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1 CSSS 560 Lecture 3: Review of the Linear Regression Model (Part II) Kevin Quinn University of Washington 2 Outline Residual Diagnostics Leverage and In uence Example 3 Residual Diagnostics In deriving the sampling properties of the OLS estimator we ve assumed: E[ |X] = 0 Cov[ i, j ] = 0 for all i = j N (0, 2I) Seems like an obvious way to check these assumptions is to use the estimated residuals: = y X 4 Complications: i not independent of j by construction (residuals sum to 0 if a constant is included) variance of i not equal to j by construction has been chosen so that is as possible to a N (0, 2I) random variable 5 Standardization helps to solve non-constant variance Robust regression methods help to solve the last complication 6 Standardized Residuals In order to standardize the residuals we need to calculate their variance After some algebra Var[ ] = 2(I H) where H = X(X X) 1X is the so-called hat matrix 7 Variance of an individual residual: Var[ i] = 2(1 hii) where hii is the ith main diagonal element of H 8 The standardized residual is de ned as i i = 1 hii standardized residuals will have approximately unit variance 9 Studentized residuals are another option The ith studentized residual is de ned as: i = yi y(i) var(yi y(i)) where y(i) = xi (i) and (i) is the vector of beta estimates obtained after deleting the ith row of y and X 10 It turns out that studentized residuals can also be calculated directly from standardized residuals: i = i n k i2 n k 1 Once we ve calculated either standardized or studentized residuals we can check for violations of model assumptions QQ Plots Plot residuals against y and the independent variables 11 Leverage and In uence Leverage can be de ned as the distance from the center of the X data Exactly what distance and center mean are up to us to some extent In uence is the extent to which the estimates are determined by a particular observation 12 Leverage How do we calculate distance in k-dimensioonal space? In 1-dimensional space the distance between two points x and y is |x y| In 2-dimensional space we can use the Pythagorean theorem together with our knowledge of calculating distance in 1-dimensional space to calculate the distance between two point x and y as |x1 y1|2 + |x2 y2|2 13 This can be written in vector form as: (x y) (x y) We can also write the Euclidean distance between two points x and yin k-dimensional space as: x y = (x y) (x y) 14 Euclidean distance weighs all directions equally What if the variables are correlated or have di erent variances? mahalanobis distance is one attempt to deal with these issues 15 mahalanobis distance is de ned as: M Di = (xi x) 1(xi x) where x is the mean of X and 1 is the inverse variance-covariance matrix of X mahalanobis distance weights the distance of a data point xi from its mean x such that observations that are on the same multivariate normal density contour will have the same distance Typically x and 1 are replaced with their sample 16 estimates 17 Another, related, concept of multivariate distance and hence leverage is the hat matrix H = X(X X) 1X In particular, the ith main diagonal entry of H provides a measure of how far observation i is from the center of the X data hii is directly related to mahalanobis distance : 2 M Di 1 hii = + n 1 n Average value of hii is always k/n 18 hii greater than 2-3 times k/n indicates observation i could well be a high leverage point 19 Masking hii like M Di depends on the sample mean and sample covariance matrix of the X variables As such hii and M Di are not robust to outliers If the data have numerous severe outliers these outliers may distort the sample mean and covariance and hence true high leverage points may not appear to be high leverage points 20 This is known as the masking problem 21 Rousseeuw and van Zomeren s Solution Rousseeuw and van Zomeren in a 1990 JASA article propose the following solution to the masking problem Calculate robust estimates of multivariate location and scale Use these in place of the sample mean and covariance matrix in the calculation of mahalanobis distance , resulting in a robust measure of multivariate distance 22 Good Leverage and Bad Leverage A high leverage observation i is bad if the relationship between xi and yi is not the same as in the bulk of the data A high leverage observation i is good if the relationship between xi and yi is the same as in the bulk of the data 23 Cook s D as a Measure of In uence Cook s D is de ned as: ( (i) ) (X X)( (i) ) Di = k 2 where (i) is the vector of OLS estimates obtained after deleting row i of the dataset Note that this is essentially the mahalanobis distance between (i) and 24 Di greater than somewhere between 0.5 and 0.8 indicates that observation i has high in uence
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lec1bw.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 560 Fall, 2008
Description: 1 CSSS 560 Lecture 1: What is Clustered Data and How Should it be Analyzed? Kevin Quinn University of Washington 2 Examples of Clustered Data Multilevel (contextual) data Longitudinal (panel) data Repeated measures data Data collected via cl...
