulis GracilariaSnammiI/aris Gracilaria sp. Halimeda discoidea A B BB C E&F G J X Table 1.--continued Taxa Halimeda incrassntu Hali~iteda monile Halinteda opunlia Halinteda siritulans sp. Halin~eda Halodule wightif Halopldu decipiens Herposiphonia pecten-veneris Hetersiphonio sp. Hincksia ~ititcheNiana Hydropimtia cornea Hydropirntia sp. H'yl?""~sp. Ilypoglossuiii tenzrifoliroi? ./anin adl~aerens Laurencia geiii~it~j?era Laurencia intricara Lourencia obtusa Laurencia papillosa Laurencia poiteaui Lazrrencia scoparia Lourencia sp. Lejolicia expo.sita Lobophora varieguta Lomiitaria bnileyano /.j,ngbia inajilr.cii/a L)iiigb)w uesllmrii L}~;ig/~)m cladophorne l,~>ilg/,)i~ coi?firvoide.\ L ) ' ? l g b/ ? o / ~ c / ~ ~ ( J u ~~ ~/erisfie//a echinoca,pwit Me.sopi~)~llzoit i~iesomorphzi~ii Murrayeila pe,.icladosl?eric/ud<~s Neomeri.~ nnnzrlata Neonieris sp. Ocliiodi.~ secundiruntecr Oscillaforia acuminafa Pudina pa~wnico Padim sancme-mui,s l'ndinu s p I'enicil1ri.s cnpitntus A B BB Ponds C E&F G J X Ponds Taxa Peizicillus dtiinefosus Penici1i~i.sInn7ouroirxii Peizici1lu.s pyriforn~is Peizicillus sp. P ~ ~ ~ S S O I Iboergesenii IIL'I~U Phorntidiuin crosb)ianui11 Phorinidiuin laysanei?se Polysiphonia allunlica Polysiphonia havanei~sir Polysiphonia scopuloruin Polysiplzoniu sp. Rlzipocephalus plzoenix f. hrei~ifolio Sargn,ssuiiifluitam V Snrg'usst~n~ polyceroti~11z a r . OVOlUnl Sorgas,svn7 raizzifoliuin Sargassum sp Schizolhrix culcicola Slavidiu sp. Spyridia aculeala Spyidia izypnoides ssp. coinplanafa ,~l~)iridiufilai~7ei~Io.sa Sp)widia sp. Syrii1godi71infil~foriilc T17nla,s,siaie.stzdirzuin Tricho~~/oeop.sis pedicelialu 7i.icleocarpa oblongala T~trbii~aria uicosfaia A B BB C E&F G J X X X X X X X X X X X Udoieu wilsonii Ulva rigid0 Ulidla lens Figure 2. The red alga Coelothrir irregu1ari.c epiphytic on sponge on mangrove hanging root. Figure 3. The red alga Acanthophora spicifera at Pond A (= Cat Cay Bay). Figure 4. The decumbent form of the brown alga Lohophora variegata characteristic of the peat bank habitat. Figure 5. The green alga Caulerpa racetnosa var. occidenta1i.s on suspended mangrove root. Figure 6. Tlic green alga Cuzrle~-l,u .sertt~lnrioides suspended mangrove on root. Figure 8. The green alga Cauler/m verticillafa on peat bank Figure 9. The green alga Dictyosphaeria cnvernosa on hanging mangrove root. Figure 10. Thc agarophyte rcd alga Gracilariu mamtnilluris on seagrass bed. Figure 1 I . l'he red foliose Meri.stielln echi~iocor/~l~m growing on seagrass bed. Figure 12. Typical giant specimen of the calcareous green alga Udoteu occidentulis characteristic of rhizophytic seagrass beds in Pelican Cays' ponds. Flgure 13. The grcen alg Codium intertexturn on csmbedded nangrove root. Figure 16. The manatee grass Syringodium,filifo,'me in Pond B (= Cassiopea Cove) Figure 17. Population of giant Avrainvillea ascrrili,lia in Pond B B (=Small Pond) Figure 20. The giant cell C~zrilerlm i~z~innluluricr hanging root of Pond BB on (= Small Pond). Figure 21. Giant thalli of the brush-like green alga Pei?icillns/!,;1.;fi)~1~7i,s grass bed at on north side of f'ond C (- Tony's Lagoon). constant, stable, unpolluted conditions (Littler et al., 1993). Unusual species include foliose fleshy red forms Gracilaria and Meristiella (Figs. I 0 and 1l), epiphytic crustose corallines, and the large sand-dwelling green alga Udotea cf. Occidentalis (Fig. 12). Three markedly different growth forms of the green algal genus Codium spp. (Fig. 13) are also present. Several of the extended flats contain large populations of the commercially valuable red alga Hydropuntia cornea (Fig. 14), locally considered an aphrodisiac when prepared in porridge and commercially produced as "Double Trouble Sea Moss" in the Lesser Antilles (Fig. 15). Pond B (= Cassiopea Cove; Fig. 1) has a shallow Thalassia testudinum flat containing a row of Rhizophora mangle islets that demarcate and obscure the eastem-facing entrance. The outer, northern margins of these have several large populations of the agar-producers Gracilaria sp., G. mammillaris, and Hydropuntia cornea (Figs. 10, I 1, and 14). This elongated south-tonorth lagoon is characterized by exceptionally long blades of the seagrasses Syringodium filiforme (Fig. 16) and T. testudinum (>I .0 m). Ulvalean algal indicators of eutrophication were only observed along the eastern margin, which is otherwise unremarkable. The hanging root populations along the west side, while diverse, contain no unusual algae and are not as impressive as those of Ponds A and C (= Cat Cay Bay, Tony's Lagoon) or Pond G (= Great Bay). A small but noteworthy pond (Pond BB = Small Pond, Fig. 1) to the south of Pond C, with a shallow entrance from the west, contains several unique features. Foremost is a spectacular population of giant Avrainvillea asarifolia (blades measure 30 cm x 20 cm; Fig. 17) at the south entrance. The feathery green Bryopsisplumosa also is exceptionally robust (Fig. 18), reaching 15 cm long here. The hanging roots contain an interesting form of the siphonaceous green Caulerpa nummularia (Fig. 20) with convex lower surfaces of the rarnuli, a species that has not been found elsewhere in the Western Atlantic. Manatee Cay (Fig. l), at the westward-facing lagoon (Pond C = Tony's Lagoon), was surveyed in considerable detail. This is by far the most spectacular large habitat in the Pelican Cays. At the north and south of the entrance (cut off by a shallow ribbon reef of the leaf coral Agaricia tenuifolia) are uniquely large populations of the red agarophyte Gracilaria mammillaris (Fig. 10); several other commercially valuable Gracilaria spp. are present as well. A remarkable hanging population of extraordinarily large finger-like Avrainvillea digitata (Fig. 19) occurs beginning at the intertidal level of the north side of Pond C. Nearby, to the east, are gigantic brush-like Penicilluspyriformis (up to 20 cm in diameter; Fig. 21) among the Thalassia iestudinurn blades. The entire margin of the pond was surveyed, and all indications are of a delicate long-lived community that has undergone little human disturbance, most likely because of the shallow ribbon reef barrier across the mouth (restricting boat access) and the large volume of the pond. Interestingly, large patches of grazed T. testudinum during February 1994 and May 1995 indicated the presence of manatees. Ponds E & F (= Frenchy's Ponds), on the southwestern region of Fisherman's Cay (Fig. 1) are rich in sessile invertebrates but tend toward algal domination. Noteworthy algal populations are draped masses of the calcareous green alga Halimeda opuntia suspended from mangrove prop roots and mound-like colonies of the paddle-shaped green alga Avrainvillea asarifolia. Many of the latter are overgrown by epiphytic Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis (Fig. 5). Communities on mangrove prop roots indicate little physical disturbance; however, they are not as spectacular as those of Ponds A, C, and G (= Cat Cay Bay, Tony's Lagoon, or Great Bay). Pond G (= Great Bay, Fig. l), at the north of Fisherman's Cay, has a north-facing entrance and is entered over a broad Thalassia testudinum flat containing isolated coral heads with scattered islets of Rhizophora mangle along the western sill. Noteworthy features are abundant standing crops of commercial agarophytes, such as Gracilaria sp., G. nzanzmillaris (Fig. 10) and the carigeenan-producer Meristiella echinocarpum (Fig. 11) along the northwestern (outer) border of the lagoon among isolated colonies of the fire coral Millepora conzplanata. Sheet-like Ulvrr rigida blades are prevalent on a nearby islet's roots beneath a bird roosting site. Avrainvillea sp. forms a sparse aggregation on the shallow peat bank at the southern margin, beneath which are gigantic specimens of the calcareous rhizophyte Udotea cf. occiderztalis (Fig. 12) extending in a strip measuring 10 m x 1.0 m. Further back among the