Report Contract 551
Continued Operation of a Raingage Network for Collection, Reduction, and Analysis of Precipitation Data for Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting: Water Year 1992
By Randy A. Peppier Office of the Chief
Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District
May 1993
Illinois State Water Survey Administration Division Champaign, Illinois
A Division of the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
CONTINUED OPERATION OF A RATNGAGE NETWORK FOR COLLECTION, REDUCTION, AND ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATTON DATA FOR LAKE MICHIGAN DIVERSION ACCOUNTING: WATER YEAR 1992
Randy A. Peppier
FINAL REPORT to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District on Contract DACW 23-89-C-0005 Randy A. Peppier Principal Investigator
Office of the Chief Office of Cloud and Precipitation Research Illinois State Water Survey 2204 Griffith Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820-7495
May 1993
ISSN 0733-3927
This report was printed on recycled and recyclable papers.
CONTENTS
PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 2. NETWORK DESIGN 3. NETWORK OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 4. DATA REDUCTION 5. DATA ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGIES 6. SUMMARY 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8. REFERENCES APPENDIX I: RAINGAGE SITE DESCRIPTIONS APPENDIX II: INSTRUCTIONS FOR RAINGAGE TECHNICIANS . APPENDIX III: DOCUMENTATION OF RAINGAGE MAINTENANCE APPENDIX IV: DOCUMENTATION OF HIGH STORM TOTALS . . . . 1 6 12 13 16 29 31 32 34 .48 .51 .57
CONTINUED OPERATION OF A RAINGAGE NETWORK FOR COLLECTION, REDUCTION, AND ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATION DATA FOR LAKE MICHIGAN DIVERSION ACCOUNTING: WATER YEAR 1992
1.
INTRODUCTION The volume of water diverted from Lake Michigan into the State of Illinois is monitored
to ensure that the diversion does not exceed a long-term average of 3,200 cubic feet per second (cfs) as imposed by a U.S. Supreme Court Order of 1967, and updated in 1980. This diversion has a long history, dating back to the mid-1800s with the completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Over the years, it has been affected by such events as the reversal of the flow of the Chicago River and completion of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1901, and has weathered various legal proceedings that attempted to ensure that the diversion could be monitored and did not exceed certain limits. One of the key components of the monitoring procedure, administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), Chicago District, is the accurate representation of the precipitation that falls over portions of the Cook County, Illinois, region. The primary components of Illinois' diversion from Lake Michigan are as follows: (1) water is pumped directly from Lake Michigan as the source of potable water supply and discharged into the river and canal system in the greater Chicago area as treated sewage; (2) storm runoff is discharged from the diverted watershed area of Lake Michigan, draining to the river and canal system; and (3) water enters the river and canal system directly from Lake Michigan.
1
The storm runoff from the Lake Michigan watershed basin enters the combined sewer systems and watercourses. The combined sewers mix sanitary systems with the runoff, and this water then goes to the treatment plants or, during major flood events, becomes surcharge into the watercourses. When large storm events are predicted (and greater than normal storm runoff is anticipated), the canal system is drawn down prior to the event to prevent flooding. If the event fails to materialize, canal system levels are restored using a direct diversion from Lake Michigan through one of three facilities located along the shoreline: the Chicago River
Controlling Works, O'Brien Lock and Dam, or the Wilmette Controlling Works. There are two methods by which diversion is computed. The first method involves the direct measurement of diversion flow at Romeoville, Illinois, as measured by an acoustic velocity meter. Flow at Romeoville consists of both diversion and nondiversion flows
(deductions). The theory behind diversion accounting is to use the flow at Romeoville and deduct from it flows not attributable to diversion. Diversion flows that bypass Romeoville are added to the resultant flow, yielding a net computed diversion of water from Lake Michigan. The deductions to the Romeoville record include runoff from 217 square miles of the Des Plaines River watershed that is discharged into the canal, groundwater supply whose effluent is discharged into the canal, and Indiana water supply that is discharged into the canal via the Calumet River system and the Calumet Sag Channel. The second method estimates diversion by adding the Lake Michigan water supply pumpage, direct diversions from Lake Michigan, and runoff from 673 square miles of diverted Lake Michigan watershed. This computation is performed to cross-check the first method. In both of these procedures, it is necessary to estimate runoff from the Des Plaines River and the Lake Michigan watersheds. Since a significant portion of this area is not gaged with
2
respect to water flows, runoff is estimated through hydrologic simulation. Inputs into the simulation model consist of land-use and climatological data. Of the latter, the most significant is precipitation data. Accurate precipitation data, thus, are essential to properly simulate the runoff process. Runoff can constitute a significant portion of the diversion. For example, in Water Year 1984 (a water year extends from October 1 through September 30 of the following calendar year), runoff from the Des Plaines River watershed constituted a 196.5 cfs (5 percent) deduction from the Romeoville measurement record in the diversion computations. In the verification
computations, the Lake Michigan watershed runoff constituted an 829.0 cfs (27 percent) deduction from the total diversion. However, the precipitation data available for use by the accounting procedure prior to Water Year 1990 (particularly Water Years 1984-1989) have displayed patterns inconsistent with known, long-term Chicago-area patterns (e.g., Changnon, 1961, 1968; Huff and Changnon, 1973; Vogel, 1988, 1989; Peppier, 1990, 1991a, 1993). These patterns also diverge from the known urban effects found within the precipitation patterns for the Cook County region for heavier rainfall distributions from 1949-1974 (Huff and Vogel, 1976), particularly towards the south, and within patterns observed during the operation of a dense raingage network and radar system in the Chicago area during the late 1970s (Changnon, 1980, 1984). The recent unusual patterns were caused by abnormally low precipitation totals at a select number of the 13 sites used by the accounting procedure (Figure 1). Inspection of these sites (Vogel, 1988), which are irregularly distributed over the region, revealed that the low precipitation totals were caused by 1) inadequate raingage exposure (e.g., gages situated on rooftops or too near natural or artificial, flow-restricting obstructions) and 2) different observing,
3
Figure 1. Raingage locations used for diversion accounting purposes prior to Water Year 1990. These include the National Weather Service gages located at Chicago O'Hare AP, Midway 3 SW, Chicago University, and Park Forest, the City of Chicago gages at Mayfair PS, Springfield PS, South WPP, and Roseland PS, and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago gages at Glenview, Skokie North Side STP, Erie SDO, West Southwest STP, and Calumet STP. Abbreviations are as follows: AP = Airport, SW = Southwest, PS = Pumping Station, WPP = Water Purification Plant, STP = Sewage Treatment Plant, and SDO = Sanitary District Office. 4