FigHW3.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 567 Fall, 2008
Description: Earnings of Black Women 0.06 0.06 Earnings of Black Women 0.05 default=SheatherJones 0.05 h=2 h=10 0.04 Probability Probability 0 20 40 60 80 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 20 40 60 80 Earnings (thousands of doll...
lec2plots.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 567 Fall, 2008
Description: Betty Dick Sally Harry Tom Sally Tom Harry Dick Betty ...
friends.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 567 Fall, 2008
Description: Krackhardts Hightech Managers friends network q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q Trace of var1 10 Density of var1 Density 0e+00 3e+05 Iterations 6e+05 5 10 15 20 0.00 20 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 0.08 ...
FigHW5.3.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 567 Fall, 2008
Description: Linear Quantile Regression 11.5 11.5 Spline Quantile Regression 11.0 10.5 Logearnings 10.0 Logearnings observed quantiles quantile regression lines 9.5 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 observed quantiles quantile regression splines 9.0 9.0 70 75 80...
570-Day-2.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 570 Fall, 2008
Description: Stemming Tokenizing suffixes irrelevant Porter Stemmer, simple and efficient Website: http:/www.tartarus.org/...
573.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 573 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
576-07s.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 576 Fall, 2008
Description: BIOSTAT/STAT 576 Statistical Methods for Survival Data MW 9:00am - 10:20am, Spring 2007; HST T530 Instructor: Ying Qing Chen Tel: 206.667.7051 Email: yqchen@u.washington.edu Oce hour: Th 2:30pm - 3:30pm; H657 Course Web Site: http:/www.scharp.org/u...
576.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 576 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
579-07au.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 579 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
579-08su.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 579 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
579-08sp.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 579 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
581.day1.08.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 581 Fall, 2008
Description: STATISTICS 581: Advanced Theory of Statistical Inference Fall, 2008 Time: Place: Professor: Oce: Phone: e-mail: Oce Hours: Texts: 10:30 - 11:20 MWF (lecture) MEB 245 Jon A. Wellner B320 Padelford 206-543-6207 jaw@stat.washington.edu 1:30 - 3:30 MWF...
ref.08.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 581 Fall, 2008
Description: References for Statistics 581, Fall 2008 Analysis: Bartle, R. G., The Elements of Integration. Rudin, W., Principles of Mathematical Analysis. Royden, H. L., Real Analysis. Luenberger, D., Optimization by Vector Space Methods. Probability: Will...
ch2.figs-epsf.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 581 Fall, 2008
Description: Statistics 581, Chapter 2 Empirical Distribution Function and Empirical Process Figures Wellner; 10/24/2008 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Figure 1: Uniform Empirical Distribution Function, n = 50. 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0.2 -0.25 0.4 0.6...
exam1.06.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 581 Fall, 2008
Description: Statistics 581, Midterm Exam Wellner; 11/06/2006 This exam is to be taken without any books or notes. 1. (24 points) Dene any three of the following ve terms. (a) A uniformly integrable sequence of random variables. (b) Convergence in rth mean of a...
mt03.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 582 Fall, 2008
Description: Stat 582 W03 Midterm exam Please give as complete solutions as possible. More paper is available if needed. 1. Let (X,Y) be bivariate normal, mean zero, variance 1, correlation r. Find a minimal sufficient statistic for r. Is it complete? 2. Suppo...
final2.89.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 582 Fall, 2008
Description: STAT 582 FINAL EXAM 1. Let T (F) = m 2 = ( xdF(x)2 . Find, using the asymptotic theory for statistical functionals, the limiting F distribution of T (F n ) when m F 0. 2. Let (X 1 , Y 1 ), . . . , (X n , Y n ) be independent random variables with ...