shallow roots is an extensive patch of A. cligitata. Dominant macroalgae on the roots are Acatzthophora spicifeva (Fig. 3), Ga1u;aura subverticillata (Fig. 22), and various forms of Caulerpa racemosa. Coelothrix irregularis (Fig. 2) forms dramatic neon-blue patches on submerged fallen logs. The benthic community just beneath the mangrove roots lies on a bivalvelHalimec1a-hash substrate and is dominated by rhizophytie plants (Thalassia testudinum and Caulevpa racemosn covered by large mats of Ceramium sp., Caulerpa mexicana, Caulerpa sertularioirles, and Acetabularia sp.; Fig. 23). Dominants on the peat bank among shallow prop roots are the blade-like Padina gynztzospora (Fig. 22) and the filamentous green Caulerpa verticilluta (Fig. 8). In contrast to our observations in 1992-1993, we recently found GG Ponds (= B2 Ponds), the triple-pond system of the northeast area of Fishernian's Cay (Fig. I), to be considerably degraded, possibly by sedimentation and boat damage (physical). Colorful sponges and algae cover the mangrove prop roots of both ponds. The western margin is healthy and contains a mangrove root community dominated by algae such as shelf-like Lohophora variegata (Fig. 4). Adjacent is a seagrass bed with Bryopsidales, red and green forms of Lauretzcia, Coelothrix irregularis, and Ceranziunz sp. grading into a ribbon reef before dropping sharply to lagoon depths (24 m). Pond J (= Little Cat Bay) contains several unusually large forms of seaweeds, particularly Udotea cf. Occidentalis (Fig. 12), and has a shallow seagrass ribbon flat across its mouth. The southern portion outside of the mouth is especially rich in seaweeds that exhibit "gigantism." The mangrove prop roots on the western tip of Little Cat Cay are heavily epiphytized by the weedy red alga Acarzthophora spicijera (Fig. 3). In summary, the ponds of the Pelican Cays represent spectacular, high-biodiversity, lowenergy environments dominated by photosynthetic and filter-feeding populations. Most are physically delicate and highly susceptible to damage from boat wakes, physical contact (e.g., trampling), sedimentation, and nutrient enrichment. As at Twin Cays (see Taylor et al., 1986), the most delicate and palatable macroalgal forms occur on the suspended mangrove roots, a habitat that is relatively inaccessible to invertebrate grazers. Few of the ephemeral sheet-like and filamentous green algae indicative of eutrophic bird islands or anthropogenically polluted systems are present. This survey and inventory of the remarkable Pelican Cays marine plant life, where coral reef, mangrove, seagrass, and macroalgal ecosystems merge, contributes toward a baseline for conservation and management of this resource. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge support and funding from Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (HBOI Contribution No. 1332) and the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Picrce, Florida (SMSFP Contribution No. 489). Both organizations facilitated the laboratory aspects of this work. Funding for fieldwork was provided by NSF Grant DEBB9400534 and the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem Program of the National Museum of Natural History (CCRE Contribution No. 5841. PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA REDALGAE ORDER: CORALLINALES FAMILY: CORALLINACEAE Ampltiroa fmgiliissinta (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux 18 16: 298. Basionym: Cora/linaf,.agi/issinlaLinnaeus 1758: 806. Conmon: lightly attached on hard substrates, often intermixed with other species among seagrasses or in rock crevices; to 60 tn deep. Di.clr.ibution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Wester11 Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Pond.,: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30060 (US), D.&M. Littler 30061 (US), D.&M. Littler 30294 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55189 (US). Awzplnhiroa rigida J.V. Lamouroux 1816: 297, pi. I I, fig. 1 Connnon: loosely attached to rock or dead coral fragments, often in s e a g m s beds; to 1 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55238 ([IS) Ai~zphiroa sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55349 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30065 (US), D.&M. Littler 30271 (US); G [I'islicrman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55209 (US). Hydrolitlzon farinosa f. caflitlrnnznioides(Foslie) Chamberlain 1983: 351, fig. 20b. Basionym: Melobesia farinosa f calliihamnioides Foslie 1905: 96. Con7nzon: inconspicuous; epiphytic on larger marinc plants; to 15 m dcep. Disrrihufioi7: Florida, Bahamas, Greater- Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicun Cays Po17d.c: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30280 (US). Jarzia afNtaerens J.V. 1,amouroux 1816: 270 Comno17:typically on hard surfaces or epiphytic on other marine plants; to IS(-35) m deep. Di.stribz~tion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutl~ernCaribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelica17 C q s Po17d.s: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bayj D.&M. Littler 301 02 (US). Mesopltyllum ntesomorp/zum (Foslie) W.11. Adey 1970: 25. Basionym: Lilhoihmnnion ~ncsomorpln~ti~ 1901: 5. Foslie C~oinrnon; typically in shady cracks and crevices or epiphytic on other algae; to 35 m dcep Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds; C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30282 (US). ORDER: GELIDIALES FAMILY: GELIDIACEAE Trickogloeopsispedicellata (M. Howe) I.A. Abbott & Doty 1960: 638, figs. 18-20. Basionym: Liagorapedicellara M. Howe 1920: 556. Common: typically on rocks or coral fragments, in spur-and-groove areas seaward of reef crests; to 12 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30071 (US). FAMILY: GALAXAURACEAE Galaxaura marginata (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux 1816: 264. Basionym: Corallina marginata J. Ellis & Solander 1786: 115, pl. 22, fig. 6. Common: in tide pools, on sl~allow reef flats, or mangrove prop roots, in protected locations; to 10 1 1deep. 1 Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30070 (US). Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux 1816: 263. Gametophytic Stage Basionym: CoraNina rugosa J. Ellis & Solander 1786: 115, pl. 22, fig. 3. Conmon: on coral fragments, rocks, or mangrove prop roots, in protected areas; to 1 111deep. Dislribulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30029 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55216 (US). Tetrasporic Stage Basionym: Gaiaxaura lapidescens (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux 1816: 264. Con7mon: on coral fragments, mangrove prop roots, or rocks, in protectcd sandy areas; to I2 m deep. Di.s1ributiol1: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, S o n t h e r ~Caribbean, Western ~ Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30066 (US). Galaaura sp. Pelican C'qr Ponds: J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littlcr 30221 (US), D.&M. Littlcr 30227 (US). G a l a a i ~ r subverticillata Kjelhnan 1900: 48, pl. 3, figs 12-14; pl. 20, fig. 17 a Con7mon: typically on coral fragments or rocks, often in areas of moderate wave surge; to 10 111 deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutliern Caribbean, Westem Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30085 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 169 (US). Tricleocarpafragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman & R.A. Townseud 1993: 100, table 2. Basionym: Eschara fragilis Linnaeus 1758: 805. - Synonyms: CoraNina oblongala J. Ellis & Solander 1786: 114, pl. 22, fig. 1; Galaxaura oblongata (I. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux 1816: 262; Tricleocarpa oblongata (J. Ellis & Solander) Huisman & Borowitzka 1990: 168, figs. 4649, 53-56 (see Silva et al., 1996). Cornnlon: typically on coral fragments or rocks, in protected sandy areas; to 30 rn deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30063 (US). ORDER: GIGARTINALES FAMILY: CAULACANTHACEAE Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L.M. lrvine in Parke & Dixon 1976: 590. Basionym: Ulva caespitosa Withering 1776: 735. [CaleneNarzpens (Lightfoot) Batters 1902: 69 (see Parke & Dixon, 1976)l Common: on mangrove prop roots, rocks, or coral fragments; extreme liigli intertidal. Dis~ribulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutliern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay,s Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30078 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55175 (US). Catenella sp. Pelican Cay,s Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55343 Hypnca sp. Pelican CUJJS Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55073 (US), D.&M. Littler 55347 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55164 (US). FAMILY: PEYSSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnefia boergesenii Weber-van Bosse in B~rgesen1916: 137, figs. 142-145 Conmon: on hard substrates, often clinging to mangrove prop roots; intertidal to 40 111deep. Di.slributiom: Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cuys Porids: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55070 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55157 (US), D.&M. Littler 55239 (US). Ochtotfessecundiramea (Montagne) M . Howe 1920: 583. Hypnea .secundiramea Montagne 1842a: 255 Comn~orl: typically on hard substrates, in turbulent to moderately turbulent areas; to 15 m deep. Di.stvihutioi7: Bahamas, Grcates Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55227 (US). FAMILY: SOLIERIACEAE Merisfielln eclzinocnrpunz (Arcschoug) D.P. Cheney & P.W. Gabrielson in Gabrielson & Cheney 1987: Areschoug 1854: 349. 483, fig. 6. Basionym: Eucheu!iia echii?oca~/)ui!i Uiicori~iiion:typically on reef flats tightly adhering to substrate or as mounds i n protected pristine waters; to 20 m deep. /3i,s/rihti!ion: Florida, Greater Aiitilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Westelm Caribbean. Peliccm Cays Po~id.sls: [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30093 (US). A FAMILY: GRACILARIACEAE Grncilnrin nznmnzi~~nris (Motitagne) M. Flowe 1918: 515. Monlagne 1842a: 252. Basioi~ym:Riiodyi,ienia i~iai~i!?ii//cwi,s Uiicoinn7on: on rocks, mangrove prop roots, or other hard surfaces, in protected areas or exposed to moderate wave action; to 18(-60) 111 deep. Di.c./rihufion:Floritla, Greater Antilles, 1,esset- Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Westcrn Caribbean. Pelicni7 Cays Poizds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove1 D.&M. Littler 55346 (US); C [Manatcc Cay, 'folly's l.,agoon~/ D.&M. Littler 30013 (US); G [Fishernian's Cay, Great Bay:/ D.&M. Littler 55 187 (IJS). Grncilnrin sp. Peiicun (:(iys Ponds; 1 [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Covcj D.&M. Littler 55075 (US), D.&M. Littler 3 55353 (US), D.&M. Littler 55354 (US), D.&M. 1,ittlcr 55355 (IJS); G [Fisi~crman'sCay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 I86 (US), D.&M. Littler 55 188 (US), D.&M. Littler 55204 (US). f$yc/ropnntin corrtetf (.I. Agasdh) M.J. Wynne 1989: 476. 13asionyin: Gracili~riocomcii J. Agartlli 1852 [1851-1863j: 598. - Synonyms: (iruci/iirin dchiiis (I'orsskAl) Bosgesen 1932: 7; Po!)~ciiuci~no.so r1ebiIi.s (Forssk!~l) 1:scdcricq & J.N. Norris 1985: 152 (see Wynne 1989). ('onin1o17:attached to rubble fragments on protected sand-covcrctl reef flats aiid turtle-grass beds; lo 10 m deep Di,s!ribzition: Florida, Bahamas, Greatel- Ai~tilles, 1,esser Antilles, Sotltliei-11 Caribbean, Wcsterii C;uibheaii, ChIf of Mexico. I'eliccri~ Ccrys i'oi7tlc.: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Dayl D.&M. I.,iitlcr 301 10 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30038 (US). Hjrtlropurztin sp. i'elic~m(N),.s Poizds: 13 [Manatcc Cay, Cassiopca Cove] I).&M. Littlet- 55345 (LJS) lhcon~nzon: typically as inconspicuous epiphyte on othcr marine plants; to 15 111 deep. Di.sriih7.1lior7:Wcsterii Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pe/iccrii Cc!lx i'oi~ils:13 & T: [Fishel-man's Cay, Frenchy's I'ondsj D.&M. I..iltlcr 30259 (US) Pelican Cays Pond.s: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55085 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30062 (US). Ceramium sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55152 (US), D.&M. Littler 55185 (US). Lejolisia exposita C.W. Schneider & Searles in Searles & Schneider 1989: 736, figs. 18-28. Umo~nnmir inconspicuous; epiphytic or growing as fine low turf on niangrove prop roots; lower intertidal to 32 In deep. Distribution: Western Caribbean. Pelican cay,^ Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30048 (US). Spyridinfilamentom (Wulfen) Harvey in W. I-looker 1833: 337. Basionym: Fucusfilamenlosus Wulfen 1803: 64. Coinmon: on solid substrates in calm protected areas; to 8 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Pond.7: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30047 (US). Spyridia hypnoides (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Papenfuss 1968: 281. [subsp. hypnoides] Basionym: Thamnophora h)pnoides Bory de Saint-Vincent 1834: 175. Uncommon: in calm protected areas; to 8 m deep. Di.~t~ibution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Souther11 Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30226 (US). Spyridia Izypnoides subsp. complanatfl (J. Agardli) M.J. Wynne 1998: 93. Basionym: Spyridiucomplanata J. Agardli 1851 [1851-18631: 343. Connnon: in calm protected areas, on mangrove roots, docks, and other solid structures; intertidal to 3 m decp. Dist~ibutioi7:Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean. Pelicm7 Cays P0nd.s: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30036 (US). Spyridia sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55190 (US), D.&M. Littler 55 173 (US), D.&M. Littler 55174 (US), D.&M. Littler 55213 (US). FAMILY: DASYACEAE Dfl~jlfl spinuligera Coilins & Hervey 1917: 130, pl. 4, figs. 24,25. 1J~~coinnzon: sponges or mangrove peat in protected areas; to 40 m deep. 011 Distribution: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Western Caribbcan. Pelican Ca)>.s Pond?: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30067 (US); E & F jFishertnau's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30251. Dasyn spp. Pelican Cays Pondr: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55078 (US), D.&M. Littler 55090 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30045 (US), D.&M. Littler 55065 (US), D.&M. Littler 30276 (US), D.&M. Littlcr 30281 (US), D.&M. Littler 30298 (US). FAMILY: DELESSERIACEAE C ~ O ~ ~ O S S(Montage) G . Martens 1869: 234,237. leprieurii ~ Basionym: Delesseria leprieurii Montagne 1840: 196, pl. 5, fig. I Comn~on:inconspicuous; on mangrove prop roots, rocks, or other hard substrates, in protected areas; uppcr intestidal. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesscr Antilles, Soutliern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30079 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30050 (US). ~ypoglossrrnztenuifolium (Harvey) J . Agardh 1898: 186 Basionyni: Delesseria tenzrifilia Harvey 1853: 97, pl. 22. Locally connnon: typically epiphytic or on rocks and coral fsagments of deep sand plains; 45-60 111 dcep. Disl~.ibirtion; Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutl~ertlCaribbean, Wester11 Caribbean. Pelica~? Caj6 Ponds: E & F [Fisliert~xin'sCay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30261 (US). FAMILY: RHODOMELACEAE Acnrzthophortr spicifern (Vahl) Bmrgesen 1910: 201, figs. 18, 19. Basiony m: l;uc~rs spic~fems Vahl 1802: 44. Connnoi~: early colonizer on dead coral fsagtnents, wood substrates, pcbbles, ot- other organisms i n caltii waters; intertidal to 8 in deep. Dislribulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican C u y s Pond.r: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30103 (US); B [Manatcc Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55342 ([IS); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 300 10 (US). Bost~vclrin terzeh (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardli I863 [I 85 1-1 8631: 869. Basiony~n: Plocaini~mileiielllin~ Lamouroux 1813: 138. Synonynis: Fiiciis lmellm Vaiil 1802: 45, J.V. iiom illeg.;Bos1i;ychia hinderi Harvey 1849 [1847-18491: 68, pl. 28 [in part] (see King, Puttock & Vickcry, 1988). Connnon: forming tightly adliering mats on rocks, seawalls, or mangrove PI-op roots; upper intertidal. Di.ctrihti1ion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antillcs, Lesser Antilles, Soutllern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Peliccrn Cays I'onolr: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] I>.&M. Littler 30059 ([IS), D.&M. Littlcr 3005 1 (US). Bostryckia sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55340 ([IS), D.&M. Littlcr 55356 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55147 (US), D.&M. Littler 55217 (US), D.&M. Littler 55236 (US) Digenea simplex (Wulfcn) C . Agardh 1822 [l822-18231: 389. Basionym: Confirvasimplex Wulfen 1803: 17. Conmon: typically on hard surfaces, often overgrown by filamentous cpipllytcs, abundant in heavy-surf conditions, dwarfed and denuded when buried by sand; lower intertidal to 20 m deep. Distvibulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays pond.^: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30087 (US). Herposiphonia pecten-veneris (Harvey) Falkcnberg 1901: 3 15. Basionym: Pol),siphoniupecfen-veneris Harvey 1853: 46, pl. 16. Co~mnon: hard surfaces or epiphytic on larger plants and animals; to 2 m deep. on Dislribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays P o ~ ~ dC : [Manatee Cay, Tony's I,agoou] D.&M. Littler 30043 (US). s Herposiphonia sp. Pelican Cays Pondd~; [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 166 (US). G Laurencia gernrnifera Harvey 1853: 73, pi. l8.b. 7Jncommon: typically on hard surfaces of sl~allow reef flats or attached to dead coral rubble on shallow satid plains; to 20 m deep. Distribulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutl~cruCaribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds; B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55077 ([IS). Lalrreizcia intricata J.V. Lamouroux 1813: 13 1 , pl. 9, figs. 8, 9 Con7nlon: typically on rocks, shells, or coral fragments in protected sandy areas; to 3 m deep. Dislvihulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Westet-n Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55079 (IJS); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30223 (IJS). Lnurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux 1813: 130. Basionym: Fucm obhrusus Hudson 1778: 586. Con~mon: typically in shallow wave-dashed habitats or areas of strong currents; to 8 m deep. Distribulio~~: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesscr Antilles, Southel-n Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay,?Pards: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. 1,ittler 30040 (US). Lnurenciapapillosn (C. Agardli) Greville 1830: 52. Basionym: Chondriapapillosa C. Agardh 1822 [I 85 1-1 8631: 344 Contmon: typically on hard surfaces exposed to moderate wave action; intertidal to 7 m dcep. Distribulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponak: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55076 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30064 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M, Littler 55167 (US), D.&M. Littler 55201 (US). Laurenciapoiteaui (J.V. Lamouroux) M. Howe 1918: 5 18. Basionym: Fucuspoiteaui J.V. Lamouroux 1805: 63, pl. 31, figs. 2, 3 Common: typically abundant in wave-surge areas attached to rocks near base of gorgonian corals; often found in deep spur-and-groove areas on reefs; to 40 m deep. Dislribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf o f Mexico. Pelican Cays Polids: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 197 (US). Laurenciafitiformis ( C . Agardh) Montagne 1845: 125. Basionym: Chondria$lform;.s C. Agardh 1822 [1822-18231: 358. - Synonym: Laurencia scoparia J. Agardh 1852 [I85 1-18631: 746 (see Rodriguez de Rios & Saito 1982). Coninion: on hard substrates or mangrove prop roots; to 2 In deep. Distributioi7: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicaii Cays Polids: J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30222 (US). Lnurencia sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30074 (US); B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55344 (US); BB [Manatee Cay, Sinall Pond] D.&M. Littler 55047 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55064 (US). Murrayelhpericlados (C. Agardh) F. Sclmitz 1893: 227, footnote. Basionyln: 1~utchin.siapericlados Agardh 1828: 101. C, Co~iinion: mangrove prop roots, rocks, pier pilings, or seawalls in protected locations; upper on intertidal. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Gal-ibbcan, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30100 (US). Polysiphonifl nflnntica Kapraun & J . N . Norris 1982: 226, figs. 107a-c Coninion: typically on bedrock or other hard surfaces; lower intertidal to 1 m deep. Di,slribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutliern Caribbean, Wcstcrn Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cajis Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30083 (US). Polysiphonia havanensis Montagne 1837: 352. Comnion: typically on hard surfaces or epiphytic on larger algae; to 1 i deep. n IXrlrihution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Anlilles, Lesser Antilles, Westelm Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay,sPonds: J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. L,ittlcr 30213 (IJS). Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey 1855: 540. [var. ,scopulorum] Uncomnzon: inconspicuous; epiphytic on larger algae or seagrasses, in shallow calm waters; to 3 m deep. Distribution: Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30099 (US). Polysipkonin sp. Pelican Cays Pond~s: [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30270 (US) C ORDER: ECTOCARPALES FAMILY: ECTOCARPACEAE Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P.C. Silva in Silva et al. 1987: 73. Basionym: Ec!ocarpus ini(chel/iaeHarvey 1852: 142, pl. 12, G. Connnon: inconspicuous; on rocks or epiphytic on other algae, often found as brown fuzz on mangrove prop roots; less than 1 m deep. Dislribulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelica~iCays PonalF: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30088 (US); B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55342 (US); BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 55059 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30032 (US), D.&M. Littler 55059 (US), D.&M. Littler 55060 (US), D.