data reduction, and quality control practices used by the individual groups responsible for raingage operation and data collection (National Weather Service - NWS, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago - MWRDGC, and City of Chicago - CC). Vogel (1988) established that the unusual precipitation patterns began occurring in the late 1960s when some changes were made in data collection and reduction. Vogel (1988) devised a procedure to adjust the questionable values, thus making the data suitable for use in the accounting procedure. This procedure, however, is tedious to implement, and the adjusted precipitation values may not completely capture the actual precipitation regime, although the data produced are much-improved over the original values. This procedure also illuminated difficulties experienced when trying to merge data observations from different observing agencies and equipment into one data set. Vogel (1988) gave the following
recommendation at the end of his report on the reduction and adjustment of the Water Year 1984 data and on field evaluations of the NWS, MWRDGC, and CC sites: With these types of differences it will always be hard to maintain a consistent set of high-quality precipitation observations for the Chicago urban region. A precipitation network which must produce a set of high-quality observations should have a consistent set of gages; should be managed by one group with fixed quality control procedures, exposure criteria, and a set operating procedure. Management by one group would allow for consistent 1) observations, 2) quality control, and 3) spatial and temporal precipitation patterns. To achieve this, it is recommended that a raingage network be established to monitor the precipitation over northeast Illinois relevant to the diversion of Lake Michigan waters. This network should consist of 10 to 15 weighing-bucket recording raingages. The raingages should be reasonably spaced across the affected area. The network should be managed by one group to ensure that the best possible exposures are obtained initially, and that these exposures are inspected at least annually. The data from such a network should all be quality-controlled in a consistent manner.
5
Weighing-bucket raingages with daily charts would be capable of obtaining hourly or smaller time increments if daily charts are used. To reduce costs and to increase security, it is recommended that these raingages be located on private property, and that the observers be given a modest annual stipend. The charts from the observers should be mailed to a central location for data processing, quality control, and extraction of hourly precipitation totals. Raingages should be evenly spaced, as much as possible, and sites would be found after consulting with the agencies involved (pp. 41-42). Using Vogel's recommendation as a model, the State Water Survey (SWS) and the COE jointly decided in late 1988 to devise, install, and operate a new raingage network, funded by the COE. The purpose of the new network was to produce consistent, accurate data for the diversion accounting, which would require little or no adjustment. The implementation and operation of such a network would have to be justified on the grounds of both long-term cost savings and greater accuracy. This report describes the maintenance and operation of the network, along with the data reduction and analysis techniques employed, and brief data analyses, for Water Year 1992, the third year of the operation of the network.
2.
NETWORK DESIGN The SWS has operated dense raingage networks in the past (e.g., Huff, 1970, 1979),
which tested gridded raingage spacings of 6 feet to 6 miles. Adequate sampling of convectivetype precipitation (spring and summer) was found to require nearly twice as many gages as required by more widespread, continuous precipitation (fall and winter). With that in mind, and opting for an optimum grid spacing, an initial attempt at creating a grid resulted in an array of 40 raingages located in the Cook County region within the Lake Michigan and Des Plaines River watersheds of the MWRDGC North, Central, South, and Lemont basins. Due to cost
6
considerations, however, some spring/summer catchment ability was sacrificed, and a 25-site grid was devised using a 5-7 mile grid spacing between gages. Also due to cost considerations, raingages were not installed outside the watershed boundaries to better define isohyetal patterns at those boundaries. These 25 raingages, more than Vogel had originally envisioned (10-15), have provided adequate coverage for precipitation catchment during Water Years 1990 and 1991, the first two years of operation of the network (Peppier 1991b, 1991c), and are consistent with the "best current engineering practice" as specified in the 1967 Supreme Court decree. Topographic maps of the Cook County region were used to approximate the location of each of the 25 sites and fine-tune their placement to best position the sites with respect to residential areas, industrial facilities, or municipal grounds. Since terrain effects are fairly minimal in northeastern Illinois, gridding was possible. Gridding also allows the use of simple arithmetic averaging to compute areal depths instead of other labor-intensive methods such as the Thiessen polygonal method. Once candidate locations were found, several preliminary field trips were made to the Cook County region, and letters were written by the SWS in summer 1989 seeking permission to use the selected locations as raingage sites. Due to the urbanization of the region, site selection was sometimes a frustrating venture, as it was difficult in many instances to identify good catchment areas free of barriers for ground-level placement. When selecting sites, highest priority was given to those at ground level in relatively open, secure areas since obstructions and local wind eddies produced by flow barriers present the largest sources of error in collecting precipitation data. Placing the collector at ground level mitigates wind effects on catchment and represents the ideal exposure (Legates and Willmott, 1990), but it is not practical in wintertime when snow is measured. Thus, as has been standard SWS practice, each raingage was placed on stakes with its base approximately 8 inches above ground level and
7
the top of its orifice at about 4 feet. When asked for permission to site a raingage on their property, most individuals, businesses, and municipalities were extremely receptive. In fact, only four sites have been relocated since the network began operating in October 1989. In late September and early October 1989, the entire 25-gage network was installed (Figure 2). Each universal weighing-bucket raingage used throughout the network was fitted with a battery-powered electric chart drive for more consistent and reliable operation. The SWS provided all raingages from its inventory. Table 1 lists the property owner and address for each site. Appendix I contains more complete site descriptions for each network location as of September 30, 1992. The weighing-bucket recording raingages used are as reliable as any others available (see Jones, 1969, for a complete description of tests of different raingages). All raingages are subject to catchment errors due to winds, wetting losses, evaporation, splashing into or out of the gage, and blowing snow (Legates and Willmott, 1990). Koschmieder (1934) noted that as wind speed increases, gage catch decreases. Legates and Willmott (1990) found that raingage errors "tend to be proportional to total precipitation and amount to nearly 11 percent of the catch." To prevent loss due to blowing snow during the winter, the Nipher shield and the shield used by Lindroth (1991) are helpful but were not considered for the new network due to cost and vandalism considerations.
