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Kusumo Teasya Psychology 410 Annotated Bibliographies Treatment Effectiveness for Conduct Disorder May 1, 2008 Connell, A. M., Dishion, T. J., Yasui, M., & Kavanagh, K. (2007). An adaptive approach to family intervention: Linking engagement in family-centered intervention to reductions in adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 568-579. Parental supervision is crucial in playing a part of reducing child maladjustment and preventing the development of problem behavior in children. Then what kind of treatment program that work in reducing problem behaviors in children with conduct disorder? Study done by Connell et al. (2007) finds that family intervention for children with conduct disorder worked in reducing many of these children problem behaviors. The intervention aims at helping, supporting, and motivating the parents to improve their parenting practices in dealing with their conduct problem children. There researchers recruited 998 6th graders and their families. 526 participants were male and 472 participants were female. All the participants were randomly assigned to either control or intervention that included a universal classroom-based intervention, the Family Check-Up, and family management treatment. The researchers asked the participants to do self-report each year at age 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16 17 in their frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana used. The purpose of the study was to find out if family intervention program help in reducing maladaptive behavior in children with conduct disorder. The result shown that 25% of the intervention group engaged in the FCU linked with behavioral intervention help in reducing problem behaviors for children at younger age to late adolescence. The intervention also reduces children s antisocial behavior and tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. There is also significant reduction in rate of arrest across adolescence (Connell et al., 2007). One of the limitations mentioned by the author was the result was based on self-report rather than having multirater who can assess if the adolescent conduct problems have reduced. One thing that the researchers didn t mention was having different kinds of intervention. Future research should focus to see all aspect of intervention by having 3 different kinds of intervention. First intervention will focus on helping the child with conduct disorder only, the second intervention will focus on the helping the parents, and the third will focus on helping both the parents and the child. The participants will then be randomly assigned to only one out of these three interventions. And out of all these three interventions, researches can find out which intervention will work best for the conduct disorder children. Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L., Gardner, F., & Arnds, K. (2006). Randomized trial of a family-centered approach to the prevention of early conduct problems: 2-year effects of the family check-up in early childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1-9. Conduct problems can be detected as early as toddler, but not a lot of researchers have targeted these young children in dealing with their problems. Around this age, these children are at their most vulnerable moment where they need as much supervision and guidance from their parents. But many of the past studies of family-centered intervention haven t focus in helping younger children deal with their problems and most of the researchers didn t target parents motivation to change their maladaptive parenting style. The purpose of the current study done by Shaw et al. (2006) is to examine the efficacy of a family-centered intervention in reducing child conduct problem and to sustain maternal involvement. The researchers recruited 120 mother-son dyads in 2001. The son age ranged from 17-27 months old. These participants were matched according to the child severity of conduct disorder and maternal depression. The researchers will gather their data based on mother s self-report on family income, parental education, child behavioral problem, and etc. The researchers also observed children s behaviors in the home setting. Each year there is a follow-up on mothers self-report and children behavior observation. The result of the study finds that mothers in the intervention programs were more involved with their children and there was a significant decrease of conduct problem in boys at age 2 through 3 compare to the control group. The intervention in reducing the problem behavior in conduct problem children and increase maternal involvement has reduced the child s conduct problem. The authors mentioned that there are some limitations to this study and one of them was where the result may not be generalized do the toddler-age girls. However, it would be interesting to also know between the relationship of a father and a son. Future research needs to find out if this intervention works for paternal-son relationship. Weis, R., Whitemarsh, S. M., & Wilson, N. L. (2005). Military-style residential treatment for disruptive adolescents: effective for some girls, all girls, when, and why? Psychological Services, 2, 105-122. Past researches have found that military-style intervention reduced antisocial attitudes in adolescence boys. This treatment provides very organized, well-defined rules that are hard to ignore by the conduct problem adolescence. Recently there is increased number of adolescence girls involved in conduct problem behavior and there are not a lot of researches that found military-style intervention works in reducing conduct problem in girls. Study done by Weis, Whitemarsh, and Wilson (2005) is looking at the effectiveness of military-style intervention in reducing maladaptive behaviors in girls and the likelihood of girls with history of abused to complete the program. Researchers recruited 193 boys and 89 girls (ages 16 18 years). Adolescence girls were twice as likely to have a long history of sexual or physical abused compare to adolescence males. These adolescences were put in boot-camp intervention for 22 weeks. The first two weeks, all the adolescence adjusts to the physical and mental demand of the military environment. The rest of 20 weeks, all the adolescence were trained in academic activities aimed to improve their educational, behavioral, and socioemontional functioning. A 6 months follow-up after the military-style intervention show a greater increase in completing high school and gain employment for participants who finish the intervention compare to the withdrew and control group. The completed participants show reduces of externalizing and internalizing symptoms compare to the control groups. However, many of physically abused girls withdrew from completing the program. There was a possibility that harsh environment in militarystyle intervention triggered unwanted memories of past victimization resulting a desire to escape the situation by withdrawing from the program. An alternative treatment is needed to treat these abused girls. One limitation that the author mentions was the little number of girls participating in the study. While I m interested in finding out if there will be a different result for physically abused girls to complete the military-style intervention if the participants and the staffs are women. There is a possibility that these abused girls would feel safer in this kind of environment. Foster, E. M., Olchowski, A. E., & Webster-Stratton, C. H. (2007). Is stacking intervention components cost-effective? An analysis of the incredible years program. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 414-1424. Children with conduct disorders have hard time to self-regulate themselves and have poor social skill that increase the likelihood for them to face peer rejection and isolation at an early age. These children often behave in ways that harmful to themselves and others. They are more likely to drop out of school, used weapon, become addicted to drugs, and involved in crimes. There was an estimated that one life of crime can cost society between $1.5 and $1.7 million. This amount put a high demand for society to put early prevention program to treat severe conduct disorder children (Foster, Olchowski, Sun, & Webster-Stratton, 2007). The purpose of this study was to show that multicomponent intervention is low cost effective in reducing the conduct problem in treating young children with early-onset conduct problem. The researcher used data collection that took place over a span of nearly 20 years (between the early 1980s and late 1990s). There were 459 participants and these participants were children between the age of 3 and 8. These treatment components include a child-based program (CT), a parent-based program (PT), and a teacher-based program (TT). Each program component focuses on improving children's interaction skill in different settings. The result of the study show children's behavior improved over time for all treated groups. The only exception was when children who received the combination of three treatments (CT + PT + TT) didn t show any improvement. The treatment was cost-effective; it only cost $3,000 for combination of treatments (Foster et al., 2007). One of the limitation mentioned was all the participants were clinic-referred and most of them were whites. Beauchaine, Theodore P; Webster-Stratton, Carolyn; Reid, M. Jamila. Mediators, Moderators, and Predictors of 1-Year Outcomes Among Children Treated for EarlyOnset Conduct Problems: A Latent Growth Curve Analysis. [References]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Vol 73(3) Jun 2005, 371-388.

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