&M. Littler 55061 (US); E & F [Fisherman's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30248 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 30248 (US); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30248 (US). ORDER: DICTYOTALES FAMILY: DICTYOTACEAE Dictyota cervicornis Kutzing 1859: 11, pl. 24, fig. 2. Connnon: attached to rocks, shell fragments, or large plants in sandy shallow areas; to 3 m deep. Dislvibzition: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30107 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30054 (US). Dictyota caribaea Hornig & Schnctter in I-Iornig et al. 1992: 58. Synonym: Diclyota indica Kutzing 1859: 8, pl. 17, fig. I , sensu Vickers 1908 (see Hornig et al. 1992). Note: according to Flornig et al. (1992: 58) this entity previously was identified as Diciyoia indica Kiitzing 1859: 8, pl. 17, fig. I, sensu Vickers 1908: 39, pl. 18. However, because the type of D. indica is synonymous with D. cervicomis, a new name was assigned. Connnon: on rocks, other hard substrates, or mangrove peat; most commonly found in shallows around mangrove islands; to 3 m deep. Distuibution: Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutlien~Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] specimen lost. Dictyota me~zstrualis (Hoyt) Schnetter, Homig & Weber-Peuke~t1987: 195, figs. 5 , G Basionym: Dicryota dichoforilavar. mensfr.ualisHoyt 1927: 616. Cornnzon: typically on small rocks, sponges, or coral fragments in sandy areas; to 30 111deep. Dist1.ibutio17: Flol-ida, Bahalnas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Wcstern Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponckls. C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30015 (IJS), D.&M. Littlel30269 (US). Dictyofa pulchella Hornig & Schnetter 1988: 285, fig. 7. Comnn~n: dead coral, mangrove peat, shell fragments, wood, or epiphytic on seagrasses and on coarse algae in shallow areas; to 70 in deep. Di.slribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. 1,ittler 30041 (US), D.&M. Littler 30055 (US); E & F [Fisherman's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30258 (US); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30225 (US). Dictyotn sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. 1,ittler 55072 (US), D.&M. Littler 55351 (US), D.&M. Littler 55352 (US). D.&M. Littler 55357 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's I,agoonj D.&M. Littler 30017 (US), D.&M. Littler 55051 (US), D.&M. Littler 55067 (IJS); G [Fisl~el-man'sCay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55162 (US), D.&M. Littler 55163 (US), D.&M. Littler 55165 (US), D.&M. Littler 55208 (US). D.&M. Liuler 55218 (US), D.&M. Littler 55219 (US), D.&M. Littler 55220 (US), D.&M. Littler 55228 (US). Lobophorn variegntn (J.V. Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C. Oliveira 1977: 217. Basionym: Diclj~olu variegala J.V. L.amouroux 1809a: 40. 1,OBOPIfORA VARIEGATA IlAST11111X DISrINCl' FOllhlS DEI'IN1)ING ON 1)EI"III A N ) II,\IIl'I;\'I'~:0&1)l'l'10XS. DECUMBENT FORM Connnon: in Pelican Cays on both Peat Banks and mangrove roots, ill shaded shallow arcas or in deep water habitats with moderate herbivory; often do~ninant plant at 100 in deep; to 120 ni deep. CRUST FORM Comn~on: Pelican Cays on mangrove I-oots,tightly adherent on dead coral, i~langrovcprop roots, in or sunken logs in shallow subtidal areas where grazing is intense; to 30 111 deep. FORM RUFFLED C,'orn~non: in Pelican Cays lying fi-ee in Thalussicr beds, in calm, sliallow waters with low fish grazing; to 8 m deep. Di.slribzition: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles: Lmser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Golf of Mexico. I'eliccni Cays I'oiids: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30096 (US), D.&M. Littler 30097 (IJS); C [Manatee Cay, 'Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30016 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great I h y j D.&M. Littlcr 55202 (IJS), D.&M. Littler 55203 (US). Padinapavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy in W.R. Taylor 1960: 234. Basionym: Fzrcu.spavonicus Linnaeus 1753: 1162. Connnon: on rocks, corals, or mangrove prop roots; found in sheltered or moderately waven exposed areas; lower intertidal to 20 t deep. Dislribution: Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30028 (US). Padina sanctae-crucis Bnrgesen 1914a: 45, figs. 27,28 [continuous pagination: 201, figs. 153, 1541. Comnzon: typically on rocks, sliells, or dcad coral on sliallow reef flats; to 5 m deep. Dislribufion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Pond%:A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30089 (US). Padina sp. Pelican C a ~ Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55074 (US); G [Fisherman's s Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55215 (US); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littlcr 30248 (US). Sargassumflrritans (Bnrgesen) Bnrgesen 1914a: 66 (footnote) [continuous pagination: 2221 Basionym: Sargu.s,szir~i hyslrix var.,fluifunsBnrgescn 19 14b: I I, fig. 8. Co~ntnon: typically pelagic, floating in large clumps or rafts; major component of beach drift; onc of two species characteristic of the Sargasso Sea. Dislvihution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutlier~iCaribbcati, Wcstcrn Caribbean, Golf of Mexico. Pelican Cay.s Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30092 (IJS); E & F [Fishertnan's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30257 (US). Snrgnssunz polyceratiunz var. ovatum (Collins) WR. Taylor 1928: 129, pl. 18, figs. 7, 10; pi. 19, fig. Collins 1901: 248. 16. Basionym: Surgas.slint wigare f. u~mlzoi~ Coinnion: typically on rocks i n tnoderatcly turbulent habitats, often behind reef crest in rubblepavement zone; lower intertidal to 14 111 deep. Di.slrihzrfion:Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Western Gal-ibbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30039 ((JS). Snrgassr~m ratnifolium Kiitzing 1861: 10, pl. 32, fig. la, lb. Unconnnon: on rocks or coral fragnienfs, ofterr arvund inangrove islands; 1-3 111 deep. Dislribution: Florida, Grcater Antilles, Lesser Atitilles, Southcrn Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay,sPonnlr: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30091 (US). Sargass~rnz sp. Pelicail Cay.r I'ondr. G [Fislierman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55196 (US), D.&M. Liiilcr 55199 (US), D.&M. Littler 55200 (IJS). Turbinaria tricostnta E . S . Barton 1891: 21 8, pl. 54, figs. 3 4 . Coinrnoti: typically on rocks or dcad coral fragments; i n sliallow areas on rccf crest i n strong currents heavy or wave action; lower intertidal to 1 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30090 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55 184 (US). Turbinaria turbinatn (Linnaeus) Kuntze 1898: 434. Basionym: Fuctrs turbh~atus Linnaeus 1753: 1160. Conlnion: typically adhering tightly to hard substrates immediately behind reef crest i n areas of strong turbulence; to 5 m deep. Di,stribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays P0nd.s: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30105 (US). ORDER: ULVALES FAMILY: ULVACEAE Ulvn rigidn C. Agardh 1823 [18221823]: 410. Basionym: Ulvo lacfucavar. rigida (C. Agardh) Le Joiis 1863: 38 (see Bliding 1969). Uncon~mon: near bird roosting sites, typically on hard surfaces, in arcas of active water motion; intertidal to 2 111deep. Dislribulion: Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds; BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 30262 (IJS); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55170 (US). FAMILY: ULVELLACEAE Utvefla lens P Crouan & H. Crouan 1859: 288, pl. 22, fig. E. Coinnmn: inconspicuous; on shells, llydroids, or epiphytic on other marine plants, co~nmonly occurring on Venlricaria ventricosa; intertidal to 2 in deep. Dislribulion Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southcrn Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican cay.^ Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30273 (US). ORDER: CLADOPHORALES FAMILY: ANADYOMENACEAE Annrlyomene salrlanhne A.B. Joly & E.C. Oliveira 1969: 30, figs. 1-3 C o n ~ n ~ oon hard substrates, sponges, or mangrove prop roots; lower intertidal to 30(-79) m deep. n; Disiributioil: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Souther11 Caribbean, Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30053 (US); G [Fishcrmau's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littlcr 55226 (US). Anadyomene sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fishennan's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 195 (US) Clzaetomorpha sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fishennan's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55158 (US), D.