8
Figure 2.
Configuration of the current 25-site raingage network used during Water Years 1990-1992.
9
Table 1. Raingage Network Site Information Site Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Name Mission Brook Sanitary District Winnetka Park District Private Residence Village of Skokie Private Residence Private Residence Broadway United Methodist Church Cook County Forest Preserve District Mary Queen of Heaven Parish Rental Residence Private Residence Reckitt & Coleman Private Residence City of Chicago South Water Purification Plant Address P.O. Box 2362 Northbrook, IL 60065 510 Green Bay Rd. Winnetka, IL 60093 1885 Riverview Dr. Des Plaines, IL 60018 5127 Oakton St. Skokie, IL 60077 2925 N. Sarah Dr. Franklin Park, IL 60131 5340 W. Fletcher St. Chicago, IL 60641 3344 N. Broadway Chicago, IL 60657 10400 Windsor Dr. Westchester, IL 60154 5314 W. 24th Place Cicero, IL 60650 527 W. 26th Street Chicago, IL 60616 10180 5th Ave. Cutoff LaGrange, IL 60525 5151 W. 73rd St. Chicago, IL 60638 7409 S. Eggleston St. Chicago, IL 60621 3300 E. Chiltenham Place Chicago, IL 60649
10
Table 1. (Concluded)
Site Number 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Name Metropolitan Water Reclamation District Private Residence Sardee Industries Ingersoll Products Company Graycor Industries Private Residence Private Residence U. S. Army Reserve Center City of Lansing Public Works Village of Matteson Big John's Farm Stand
Address 13 Stephen Street Lemont, IL 60439 240 Timber Edge Lane Palos Park, IL 60464 11900 S. Laramie St. Alsip, IL 60658 1000 W. 120th St. Chicago, IL 60643 12233 Avenue O Chicago, IL 60603 10595 W. 167th St. Orland Park, IL 60462 16710 Lockwood Rd. Tinley Park, IL 60477 400 E. 167th Street Harvey, IL 60426 3300 E. 171st St. Lansing, IL 60438 3625 W. 215th St. Matteson, IL 60443 1754 E. Joe Orr Rd. Chicago Heights, IL 60411
11
3.
NETWORK OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Each raingage in the network was fitted with 24-hour chart drive and chart cylinder gears
that rotate the chart cylinder once every 24 hours. The 24-hour chart allows resolution down to 15-minute periods. Because a chart can measure up to 12 inches of precipitation, each gage is fitted with a galvanized bucket capable of holding 12 inches of precipitation in calibration with the 8-inch orifice opening used on the raingage collector. An upward pen traverse on a chart measures the first 6 inches the bucket catches, and a reversed, downward pen traverse measures inches 7-12. The latter traverse, often unnecessary, is vital whenever more than 6 inches of precipitation occurs between chart periods, or during winter when the antifreeze-charged buckets are allowed to accumulate precipitation without dumping for long periods of time. A single team of observers, living in Cook County, services each gage every 6-8 days, which means that 6-8 traces are drawn on each chart. Servicing includes removing and replacing the current chart, re-inking the pen, dumping the bucket from April-October (the warm season of the year), and noting any problems, including chart-drive malfunction, gage imbalance or instability, vandalism, unauthorized movement of the gage, etc. During the warm season, evaporation shields are fitted into the collection orifice above the bucket to mitigate evaporation. During the cool season (November-March), these shields are removed and a 1-quart charge of antifreeze is added to each bucket. This allows frozen precipitation to melt in the bucket as it is caught, allowing the weighing mechanism to give a proper reading. Refer to Appendix II for a complete listing of servicing instructions provided to the raingage observers. Each week a complete set of 25 charts collected by the observers is mailed to the SWS, along with notations about problems. The following section, describing data reduction, explains what happens to the data collected on the charts.
12
Approximately once every two months, or as necessary, the SWS project leader visits the network to perform routine maintenance and repairs for which the observers do not possess adequate expertise. These activities include a site assessment of an observer-noted problem and the determination of a solution. Because most problems pertain to the chart drives, the solution is often to replace the drive or its batteries. If replaced, a chart drive is cleaned and readied for re-use at the SWS. Two spare chart drives allow for flexibility here. Other typical problems (mentioned above) can be solved on these trips as well. A complete maintenance history, including site relocations, is given for each of the 25 raingages in Appendix III, which more fully describes the kinds of maintenance and repairs conducted. This information is current through September 30, 1992.
4.
DATA REDUCTION When a set of charts arrives at the SWS, it is edited to identify the various traces on the
charts and to number those showing precipitation sequentially by date. This is perhaps the most important step in the reduction procedure. A running inventory of "on" and "off chart times is also maintained to ensure that the on-times on the newly received charts match the off-times on the last set of charts analyzed. Occasionally, the observers make inadvertent errors in the on-/off-time designations, particularly when time zones change in October and March (charts are always kept on Central Standard Time). The on- and off-times are marked on the charts, with the on-time revolution designated as "1", and the last revolution designated as appropriate. Then, the various rain periods (storms) are identified and numbered based on their sequence in relation to the first and last revolutions. This editing procedure also acts as a trouble-shooting exercise to identify chart-drive problems (running slow, fast, or not at all). Raingage instability
13
problems can also be identified from a shaky pen trace. Skipping or unusually heavy traces indicate problems with the pen tip. Calibration problems can be noted if a trace reverses before the 6-inch line is reached. Finally, the editing stage permits the identification of missing periods of data on the charts, and these are appropriately marked. After all charts have been edited, they are ready to be digitized with a Summagraphics Microgrid II digitizer. All data values are fed into a 486/33 MHz personal computer. Each chart is processed separately. The four corners of a chart are digitized to set the grid, then on- and off-times are entered and their locations digitized. The number of revolutions on each chart is noted. Each trace indicating precipitation is digitized by "clicking-in" each breakpoint along the respective trace. Once a chart is digitized, a computer output gives details on the precipitation that was measured on the chart, in storm amount format, with appropriate beginning and ending times. Also included is an analysis of whether the chart drive is running slow or fast, which helps assess whether a chart drive requires servicing. Errors made during the editing stage can also be caught during digitization. If a chart drive stops during a collection period, the beginning and ending points of the missing period are digitized and appropriately stored in the computer. Once a calendar month of data is logged into the computer, a C-language program, written at the SWS, calculates hourly precipitation values at all 25 sites for each hour of the month in question. These calculations are based on a linear interpolation between digitized breakpoints on the traces. The newly computed hourly values are compared to the digitized storm values during program execution to ensure consistent precipitation amounts. A printout of the entire monthly data array contains data for all 25 stations for all hours of the month. Monthly totals appear at the bottom of the print out. Missing values are denoted as 99.99.