gamma.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 582 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
hw1.sln.doc
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 583 Fall, 2008
Description: STAT583 Sp04 Homework1solution 1. (a)(c) E X i - m = 2 xdF(x) = d 2 2 s (1+ 2e) and (1- e)s + 3es ) = p p 0 E(X - m) 2 = s 2 (1+ 8e) .Standardasymptotictheoryhasthat n ( s2 - s 2 (1+ 8e) N(0,t 2 ) where 2 = E(X - m) 4 - E 2 (X - m) 2 = s 4 (3...
notes1.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 583 Fall, 2008
Description: STAT 583 SPRING 2008 Lecture Notes 1 Statistical Functionals The Gteux derivative of a statistical functional T(F) is the limit T (F + (G F ) T(F) . d1T(F;G F) = lim If Q( ) = T (F + (G F ) has a McLaurin expansion, we get an expansion (the von...
hw3.sln.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 583 Fall, 2008
Description: STAT 583 Sp08 Solutions, Homework 3 1. (a) T (F! ) = F + !(G \" F ) so IC(x) = x ! F . (b) By the same calculation as that for the median we get p ! 1(x < F !1 ( p) IC(x) = , x \" F !1 ( p) !1 f (F ( p) d 1 T (F + !(\" x # F) = (c) Using (b) d! 1 ...
HW2.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 583 Fall, 2008
Description: STAT 583 Sp08 Homework 2 Due April 16. 1. Let F be a cdf on [0,1], and define for ! > 1 T (F) = x\"[0,1] # ( F(x) ! F(x!) $ . (a) Compute the Gateux derivative of T at the uniform distribution U on [0,1]. (b) Show that nR1,n = n(T (Fn ) ! T (U ...
homework.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 592 Fall, 2008
Description: Homework problems (more problems will be added as we go along) Stat 592, W09 1. For a stationary random field Z(s); s !D \" R 2 , observed at sites s1,.,sn, derive the unbiased linear estimator with the smallest variance. Hint: Use a Lagrange multipli...
Lec1.ppt
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 592 Fall, 2008
Description: NRCSE SpatialStatisticalMethods peter@stat.washington.edu www.stat.washington.edu/peter/592 STAT592A(UW)526(UBCV) 8904(SFU) Coursecontent 1.Kriging 1.Gaussianregression 2.Simplekriging 3.Ordinaryanduniversalkriging 4.Effectofestimatedcovariance 5....
syllabus.pdf
Path: Washington >> STAT >> 593 Fall, 2008
Description: Course Syllabus: STAT 593 Modern Topics in Discrete Multivariate Analysis Spring Quarter 2008 Time and Location When: 10:30am-11:50am Tuesday and Thursday Where: TBA Instructor Adrian Dobra Oce: Padelford Hall B-303 E-mail: adobra@u.washington.edu ...
LECT 14.ppt
Path: Washington >> HUM >> 202 Fall, 2008
Description: Lecture 14: October 27, 2006 Questions Reading Lyrical Ballads (1798), published Anonymously; 3 poems by Coleridge; 20 poems by Wordsworth Preface added in 1800 2nd edition Lyrical Ballads: not just an experiment but a poeti...
2007-2008 HUM 204 Syllabus.pdf
Path: Washington >> HUM >> 204 Fall, 2008
Description: HUM 204 The Role of Perspective in History, Science, and Design Fall 2007 Lecture Meeting Times: Monday and Wednesday 12:30-1:50 Lecture Classroom: Kane 110 Instructors: Axel Roesler, Interaction Design Email: roesler@u.washington.edu Office Hours:...
MolCellEndo_2000_Spermatogonial_Transplantation_Update_Millennium.pdf
Path: Washington >> HUM >> 207 Winter, 2008
Description: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 161 (2000) 117 120 www.elsevier.com/locate/mce Spermatogonial transplantation an update for the millennium Lonnie D. Russella *, Michael D. Griswoldb a Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Il...