&M. Littler 551 83 (US), D.&M. Littler 55192 (US), D.&M. Littler 55225 (US). Cladopltora spp. Pelican Cays Ponds: E & F [Fisherman's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30254 (US), D.&M. Littler 30255 (US), D.&M. Littler 30299 (US). Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Kiitzing ex Harvey 1849 11846-18511: pl. 238 Basionym: Conferva riparia Roth 1806: 2 16. Conmon: typically on rocks, pebbles, or other hard substrates; often tangled among other species; intertidal to 1 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay,s Ponds: J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30217 (US). FAMILY: SIPHONOCLADACEAE Cladophoropsis macromeres W.R. Taylor 1928: 64, pl. 4, figs. 15, 16. Coriznzon: forming cushion-like clumps in calm shallow habitats or tangled with other algae; to 5 in deep. Distvibution: Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean. I'elicall Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30034 (US), D.&M. Littler 30268 (US). Clndop/zoropsis sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 5521 1 (US) Dictyospkaerin cavernosa (Forsskil) Bsrgesen 1932: 2, pl. 1, fig. I. Basionym: Ulva cavcrnosa Forsskzll 1775: 187. Conztnon: typically lightly attached to rocks or dead coral heads; often forming extensive mats; to 40 In deep. Di.slrihulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Caj~s Poizd.~: [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30000 (US). C Ventricaria ventricosa (J. Agardh) J.L. Olsen & J.A. West 1988: 104, figs. 1-4, 1 I Basionym: Valonia veniricosa J. Agardh 1887: 96. Cotnmom: in cracks and crevices on hard substrates or scattered among other algae on mangrovc prop roots; to 80 m deep. Di.sfvrbirtion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay,s Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30007 (US). ORDER: BRYOPSIDALES FAMILY: BRYOPSIDACEAE Bryopsis hypnoides J.V. Lamouroux 1809b: 135, pl. 1, figs. 2a, 2b [also 1809a: 3331. Connnon: on mangrove prop roots or other hard substrates; lower intertidal to I m decp. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30046 (US), D.&M. Littler 302745 (US). Bryopsispennatn J.V. Lamouroux 1809a: 333. [var. pennata] Conunon: on mangrove prop roots or other solid substrates in calm shallow waters; lower intestidal to 5 tn deep. Di.stribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30277 (US). Bryopsispluntosa (Hudson) C . Agardh 1823 [1822-1823): 448. Basionym: Ul~~aplumosa Hudson 1778: 571. Conimon: typically on hard substrates, in tidepools, protected habitats, or in moderate surf bchind reef crest; intertidal to I In deep. Dislribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30212 (US). Bryopsis ramulosa Montagne 1842b: 16, pl. 3111, fig. 2 1Jilconnnon: inconspicuous; on mangrove prop roots or other hard surfaces; intei-tidal to I m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antillcs, Lesser Antilles, Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30035 (US). Bryopsis sp. Pelican C7ay,sPond,s: BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littlcr 55043 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. I A l e r 30032 (US), D.&M. Littler 55059 (US), D.&M. Littler 55060 (US), D.&M. Littler 55061 (US); E & F [Fisherman's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30248 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littlcr 30248 (US); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littlcr 30248 (US). Derbesiu fnstigiatn W . R .Taylor 1928: 94, pl. I I, figs. 1-3 Uncornnion: inconspicuous; typically epiphytic on other marine plants; intertidal to 1 in dccp. Di.oi+bulion: Florida, Greater Antillcs, Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays poi id^: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. littler 30038 (US). Derhesia osferhoutii (L. Blinks & A. Blinks) Page 1970: 375, figs. 1-6. [H~rlicystis stage] Basionym: I/nlic.v,stbr oslerholrrii L. Blinks & A . Blinks 1931: 389, pls. 22,23, figs. 1-12, text fig. 18. Connnon: typically growing on crustose coralline algae such as S1)orolithon or Hydr.oli/hon, in shadcd cracks and crevices; to 18 in dccp. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30094 (US). FAMILY: CODIACEAE Codium decorticntum (Woodward) M . Howe I9 I I: 494. Basionym: Ulvu decorficata Woodward 1797: 55. Common: on rock or other firm objects in protected areas; lower intertidal to 15 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Souther11 Caribbean, Western Caribbcan, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 171 (US). Codium sp. Rare: typically adhering to rock or other hard surfaces, seasonally (sutnmcr) occurring off the east coast of Florida; to 20 m deep. Di.sfribution: Florida. Pelican Cays Ponds: BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 55040 (US), D.&M. Littler 55046 (US). Codium irttertextum Collins & Hervey 1917: 54 Connnon: typically tightly adhering to rock or other solid surfaces; often forming distinct zone near low-tide mark; to 20 rn dcep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Westelm Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicun Cuys Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30073 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55193 (US). Codium tnylorii PC. Silva 1960: 510, pl. 112, I ISb, 119, 120a, 120b. Cotnrno~z: maugrove prop roots, reef rubble, or other hard surfaces; to lo(-60) m dccp. on Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbcan, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30069 (US). FAMILY: CAULERPACEAE Cnulerpn cupressoides (Vahl) C. Agardh 18 17: 23. [var. ciipre,sso.oide.ss] Basionym: Fucus cupressoide,s Vahl 1802: 38. Common: on sandy bottoms or ill tnangrove muds; to 3 m dcep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbcan, Wcstcrn Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cuys Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30021 (US). Cnulerpn cupressoides var.flnbellntn Horgesen 1907: 368, figs. 18, 19. Uncomnoi7: on sedimentary bottoms, a~lchoredin fine silty sediments of mangrove lakes; to 3 in deep. Distribution: Florida, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbcan, Wcstcrn Caribbcan, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicun Cays Ponds: C [,Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30042 (US). Caulerpa macrophysa (Sonder ex Kutzing) G. Murray 1887: 38. Basionym: Chauvinia macrophysa Sonder ex Kutzing 1857: 6, pl. 15. Conznzon: typically forming intertwined mats tightly attached to rock or other solid substrates, often in areas of moderate surf; intertidal to 20 m deep. Disfribulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southem Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30026 (US); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30219 (US). Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kutzing 1849: 496 Conznzon: attached to small coral fragments or pebbles on sand or nlud bottoms, in lagoons, mangroves, or seagrass beds; to 15 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, souther^^ Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 55144 (US), D.&M. Littler 553 12 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30009 (US). Caulerpa nummularia I-larvey ex J . Agardh 1873: 38 Uncomnzon: in low-light habitats such as shaded mangrove prop roots or under ledges in reef habitats; to 84 m deep. Dislribufion: Western Caribbean (Pelican Cays). Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55071 (US). Cflulerpapusi//a(Kiitzing) J . Agardh 1873: 6 Basionym: Cha~vinia~usilla Kutzing 1849: 500. Rnre; inconspicuous; typically forming mats or small aggregations on deep sand plains; to 40 m deep. Disfribulion: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littlcr 30215 (US). Cflulerpa racemosa (Forssk3l) J. Agardh 1873: 35. [var. racen7osa] Basionym: Fucus racemosa Forssk3l 1775: 191 Connnon: forming intertwined mats tightly adhering to rocks, in moderately heavy surf areas or in calm lagoons and bays, often present in seagrass beds; intertidal to 2 (-50) m dccp. Di.sb.ihzdion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southem Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay,s Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30088 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30032 (US), D.&M. Littler 55059 (US), D.&M. Littler 55060 ([IS), 3 D.&M. Littler 55061 (US); I & F [Fisherman's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30248 (US). Cflrl/erparncemosa var. Iamourowcii (Turner) Weber-van Bosse 1898: 369, pl. 32, figs. 1--4 Basionym: Fucu.r lamotrrowii 'Turner 181 1-1819: 79, pl. 229. Uncommon: on silty substrates, generally in sllallow shaded habitats such as inangrove lakes; to 30 m dccp. Disfribulion: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, L,esser Antilles, Western Caribbean Pelicun Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, 'Ibny's Lagoon] I).&M. Littler 30033 (lJS), D.&M. Littler 55058 (US). Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis ( J . Agardh) Bsrgesen 1907: 379, figs. 28,29 Basionym: Caulerpa chemnifziavar. occidentalis J. Agardh 1873: 37. Common: adhering to mangrove prop roots or other hard surfaces in calm waters; to 3 m deep. Dislribufion: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30026 (US), D.&M. Littler 30264 (US), D.&M. Littler 55062 (US); J [Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30220 (US). Caulerpa racemosa var. peltutu (J.V. Lamouroux) Eubank in Stephenson 1944: 349. Basionym: CaulerpapeltafaJ.V. Lamouroux 1809a: 332. Conznzorz: on shaded mangrove prop roots, in dark crevices, or under ledges; to 5 ~n deep. Disrribufiorz: Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays Pondds:A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30098 (US); E & F [Fisherman's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30250 (US); J [Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30214 (US). Caulerpa sertularioides (S. Gmelin) M. Howe 1905: 576. [f. sertularioides] Basionym: Fucussertularioides S. Gmelin 1768: 151, pl. 15, fig. 4. Connnon: forming large stands in shallow sandy areas or on mangrove prop roots, often present in seagrass beds; to 10 m deep. Dislributioi7: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cajs Ponds: BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 55041 (US), D.&M. Littler 55143 (US), D.&M. Littler 5531 1 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30008 (US). Caulerpa tnvifolia (H. West) C. Agardh 1817: 22. Basionym: Fucus rarfolia H. West in Vahl 1802: 36. Uncomn~on:growing in sand on reef flats or i n fine sediments adjacent to mangrove islands in protected or moderately wave-exposed areas; to 15 m deep. Distribulion: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30104 (US); BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 55042 (US); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30218 (US). Caulerpa verticillata J . Agardh 1847: 6. [as "verficillafam"] Coninion: as large aggregations on stable substrates, mangrove prop roots, or peat; often present as an understory in seagrass beds; to 30 m deep. Distribufioii: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican CUJJS Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55358 ([IS); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30022 (US). Cuulerpa sp. Pelicrrn Cays Port&: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55161 (US); D.&M. Littler 55 194 (US). FAMILY: UDOTEACEAE Avrninvillen asnrifolia Bmgesen 1909: 34, fig. 4 in text, pl. 3. [f. a.sarfolia] Connnon: typically i n lagoons or sand pockets between coral heads on fore-reef slopes; to 20 m deep. Di,stribution: Florida, Balialnas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutliern Caribbean, Wester11 Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 31279 (US), 1 & F 3 [Fishertnan's Cay, Frenchy's Ponds] D.&M. Littler 30252 (US). Avrninvillea digitatn D.S. Littler & M.M. Littler 1992. 379, fig. 3 Conrnzon: on carbonate sediments or mangrove peat, growing as large mats in shallow waters (<I m), often interspersed among Thala.s.sia /estudimm or at the edges of mangrove islands; deeper forms (>3 ~ n havc narrow uprights with bluntly pointed apices; Puerto Rican specimens have more ) club-shaped uprights; to 5 m deep. Disvihulion: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Westel-n Caribbean. Pelican Cqj).s Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30014 (US), D.&M. Littler 55054 (US); G [Fishermans Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55235 (US). Avrninvillen longicnulis f. laxa D.S. Littler & M.M. Littler 1992: 397, fig. 13 Common: 011 nutrient-rich organic substrates, in interior lagoons of mangrove islands; to 2 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Ballamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicm Cays Pondu: BB [Manatee Cay, Slnall Pond] D.&M. Littler 55039 (US). Avrninvillea sp. Pelican Cny,s Ponds: G [Fishcnnan's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55212 (US). Hnlin~ecla cliscoiden Decaisne 1842: 102. Connnon: typically on shells, coral fragments, or otlier sand-coverctl hard surfaces; to 80 111tlccp. Di.s/rihz~lion:Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lcsser Antilles, Southcrn Caribbean, Westcrn Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicuit C o y Ponds C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30025 (US). Hnlinterln incrnssatn ( J . Ellis) J.V. Lamouroux 1816: 307. Basionym: Corallina incru.s,sufuJ. Ellis 1768: 408, pl. 17, figs. 20-27. Cotnnion: associated with seagrasses or on sliallow sand flats; to 12 (-65) m deep. I)i.s/rihz,i/ion: Florida, Balialnas, Greatcr Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Soutliern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatcc Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30019 (US). H n l i r n e h nfonile (J. Ellis 61 Solander) J.V. l..amouroux 1816: 306. ~iionile . Ellis & Solander 1786: 110, pl. 20, fig. c J Basionym: Corollit~u Conn110~7: sand flats and atnong seagrasses; to 30 m dccp. 011 Di.smibtr/ion: Florida, Bahamas, Greatcr Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Gal-ibbean, Westel-11 Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicnii C q ~ Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 301 14 (US). s Hafimeda opuntin (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux 1816: 308. [f opmlia] Basionym: Corallina op~rntia Linnaeus 1758: 805. Conlniort: tightly adhering to, and forming patches on, shallow reef crests, as mounds in sand or Thulassia beds; to 25 tn deep. Distvibution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicari Cay~s Poids: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30001 (US), D.&M. Littler 30018 (US), D.&M. Littler 55057 (US). Hnlimeda sinurlarzs M . Howe 1907: 503, pl. 29. Coinrnoii: often associated with mangrove peat cotnmunities or other nutrient-rich substrates; to 8 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay.s pond.^: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 301 13 (US). Hnlimerfa sp. Pelicai? Caj~s Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 301 12 (US); B [Manatce Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55348 (US); G [Fisl~ernian'sCay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55205 (US), D.&M. Littler 55206 (US). D.&M. Littler 55207 (US). Conmon: in calm lagoons and bays on mud or sand bottoms; often intermixed with seagrasses 01among mangrove prop roots; to 12 in deep. Dislrihution: Florida, Baha~nas,Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Westel-11 Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55176 (US). Penici//us r/~nlt?tosus Lamouroux) Ulainville 1834: 553. (J.V. Basiony~n:Nesaea dm~~eio.w Lamouroux 1816: 259, pl. 8, fig. 3a, 3b. J.V. Co1imoi7: i n sandy protected areas, often intermixed with seagrasses; to 15 11 tleep. 