14
This data array is then used to check for time and space consistency, to divide the data into storm periods, and to fill in missing values with interpolated information. A storm is defined as a precipitation period separated from preceding and succeeding precipitation periods by approximately 6 hours at all stations in the network. This definition has been used by Huff (1967) for an area of similar dimensions in central Illinois, by Vogel (1986) to define extreme storm events in the Chicago area, and by Vogel (1988, 1989) and Peppier (1990, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c) to define storms for Water Years 1984-1991. For each storm, values are summed and plotted on maps using all available data and stations, and isohyetal patterns are drawn. During Water Year 1992, 123 such storms were defined. After a generalized precipitation pattern is obtained for each storm, interpolated storm totals are manually estimated from the pattern for each site having missing information during that storm. Wind information, if available (usually the resultant direction and speed at Chicago O'Hare Airport), and known urban effects in the Chicago area (Huff and Vogel, 1976; Changnon, 1980, 1984) are taken into account when drawing isolines and interpolating values. A computer program is then executed, which uses an objective analysis program from the International Mathematical and Statistical Library (IMSL) to objectively determine new values for hours designated as missing. The objective routine is also used to re-create values at data sites with questionable values that were identified during the storm analysis stage. After
execution of the program, the new values are compared to the manually estimated ones, and any unrealistic objective values are adjusted. Once everything has been verified, a final computer file of hourly precipitation values for the month being analyzed is archived.
15
5.
DATA ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGIES
Using the final Water Year 1992 data set, various analyses were produced. These
include: (1) a water year amount plot (Figure 3) and monthly amount plots (Figures 4-9) for the region as documentation of the data collected from the network, (2) monthly and water year totals at all sites (Table 2), (3) comparisons to patterns from Water Years 1984-1985 and 19871989 (Figure 10) and 1990-1991 (Figure 11), and (4) an analysis of the three-year network precipitation average, 1990-1992 (Figure 12). Figure 3 contains the complete Water Year 1992 analysis (see also Table 2 for exact values). Isopleths are labeled in inches of precipitation. During this water year, precipitation amount highs occurred in the east-central and southwestern portions of the Cook County region, centered on Sites #10 (26th Street) and #15 (MWRDGC-Lemont). Precipitation lows were generally located in the northwestern, western, and extreme southeastern portions of the region, centered on Sites #3 (Des Plaines), #8 (Westchester), and #25 (Chicago Heights), respectively. The general north-to-south increase in precipitation noted during past network water years (19901991) was not evident in Water Year 1992 (e.g., Peppier 1991b), and values in general for this water year were less widespread (much less in some cases) than for the other network water years. Some areas within the network deserve further mention. An area of higher precipitation stretching from Site #10 northwestward to near Site #6 (near Belmont Avenue) coincides with the urban high noted by historical 1949-1974 data (e.g., "north-central high" from Huff and Vogel, 1976) and by data from other water years in the 1980s and 1990s (e.g., Peppier, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c). The stabilizing effect exerted by Lake Michigan on convective rainfall (e.g., Huff and Vogel, 1976), resulting in lower values along the lake, was not strongly evident during
16
Figure 3.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for Water Year 1992. Dots indicate raingage sites.
17
Table 2. Monthly and Water Year 1992 Precipitation Totals (Inches) for All 26 Ralngage Sites
Date Oct 1991 Nov 1991 Dec 1991 Jan 1992 Feb 1992 Mar 1992 Apr 1992 May 1992 Jun 1992 Jul 1992 Aug 1992 Sep 1992
1 6.92 3.27 1.48 0.90 1.59 2.99 2.46 0.57 1.39 5.01 3.52 6.01
2 8.09 3.82 1.52 1.30 1.47 2.69 2.45 0.68 1.31 4.35 4.12 4.70
3 7.33 3.57 1.46 1.12 1.44 2.42 2.05 0.35 1.71 4.23 3.53 5.57
4 9.06 3.67 1.75 0.84 1.48 2.56 2.33 0.43 1.26 4.08 4.91 4.55
5 9.17 3.80 1.45 0.99 1.47 2.36 2.24 0.25 1.08 4.86 3.30 5.24
6 8.79 3.84 1.53 1.23 1.48 2.98 2.03 0.41 0.83 4.92 4.10 5.09
7 7.43 3.58 1.45 1.11 1.62 3.32 1.93 0.72 1.37 4.44 3.81 5.10
8 8.67 3.66 1.55 1.20 1.47 2.06 2.04 0.17 0.97 4.10 2.46 5.28
9 8.39 3.45 1.64 1.14 1.39 2.80 1.70 0.31 1.79 4.19 2.42 6.44
10 8.27 3.88 2.26 1.21 1.63 3.39 1.86 0.25 3.00 4.11 2.79 7.35
11 9.62 3.76 1.92 1.01 1.42 2.62 2.14 0.23 2.03 4.75 2.28 6.45
12 8.56 3.24 1.25 0.95 1.54 2.42 1.80 0.23 2.18 5.62 2.18 6.34
13 9.14 3.94 1.56 0.99 1.49 2.56 2.17 0.88 2.17 3.91 2.67 5.61
14 8.71 4.04 1.30 1.16 1.52 2.30 2.26 0.64 1.89 3.69 2.00 5.28
16 9.56 3.50 1.71 0.94 1.45 2.13 2.27 0.08 1.97 6.53 2.89 7.80
16 8.99 3.78 1.63 1.15 1.50 2.16 2.42 0.38 1.69 5.54 2.29 7.14
17 10.03 3.49 1.34 0.69 1.59 2.06 1.89 0.40 1.86 4.91 2.02 6.76
18 9.17 3.65 1.58 0.86 1.64 2.21 2.23 0.57 1.43 4.38 2.65 6.56
19 8.28 3.26 2.14 1.12 1.63 2.68 2.11 0.95 1.24 3.97 2.33 5.65
20 8.73 3.47 1.55 0.73 1.74 2.10 2.17 0.59 1.28 5.32 2.16 7.03
21 8.62 3.75 2.32 0.96 1.83 2.00 2.02 0.75 1.34 5.28 1.93 6.82
22 8.00 3.62 1.96 1.10 1.87 2.56 1.92 1.01 1.34 5.36 2.62 6.20
