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23 LECTURE ANNOUNCEMENTS MIDTERM EXAM THURSDAY NIGHT 7:30 - 10PM. ROOM ASSIGNMENTS: LAST NAME A - N IN KENNEDY AUDITORIUM LAST NAME O - Z IN WARREN HALL B45 BIOLOGY MIXER FRIDAY 10/20 AT 1:25PM IN COMSTOCK B106: THE MEDICAL SCHOOL INTERVIEW-WHAT TO EXPECT; HOW TO PREPARE TODAY: BIOLOGY INFORMATION "MIXER" Wednesday, October 18th 4:00 5:30 THE MONDAY LECTURE PROTEINS IN MEMBRANES FUSION/FISSION OF MEMBRANES CARBOHYDRATE BASICS 216 Stimson Hall TODAY'S LECTURE Talk with professors! CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE Come enjoy cheese, ENERGY ROLE crackers, popcorn, and RECOGNITION ROLE cider! INTRO TO BIOENERGETICS IF ANOMERIC C HAS -OH, CALLED LINKING THE MONOSACCHARIDES "REDUCING END". IT REACTS WITH VARIOUS OXIDANTS. MORE IMPORTANT: C - O OH OH C-O O FORMATION OF + H2O IT CAN REACT + C + C C C C C GLYCOSIDIC LINK: H C-C H C-C H H WITH C-OH OF JARGON ANOTHER SUGAR OXIDATION LEVEL OF DISACCHARIDE CARBONYL C 3 - 10 LINKED SUGARS OLIGOSACCHARIDE O - GLYCOSIDIC BOND MORE POLYSACCHARIDE b LACTOSE b-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL-(1 4)-b-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE N NUCLEOTIDES HAVE NGLYCOSIDIC BONDS AMP WHY IS CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE SOOOO COMPLEX?! i.e. WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE STRUCTURE OF DI-, OLIGO-, OR POLYSACCHARIDES? 1. VARIETY OF SACCHARIDE MONOMERS ~ 30 COMMON MONOMERS; MANY DERIV. e.g. GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, MANNOSE, RIBOSE, etc. 2. RING CAN BE 5- OR 6-MEMBERED 3. VARIETY OF GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES: 1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1 6 ALL INVOLVE ANOMERIC C (FOR GLC C5-OH CLOSES THE RING, SO "UNAVAILABLE") 4. SEQUENCE OF MONOMER TYPES IN DI-, OLIGO-, POLYSACCHARIDES 5. ANOMERIC CARBON CAN BE a OR b THESE VARIATIONS GIVE FAR MORE POSSIBLE STRUCTURES THAN THE LINKING OF AA OR NUCLEOTIDES! WHAT IS THE DRIVING FORCE FOR CARBOHYDRATES TO FORM 3D STRUCTURE? FOR MOST CARBOHYDRATES, TO GET A DEFINED STRUCTURE, REQUIRE PACKING WITH OTHER MOLECULES METHODS TO EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINE STRUCTURE DO NOT WORK WELL! AND, FOR A GIVEN COMBINATION OF (1 - 5 ABOVE), OFTEN SO MUCH MOTION THAT NO FIXED STRUCTURE EXISTS! CARBOHYDRATE ENERGY ROLE POLYMERS OF GLUCOSE FOR FOOD STORAGE 1. MONOSACCHARIDES MORE LATER, IN GLYCOLYSIS 4 IMAGES SHOWING "BRANCHING" 2. STARCH PLANTS ONLY AMYLOSE IS "UNBRANCHED", HAVING ONLY a (1 4). UP TO 2000 MONOMERS. AMYLOPECTIN AMYLOPECTIN IS "BRANCHED", WITH a (1 4) AND a (1 6). UP TO 5000 MONOMERS. 3. GLYCOGEN ANIMALS LIKE AMYLOPECTIN, "BRANCHED", WITH a (1 4) AND a (1 6). GLYCOGEN AMYLOPECTIN GLYCOGEN STARCH GRANULES IN A POTATO CELL GLYCOGEN GRANULES IN LIVER CELL POLYMERS USED FOR FOOD STORAGE NEED WHY POLYMERS? 