1 ~isl~ihulion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicaii Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] Il.&M. Littler 30109 (US); G [Fisherunan's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 I77 (US), D.&M. Littler 55240 (US). Coniinon: individuals widely scattered, often intel-mixed with seagrasses, in calm lagoons and bays on iiiud or sand bottoms; to 12 m deep. Di.slrihz~tioi~: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 3001 1 (US); G [Iisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 178 (US). Penicillus pyriformis A. Gepp & E.Gepp 1905: I , pl. 468, fig. I. [f. pyr!formis] Common: on sandy bottoms in calm lagoons and bays; to 30 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30004 (US), D.&M. Littler 30006 (US). Penicillus sp. Pelicarz Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55052 (US). Rkipocep/talusp/toenix f. brevifolius A. Gepp & E. Gepp 191I : 95, pl. 3 1, figs. 184-1 86. Common: in sandy or silty areas, most commonly occurring in shallow back-reef habitats; to 20 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Golf of Mexico. Pelican cay,^ Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30003 (US), Oilotea cyaf/tiformisDecaisne 1842: 106. [f cyathiformis] Conmon: in many environments from shallow mangrove peat to deep sand plains; to 30 m deep. 1li.stribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelica~lCays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30002 (US), D.&M. Littler 55055 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55191 (US), D.&M. Littlcr 55224 (US). Udofeajlabellum ( J . Ellis & Solander) M. Howe 1904: 94. Basionym: Corn//inaflui~e//um Ellis & Solander 1786: 124, pl. 24. J. Conmon: widespread; occurring in sandy areas or seagrass beds; to 10 m deep. Di.stribzrtion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays pond^; C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30012 (1JS). Udotea occidentah A. Gepp & E. Gepp 1911: 127, pl. 2, figs. 18,22a, 22b; pl. 7, figs. 63--65. Rare: i n shallow sandy areas; to 10 m deep. Di.rtributioi7: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Souther11 Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican cay,^ Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30084 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55156 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55179 (US). Udntea wilsnrtii A. Gepp, E . Gepp & M. tlowe in Gepp & Gepp 1911: 130, 144, pi. 7, fig. 66; pi. 3, figs. 67, 68. [as 'iuilsoni'] Locally abundant: in organically rich silt or on sand plains, often growing with many thalii in closc proximity due to stolonous clonal reproduction; to 18 in deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelica~lcay,^ Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littlcr 30005 (US). ORDER: DASYCLADALES FAMILY: DASYCLADACEAE Neomeris annufata Dickie 1874: 198. Common: abundant on mangrove prop roots, coral fragments, or rocks in shallow sandy areas; intertidal to 30 m deep. Distribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30076 (US). Neomeris sp. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55159 (US) FAMILY: POLYPHYSACEAE Acetabularia sp. Pelican Cays P0nd.s: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 160 (US) ORDER: OSCILLATORIALES FAMILY: OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya cf. aestunrii (Martens) Liebma~l1839: 492. Basionym: Conferva aesturii Martens in Jiirgens 1816: fasc. 2: no. 8. Common: as spreading mats or clumps in calm waters, appearing as wooly tufts; intertidal to 2 m deep. Di.ctrihufion: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 5523 1 (US). Lyngbya cf. cladophorae Tilden 1910: 116, pl. 5, fig. 34. Unconunon: on mangrove roots or other firm objects in calm waters; intertidal to 1 m deep. Dislributiom: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Westcrn Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55066 (US), D.&M. Littler 55069 (US). Lyngbj'n confervoides C. Agardh 1824: 73. Coinmon: on stone or other hard surfaces, mangrove prop roots, or epiphytic on seagrasses or larger seaweeds; to 2 m deep. Distvibution: Florida, Lesser Antilles, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican cay^. Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55094 (US). Lyngbya polychroa (Meneghini) Rabenhorst 1847: 83 Basionym: Leib/einiupolycliroaMeneghini 1844: 304. Coniniorz: epiphytic on other marine plants, often as long dark undulating masses in mangrove lagoons; intertidal to 2 m deep. Ilis/ribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cays Ponds: C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30049 (US); G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55148 (US), D.&M. Littler 55 I53 (US). Oscillutoriu acuminntn Gotnont 1893: 247, pl. 7, fig. 12. Coiiinion. inconspicuous, binding surface layer of fine sediments in mangrovc lakes or calm bays; to 3 m deep. Distribulion: Western Caribbean. Pelican Cay,s Por~oIv:BB [Manatee Cay, Small Pond] D.&M. Littler 55050 ([IS). P/tornzidium ~uysurzense Lemmerlnan 1905: 619, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5. Uiicoi?inion:growing over other algal species or as finger-like projections from sand with basal filatncnts clinging to sand grains; to 2 in deep. Di.stribution: Grcater Antilles, Lcsser Antilles, Western Caribbean, Southern Caribbean. Pelican cay,^ Pondk G [I:isl~emian's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55234 ([IS); J [Little Cat Cay, Little Cat Bay] D.&M. Littler 30248 (US). Spirocoleus cf. crosbyunus (Tilden) PC. Silva in Silva et al. 1996: 62 Basionym: Phoriiiidiuiii cro.si5j-liuiiu1ii Tilden 1909 [1894-19091: 645 Conin~on: forming hard button-like mounds on firm surfaces such as rocks, mangrove prop roots, or dead coral; to 2 in deep. Distribution: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Cal-ibbean. Pelican Cays Ponds: G [Fisllerman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 168 (lJS). Schizotltrix culcicoh (C. Agardh) Gomotit 1890: 352. i3asionym: O.sci/iu~oria culcicola C. Agardh 18 12 118 10-1 8 121: 37 Conimoii: typically on rocks or other hard surfaces on shallow reef flats; to 2 m deep. Di.sfrihution: Florida, Lesser Antilles, Souther11Caribbean, Western Caribbean. Pelicnii Cciy Ponds: A [Cat Cay, Cat Cay Bay] D.&M. Littler 30084 (US); G [I:ishcrman's Cay, Grcat Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 154 (11s). Brucl~ytriclrin quoyi ( C . Agardh) Bornet & Flaliault 1886: 373. Basionym: h'osloc quoyi C. Agardh 1824: 22. Uiicoininon: epiphytic on otller ~narine plants or on mangrove prop roots, common on pilings and breakwaters, found on rock, wood, or othcr firm substrates; intertidal. Di.sti.ibiitioi?: Gulf of Mexico, Flol-ida, GI-caterAntillcs, Lcsser Antilles. Pclicnii C q x Pondr: G [Fisherman's Cay, Great Bay] D.&M. Littler 55 145 (US). Halophila decipiens Ostenfcld 1902: 260, with fig Coriunon: i n calm waters on soft sand or fine sedimentary bottoms; to 30 111 deep. Distuibution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelicari Cays Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55099 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 55053 (US). T/zalassia testudinnrn Banks ex KKGnig 1805: 96 Cormnor?: abundant, colispicuous; forming extemivc meadows on shallow sandy or muddy bottoms; lower intertidal to 20 m deep. Disfribution: Florida, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Southern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Pelican Cay7 Ponds: B [Manatee Cay, Cassiopea Cove] D.&M. Littler 55332 (US); C [Manatee Cay, Tony's Lagoon] D.&M. Littler 30025 (US). 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