23 7.75 3.76 2.06 1.11 1.96 2.31 1.71 1.05 0.92 4.21 2.42 6.79
24 8.32 3.63 1.77 0.80 1.72 1.68 1.35 0.88 1.73 5.78 2.49 5.56
25 7.93 3.85 1.89 0.81 1.75 2.28 1.51 0.94 1.38 6.23 1.55 5.20
WY1992
35.11
36.50 34.78 36.92 36.21
37.23 35.88 33.63 35.66 40.00 38.13 36.31
36.99 34.79 39.83 38.67 37.04 36.83 35.36 36.87 37.62 37.66 35.05 35.73
35.32
this water year. However, the western minimum appears similar to adjusted ones found in some water years during the 1980s (Peppier, 1991a), and the southeastern minimum resembles those of Water Years 1990 and 1991. As mentioned above, the 1992 pattern has less in common with the patterns for 1990 and 1991 than those two patterns had with each other. The early-spring drought of 1992 may be responsible for the lighter water year values as a whole, and for the changes in the precipitation pattern documented. In Water Year 1990, totals ranged from 36.24 inches at Site #4 (Skokie) to 45.89 inches at Site #13 (near 75th Street), and during 1991 the totals ranged from 33.79 inches at Site #1 (Mission Brook Sanitary District) to 47.54 inches at Site #24 (Matteson). For Water Year 1992, totals ranged from 33.63 inches at Site #8 (Westchester) to 40.00 inches at Site #10 (26th Street) and 39.83 at Site #15 (Lemont). Like the network 1990 and 1991 patterns, the pattern for Water Year 1992 is in great contrast to the unusual anomalies associated with the precipitation amounts from the NWS, MWRDGC, and CC raingages used to generate precipitation information for Water Years 1984-1989. Figures 4-9 contain monthly analyses during Water Year 1992 (see also Table 2). Generally, light precipitation occurred during the winter (December-February), as in other water years. Precipitation was also extremely light during the spring (April-June), a normally wet period marked by a drought throughout Illinois and the Midwest in 1992. Indeed, May was the driest month during the water year. The heaviest precipitation amounts occurred during the fall (October-November) and summer (July-September), the latter breaking the spring drought. October was by far the wettest month of the water year. Looking at some of the more interesting light precipitation cases, May, the driest month, had amounts ranging from just 0.08 inches at Site #15 (Lemont), the water year low, to 1.05 inches at Site #23 (Lansing). January was the second-driest month, with precipitation ranging from just 0.73 inches at Site #20 (Orland
19
Figure 4.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for October 1991 (Panel a) and November 1991 (Panel b). Dots indicate raingage sites.
20
Figure 5.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for December 1991 (Panel a) and January 1992 (Panel b). Dots indicate raingage sites.
21
Figure 6.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for February 1992 (Panel a) and March 1992 (Panel b). Dots indicate raingage sites.
22
Figure 7.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for April 1992 (Panel a) and May 1992 (Panel b). Dots indicate raingage sites.
23
Figure 8.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for June 1992 (Panel a) and July 1992 (Panel b). Dots indicate raingage sites.
24
Figure 9.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for August 1992 (Panel a) and September 1992 (Panel b). Dots indicate raingage sites.
25
Park) to 1.30 inches at Site #2 (Winnetka). For heavier precipitation, October values ranged from 6.92 inches at Site #1 (near Northbrook) to 10.03 inches at Site #17 (Alsip), the water year high. September was the second-wettest month, with values ranging from 4.55 inches at Site #4 (Skokie) to 7.80 inches at Site #15 (Lemont). Of the 123 storms identified during Water Year 1992, six produced amounts that surpassed an annual event (one-year recurrence interval), for the given storm duration, considering storm durations of one hour to ten days in northeastern Illinois (values from Huff and Angel, 1989). These included Storms 2 and 8 in October, Storm 80 in June, Storm 97 in July, Storm 103 in August, and Storm 116 in September. Storms 2 (October 3-5, 1991, with durations ranging from 26 to 32 hours) and 116 (September 9, 1992, with durations ranging from 13 to 18 hours) were the heaviest over the entire network. At least 2.19 inches of precipitation fell at every site during Storm 2, while at least 1.11 inches fell at every site during Storm 116. During Storm 2, 15 sites had totals exceeding an annual event, while three sites had totals exceeding a 2-year event. During Storm 116, 17 sites had totals exceeding an annual event, seven had totals exceeding a 2-year event, six had totals exceeding a 5-year event, and two had totals exceeding a 10-year event. In this storm, Site #20 had the water year storm-high precipitation total (4.42 inches during a 13-hour period). Another storm total of note occurred during Storm 80 (June 17, 1992), when 2.78 inches fell at Site #10 during a 2-hour period, exceeding a 10-year event. Appendix IV lists all storm totals for all events greater than an annual event, considering storm periods of one hour to ten days in northeastern Illinois, with special notation given for storms exceeding events ranging from 2 to 100 years, respectively. A comparison was also made between the unadjusted data from Water Years 1984-1985 and 1987-1989 (Figure 10) and network totals from Water Years 1990-1991 (Figure 11) and
26
Figure 10.
Unadjusted precipitation patterns (inches) for Water Years 1984-1985 and 19871989 from National Weather Service, City of Chicago, and Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago raingages.
27
Figure 11.