1. MONOSACCHARIDES WOULD SLOWLY LEAK OUT OF CELL 2. SUFFICIENT MONOMER CONC. FOR ENERGY NEEDS WOULD GREATLY INCREASE OSMOTIC PRESSURE 3. STORAGE AS POLYMER ALLOWS REGULATION OF GLUCOSE RELEASE, i.e. GLUCOSE RELEASED ONLY WHEN NEEDED BRANCHING ALLOWS GLUCOSE RELEASE TO BE FAST: FROM MANY SITES OF POLYMER 10 MICRONS 0.5 MICRON CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURAL ROLE 1 CELLULOSE ~ 50% OF ALL ORGANIC MATTER ON EARTH! MOSTLY IN PLANTS HAS SPECIAL PACKING AND H-BONDING PATTERN THAT YIELDS STRONG FIBERS. ONLY GET THIS PACKING WITH b (1 4) GLUCOSE b 4 CELLULOSE CHAINS ANIMALS CANNOT HYDROLYZE b (1 4) GLYCOSIDE. COWS AND TERMITES BOTH HAVE BACTERIA THAT PRODUCE CELLULASE ENZYME. FUNGI ALSO MAKE CELLULASE, WHICH IS WHY FUNGI CAN LIVE ON WOOD MICROFIBRILS: CHAINS PACKED CHITIN 1 MOD. GLUCOSE WITH b (1 4) b 4 N-ACETYL CHITIN IS MAJOR STRUCTURAL MATERIAL OF ARTHROPOD AND MOLLUSK EXOSKELETON COMPLEXITY! GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN & PROTEOGLYCAN STRUCTURE BIG NEG. CHARGE BIND LOTS OF WATER NOT MADE FROM TEMPLATE: REQUIRE AN ENZYME FOR EACH TYPE OF LINKAGE 95% CARBOHYDRATE HYALURONIC ACID LINKER PROTEIN CORE PROTEIN CHONDROITIN SULFATE KERATAN SULFATE GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS VERY HYDRATED AND NEG. CHARGED FULLY EXTENDED, AND NON-INTERACTING WITH OTHER LIKE MOLECULES, i.e. SLIPPERY ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IMAGE OF PROTEOGLYCAN 300 nm LUBRICATING FLUID IN JOINTS; MUCOUS PROTEOGLYCANS IN THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX LOOSE MESH OF PROTEOGLYCANS ALLOWS MOLECULES AS LARGE AS PROTEINS (OR EVEN VIRUSES!) TO REACH THE CELL SURFACE SOME ROLES OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: CELLS WITHIN A TISSUE RECOGNIZE EACH OTHER AND DEVELOP SIMILARLY; CELL MOTILITY AND BARRIERS TO MOTILITY (LOST IN METASTASIS) INTEGRIN PROTEOGLYCAN FIBRONECTIN COLLAGEN ACTIN FILAMENTS INSIDE THE CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE MANY PROTEINS AND LIPIDS HAVE COVALENTLY-BOUND OLIGO- OR POLYSACCHARIDE O-LINKED TO SER/THR N-LINKED TO ASN OLIGOSACCHARIDE CHAINS PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEIN CARBOHYDRATES AT THE CELL SURFACE P-SELECTIN GLYCOLIPID INTERACTION DETAILS STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS: MEMBRANE LIPID, SPHINGOMYELIN O-ANTIGEN A-ANTIGEN ABUNDANT ON CELLS OF MANY TISSUES, INCL. RBC YOUR OWN ANTIBODIES WILL BIND THE ONE(S) YOU DON'T HAVE EVERYONE MAKES O-ANTIGEN B-ANTIGEN TYPE O PEOPLE MAKE Ab AGAINST BOTH A- & B-ANTIGENS TYPE A PEOPLE, Ab AGAINST B TYPE B PEOPLE, Ab AGAINST A UNDERSTANDING OF GLYCOSYLATION STILL PRIMITIVE! GLYCOSYLATION IS ALTERED IN: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, CANCER, CROHN'S DISEASE NEED MORE RESEARCH! T- CELL

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