Precipitation pattern (inches) for Water Years 1990 and 1991 from network raingages.
1992 (Figure 3). Excluding the low values at the West Southwest Sewage Treatment Plant (an MWRDGC site in the center of the region - see Figure 1), which had many missing observations during Water Years 1987-1989, network patterns from 1990-1992 do not show the unusual, highly contrasting high/low patterns in found the 1984-1989 water year patterns given by the NWS, CC, and MWRDGC raingages. The current raingage network is continuing to measure the precipitation that falls over the Cook County region more consistently than the previously used NWS, CC, and MWRDGC gages were able to measure. Finally, a composite 1990-1992 three-year network average analysis (Figure 12) shows a general north-to-south increase in precipitation across the network, with lows along the lakeshore north of downtown and in the northwestern and extreme southeastern portions of the grid, and highs in the north-central, east-central, and southern parts of the network.
6.
SUMMARY With collection, reduction, and analysis of precipitation data now complete for Water
Years 1990-1992, the Cook County raingage network appears to be accurately capturing the precipitation that falls over the region. The network's exposure and areal coverage are superior to the previously used network of NWS, CC, and MWRDGC raingages. These data are greatly enhancing the ability of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District, to properly assess the storm runoff portion of the diversion of waters from Lake Michigan. Also, because of the relatively dense spacing of the raingages, the continued operation of the network provides great potential for research on the precipitation climate of the Cook County region. Network
operation has become routine enough to allow final hourly, daily, and monthly precipitation totals to be available within two weeks of the end of a calendar month.
29
Figure 12.
Three-year average precipitation pattern (inches) from Water Years 1990-1992.
30
7.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was contracted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District, under Grant DACW 23-89-C-0005. Tim Lormand and David Moughton, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District, administered the project, and Moughton also helped edit a draft version of the report. Doug Ward established the digitizing system, including software; Marv Clevenger and Roma Johnson handled all digitizing tasks; Linda Hascall drafted the figures; and Eva Kingston edited the report.
31
8.
REFERENCES
Changnon, S. A., 1961: Precipitation contrasts between the Chicago urban area and an offshore station in southern Lake Michigan. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 42, 1-10. Changnon, S. A., 1968: Precipitation Climatology of Lake Michigan Basin. Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin 52, 46 pp. Changnon, S. A., 1980: Evidence of urban and lake influences on precipitation in the Chicago area. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 19, 1137-1159. Changnon, S. A., 1984: Urban and lake effects on summer rainfall in the Chicago area. Physical Geography, 4 (2), 1-23. Huff, F. A., 1967: Time distribution of rainfall in heavy storms. Water Resources Research, 3, 1007-1019. Huff, F. A., 1970: Sampling errors in measurement of mean precipitation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 9, 35-44. Huff, F. A., 1979: Spatial and Temporal Correlation of Precipitation in Illinois. Illinois State Water Survey Circular 141, 14 pp. Huff, F. A., and J. R. Angel, 1989: Frequency Distributions and Hydroclimatic Characteristics of Heavy Rainstorms in Illinois. Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin 70, 177 pp. Huff, F. A., and S. A. Changnon, 1973: Precipitation modification by major urban areas. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 54, 1220-1232. Huff, F. A., and J. L. Vogel, 1976: Hydrometeorology of Heavy Rainstorms in Chicago and Northeastern Illinois. Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation 82, 63 pp. Jones, D. M. A., 1969: Effect of housing shape on the catch of recording gages. Monthly Weather Review, 97, 604-606. Koschmieder, H., 1934: Methods and results of definite rain measurements. Monthly Weather Review, 62, 5. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, 1990: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gaugecorrected, global precipitation. International Journal of Climatology, 10, 111-127. Lindroth, A., 1991: Reduced loss in precipitation measurements using a new wind shield for raingages. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 8, 444-451.
32
Peppier, R. A., 1990: Reduction of 1987 Water Year Precipitation Data for Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 498, 16 pp. Peppier, R. A., 1991a: Reduction and Adjustment of Water Year 1988 and Water Year 1989 Precipitation Data for Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 510, 24 pp. Peppier, R. A., 1991b: Installation and Operation of a Dense Raingage Network to Improve Precipitation Measurements for Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting: Water Year 1990. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 517, 87 pp. Peppier, R. A., 1991c: Continued Operation of a Raingage Network for Collection, Reduction, and Analysis of Precipitation Data for Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting: Water Year 1991. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 520, 65 pp. Peppier, R. A., 1993: Reduction of 1986 Water Year Precipitation Data for Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 550, 13 pp. Vogel, J. L., 1986: Significant Storm Distribution in Chicago 1949-1979. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 388, 30 pp. Vogel, J. L., 1988: An Examination of Chicago Precipitation Patterns for Water Year 1984. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 449, 44 pp. Vogel, J. L., 1989: Reduction of 1985 Water Year Precipitation Data for Chicago. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 459, 15 pp.
33
APPENDIX I: RAINGAGE SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Contained below are descriptions of the 25 raingage network sites representing the current siting in the Cook County, Illinois, region as of publication. Sites that have been relocated since the network began operation in October 1989 are noted in the "Placement" section of the descriptions.
34
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 1 Countv: Cook Section: 20 Township: 42N Lat/Long: 4206'38" / 8752'05" Range: 12E Quadrangle: Park Ridge
Property Owner: Mission Brook Sanitary District. Attn : John Tomaras Address: P.O. Box 2362. Northbrook. Illinois 60065 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 14, 1989 Installation Date: September 27. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 7378 Gage ID No.: 6561 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7373
Placement: Southeast corner of pump station lawn at southwest corner of intersection of Post and Cornflower Streets. Tri-State Tollway fence is just to the west. Enter area from west at Landwehr Road (north of Willow Road) at Sunset Ridge.
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 2 Countv: Cook Section: 19 Township: 42N Lat/Long: 4206'28" / 8745'05" Ranee: 13E Ouadrangle: Park Ridge
ProDertv Owner: Winnetka Park District. Attn: Richard Bl ust Address: 510 Green Bay Road, Winnetka. Illinois 60093 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 14. 1989 Installation Date: October 3. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 1703 Gage ID No.: 261 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7629
Placement: Between maintenance building and parking lot in grassy area. Previously located 15 feet southeast in the maintenance yard (10-3-89 through 7-31-91) before the gage was destroyed. The facility closes at 1600 local time on workdays. Enter facility west off of Hibbard Street, north of Willow Road.
35
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 3 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 41N Lat/Long: 4201'20" / 8752'38" Range: 12E Ouadrangle: Arlington Heights
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 1885 Riverview Avenue. Des Plaines, Illinois 60018 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 14. 1989 Installation Date: September 28. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4730 Gage ID No.: 5062 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7323
Placement: Northwest corner of the yard by the fence. Enter Riverview Avenue west off of Des Plaines River Road.
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 4 County: Cook Section: 21 Township: 4 IN Lat/Long: 4201'35" / 8745'22" Range: 13 E Ouadrangle: Park Ridge
ProDertv Owner: Village of Skokie. Attn: Eddy Nakai Address: 5127 Oakton Street, Skokie, Illinois 60077 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 18, 1989 Installation Date: September 27. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4656 Gage ID No.: 5040 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7345
Placement: Grassv strip between municipal parking lot and Floral Street just north of Oakton Street (across from Village Hall). Enter from Oakto n Street.
36
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 5 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 40N Lat/Long: 4155'57" / 8752'42" Range: 12E Quadrangle: Elmhurst
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 2925 North Sarah Drive, Franklin Park, Illinois 60131 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 13. 1989 Installation Date: September 28. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4717 Gage ID No.: 5105 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7630
Placement: Northeast corner of backyard near a fence and a hedge. Enter Schiller Avenue east off of Mannheim Road, then south on Sarah Drive (one-way).
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 6 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 40N Lat/Long: 4156'17" / 8745'38" Range: 13E Ouadrangle: River Forest
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 5340 West Fletcher Street, Chicago, Illinois 6064 1 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 28. 1989 Installation Date: September 28. 1989 Gaee Mfrs. No.: 5300 Gage ID No.: 5304 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7625
Placement: Middle of backyard along walkway halfway betvveen house and garage. Was closer to alley before garage was built (9-28-89 through 9-19 -90). Enter alley east off of Long Street, which is south off of Belmont Avenue.
37
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 7 County: Cook Section: 21 Township: 40N Lat/Long: 4157'07" / 8738'24" Range: 14E Ouadrangle: Chicago Loop
Property Owner: Broadway United Methodist Church. Attn: Pastor Fred Morris Address: 3344 North Broadway, Chicago. Illinois 60657 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: October 4. 1991 Installation Date: October 4. 1991 Gage Mfrs. No.: 5281 Gage ID No.: 5303 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7293
Placement: Just northeast of parking lot in grass strip between lot and black wrought iron fence. Enter parking lot from Buckingham Place (one-way westbound from Broadway). Was located at Belmont Harbor boat landing (10-1-89 through 12-27-89), on the Lincoln Park Gun Club roof (12-27-89 through 6-28-91), and just north of Diversey Harbor in a playground (6-28-91 through 10-4-91).
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 8 County: Cook Section: 29 Township: 39N Lat/Long: 4150'41" / 8752'51" Range: 12E Ouadrangle: Hinsdale
Property Owner: Cook County Forest Preserve District. Attn: Frank Grippo Address: 10400 Windsor Drive. Westchester. Illinois 60154 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 21. 1989 Installation Date: September 27. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4669 Gage ID No.: 5070 | Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7392
Placement: Southeast corner of backyard between pool and grape hedge. Enter Windsor Drive east from Belleview Drive, south from Cermak Road and into Forest Preserve residence facility. Just west of Salt Creek and parallel bike trail.
38
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 9 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 39E Lat/Long: 41o50'48,, / 8745'26" Range: 13E Quadrangle: Berwyn
Property Owner: Mary Oueen of Heaven Parish, c/o Father John Price Address: 5314 West 24th Place, Cicero. Illinois 60650 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: May 24, 1990 Installation Date: Mav 24, 1990 Gage Mfrs. No.: 7376 Gage ID No.: 6559 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7419
Placement: Southwest corner of schoolyard about 12 feet from south fence line and along a west fence, west of the nunnery. Was located at 5530 West 24th Street (9-28-89 through 5-24-89). Enter 24th Place (one-way east) from Central Avenue, south from Cermak Road.
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 10 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 39N Lat/Long: 4150'42" / 8738'27" Ranee: 14E Ouadrangle: Englewood
Property Owner: Rental Residence Address: 527 West 26th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 13, 1989 Installation Date: September 28. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4720 Gage ID No.: 5113 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7416
Placement: Backyard near edge of walk north of a garage an d east of a spruce tree. Enter off of alley south of 26th Street, where locked gate is to be entered (observer keeps key). In Chinatown area, block between Wallace and Norma l.
39
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 11 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 38N Lat/Lone: 4145'30" / 8752'18" Range: 12E Quadrangle: Berwyn
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 10180 5th Avenue Cutoff, LaGrange, Illinois 60525 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 13. 1989 Installation Date: September 29. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 3348 Gage ID No.: 4452 Clock Mfrs. No.: E7344
Placement: 6 feet east of clothesline pole in center of backyard near edge of a large garden. Access from Willow Springs Road, south of Joliet Road (parcel of land is between Interstate-55 and Tri-State Tollway).
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 12 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 38N Lat/Lone: 4145'29" / 8745'08" Range: 13E Ouadrangle: Berwvn
Property Owner: Reckitt & Coleman Address: 5151 West 73rd Street, Chicago, Illinois 60638 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 13. 1989 Installation Date: September 28. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4661 Gage ID No.: 5111 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7413
Placement: 50 feet southwest of truck scale platform in the third fenced-in area. Facility is locked on the weekend. Access from gate on 73rd Street (few blocks west of Cicero Avenue).
40
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 13 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 38N Lat/Long: 4145'34" / 8738'07" Range: 14E Quadrangle: Englewood
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 7409 South Eggleston Street, Chicago, Illinois 60621 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 13, 1989 Installation Date: September 29. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4687 Gage ID No.: 5058 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7353 Placement: Northwest of concrete patio, 3 feet from 8-foot high chain-link fence. About the only secure location in the vicinity. Entry is through a locked garage gate (observer has key). Otherwise, ring upper bell at front door. Was placed east of barbecue pit, 4 feet from fence and 7 feet southeast of present location (9-29-89 through 8-23-90), and 10 feet west of that position (8-23-90 through 4-15-92). Enter South Eggleston Street from 74th Street. SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 14 County: Cook Section: 29 Township: 38N Lat/Long: 4145'27" / 8732'40" Range: 15E Ouadrangle: Jackson Park
Property Owner: City of Chicago - South Water Purification Plant. Attn: Robert Sambol Address: 3300 East Chiltenham Place, Chicago, Illinois 60649 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 12, 1989 Installation Date: September 28. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 3370 Gage ID No.: 4453 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7294 Placement: Center of large grassv area (turf-covered roof) over sand filtration beds. Two distant buildings are east and west of the site. Enter facility east off of 79th Street from South Shore Drive.
41
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 15 County: Cook Section: 20 Township: 37N Lat/Long: 4140'38" / 8759'52" Ranee: HE
Quadrangle: Sag Bridge
Property Owner: Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Attn: Jim Ivers Address: 13 Stephen Street. Lemont. Illinois 60439 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 11. 1989 Installation Date: September 27. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 3373 Gage ID No.: 4421 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7627
Placement: About 100 feet east of entrance road, and several hundred feet south of MWRDGC building. Just north of Illinois and Michigan Canal. Access from Stephen Street in downtown Lemont. Exit Interstate-55 south on Lemont Road and then downtown, or enter from east on McCarthy Road. Hours are 0700-1530 local time. SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 16 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 37N Lat/Long: 4139'47" / 8752'14" Range: 12E Quadrangle: Palos Park
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 240 Timber Edge Lane, Palos Park. Illinois 60464 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 11. 1989 Installation Date: September 27. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4733 Gage ID No.: 5022 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7378
Placement: Along west edge of lawn in backvard, about 20 feet south of property line and utility. Was moved about 2 feet on 4-26-91 to facilitate landscaping. Enter subdivision from 125th Street (off of Route 45), just south of McCarthy Road. Westsouthwest of Papoose Lake.
42
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 17 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 37N Lat/Long: 4140'33" / 8745'03" Range: 13E Quadrangle: Palos Park
Property Owner: Sardee Industries, Attn: Andy Chakonas Address: 11900 South Laramie Street. Alsip. Illinois 60658 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 11, 1989 Installation Date: September 27. 1989 GageMfrs. No.: 4719 Gage ID No.: 5415 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7300
Placement: About 50 feet west of last loading dock in grassy field northwest of factory. Enter Laramie Street from 122nd Street, west of Cicero Avenue. Northeast of Tri-State Tollway, just south of Restvale Cemetery.
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 18 County: Cook Section: 29 Township: 37N Lat/Long: 4140'35" / 8739'06" Range: 14E Quadrangle: Blue Island
Property Owner: Ingersoll Products Company, Attn: Don Recupido Address: 1000 West 120th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60643 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 12, 1989 Installation Date: September 27, 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 7130 Gage ID No.: None Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7410
Placement: Southwest end of property just southwest of a truck scale and east of property fence. Must enter at guarded gate on 119th Street.
43
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 19 County: Cook Section: 20 Township: 37N Lat/Long: 4140'20" / 8732'21" Ranee: 15E Ouadrangle: Lake Calumet
Property Owner: Graycor Industries Address: 12233 Avenue O, Chicago, Illinois 60603 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 11. 1989 Installation Date: September 26. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 5298 Gage ID No.: 5291 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7294
Placement: Grassv area just south of entrance drive and just west of the main parking lot. Office building and shops to north, and shops to southwest.
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 20 County: Cook Section: 29 Township: 36N Lat/Long: 4135'08" / 8752'37" Range: 12E Ouadrangle: Mokena
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 10595 West 167th Street, Orland Park, Illinois 60462 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: March 16. 1990 Installation Date: March 16. 1990 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4667 Gage ID No.: 5061 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7415
Placement: About 30 feet east of welding shop on rural property. Shop is east building of home/shop complex. Four dachshunds outside. Was located about 0.25 mile southeast on South 104th Avenue (9-26-89 through 3-16-90).
44
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 21 County: Cook Section: 28 Township: 36N Lat/Long: 4135'14" / 8744'56" Range: 13E Quadrangle: Harvey
Property Owner: Private Residence Address: 16710 Lockwood Road. Tinlev Park. Illinois 60477 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 16. 1989 Installation Date: September 28. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4686 Gage ID No.: 5037 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7370
Placement: North end of backyard west of (behind) parage, Enter Lockwood Road south off of 167th Street.
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 22 Countv: Cook Section: 21 Township: 36N Lat/Long: 4135'08" / 8738'08" Range: 14E Quadrangle: Harvey
Prooertv Owner: U.S. Army Reserve Center, Attn: Commander Al Dixon Address: 400 East 167th Street. Harvev. Illinois 60426 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 12. 1989 Installation Date: September 26. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4676 Gage ID No.: 5035 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7334
Placement: Between parking lot and reserve building, just north of fenced-in reserve storage lot, about 150 feet south of 167th Street. Was located about 100 feet northwest on Army property, just west of parking lot before a building was constructed on property just to the west (9-26-89 through 11-2-90). Enter 167th Street east off of Halsted Avenue.
45
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 23 County: Cook Section: 29 Township: 36N Lat/Long: 41o35'10" / 8732'16" Range: 15E Ouadrangle: Calumet City
Prooertv Owner: City of Lansing Public Works. Attn: Al Poortenga Address: 3300 East 171st Street. Lansing, Illinois 60438 Telephone: [phone] Permission Date: September 12. 1989 Installation Date: September 26. 1989 Gage Mfrs. No.: 4660 Gage ID No.: 5043 Clock Mfrs. No.: E 7357
Placement: 6 feet from east fence in northeast corner of storage vard of Public Works complex. 75 feet east of a new recycling building. Enter north gate east off of 170th Street. Closes at 1530 local time.
SITE DESCRIPTION Site Number: 24 County: Cook Section: 16 T...