2007-2008 HUM 208 syllabus.pdf
Path: Washington >> HUM >> 208 Fall, 2008
Description: HUMANITIES 208: VIOLENCE, MYTH, AND MEMORY (SPRING 2008) Tuesday and Thursday 1:00-2:20, Johnson Hall 102 Francisco Benitez (Comp Lit) and Laurie Sears (History) TAs: Cheryll Alipio, Katrina Hagen, William Mitchell \"Violence, Myth, and Memory\" is bui...
lect36_overheads.pdf
Path: Washington >> SWED >> 101 Fall, 2008
Description: Lecture 36 Anthropogenic Effects on Climate It is well-documented that globally averaged land and sea-surface temperatures have increased 0.5 C in the last century. Is this the beginning of manmade global warming? Two major anthropogenic forcings on ...
JFQA-402-JPPW-Appendices.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 402 Winter, 2008
Description: Appendices to JFQA, Vol. 40, No. 2, June 2005, \"Horses and Rabbits? Trade-Off Theory and Optimal Capital Structure,\" by Nengjiu Ju, Robert Parrino, Allen M. Poteshman, and Michael S. Weisbach Horses and Rabbits? Trade-Off Theory and Optimal Capital ...
TC 403 Final.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 403 Fall, 2008
Description: Kyle Kyros Starr TC 403 May 18, 2008 Do You Know the Way to San Jose? Exploring the Future During the course of this class, I have looked through a lens back at who I was in the past and evaluated that person against the person that I am now. In t...
MarxExcerpts.doc
Path: Washington >> T C >> 493 Fall, 2008
Description: Excerpts from Volume 1 of Capital (text from http:/www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm) Introductory Note: Well discuss this in class, but just so you have it in front of you, Marx develops an analysis of capitalist production stres...
wave_properties.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 505 Fall, 2008
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twodimensional.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 505 Fall, 2008
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intro.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 509 Fall, 2008
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midterm_soln.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 509 Fall, 2008
Description: GFD I: Winter 2007 Midterm Solutions Professor: Chris Bretherton TA: Tom Connolly \\) As A.\' ( ynOt/e g iawardCg- n\"a ir\",{ ina f r{ r,\\6rI V c\\.,r P *e*^p *ropi cc,t {cto nP- r {n 3ce t,( tt 17o r* lo t% scr rq- Av-ops {r\" ^ l o \\ o ,*b ...
hw7_soln.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 509 Fall, 2008
Description: GFDI f HW io^t Sotto{ P.of, Ch.i e hn the\"r{o^ TA\' J[vu\"\'G^nolt1 f)\". No\',-\\incar SWt PV Conrrvr^4ion %:4) D+v _ .P/ )+ +- H *{-zv (,\"tlr, Ass,.^,- 5/r , , \\/3\'rth, q, 1-tr.) \'(\'i-r.)+H {t1)[r -efo,\"J TtlTm-ll1 x (+iir:Lr H T(Ti l-l 3=bll...
ch4.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 516 Fall, 2008
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ps4.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 521 Winter, 2008
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ps7.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 521 Winter, 2008
Description: ...
sol.ps3.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 521 Winter, 2008
Description: P k i n k j e ddFd y ti f 7 x x e h p i 7 ti f yl b x n k E@ X Cdd i f yl x V f DdztUCdS7v ` e x e riwzyCDGUutUsq v Ec g @ X t h @ H a gc w @B v hc H h p a e E h H g E @ e E @ f @ e E c @ q c...
1970_statewide-television-address-on-citizen-unrest.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 598 Fall, 2008
Description: a) \\<\\:J \' .\\t \\ rf -: \'t .t\\, a : A O \\ \\ l R1 \\: q : F dl tr- (t) r-,\\i \'\\\'x A .i I 5 ;: H z f r\'l F (h F \'6; ar Y H ()Fr q aa frl Z F r\') 7 3 iJa -{ \'r1 a EK ,ii +) F v 6)x \\J e Y H ^ .H 14 F] (I a5 A 6 z ^ r- - z...
1972_the-day-state-services-were-suspended.pdf
Path: Washington >> T C >> 598 Fall, 2008
Description: The Dav State Services \\WereSuspende d by Governor Dan Evans What if 24 hours? State services \\tere suspended for The federal government has been called local governments have been called omnipotent, and of American politics Ehe \"dark contine...
Porter1976.pdf
Path: Washington >> THAI >> 302 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
mt2_sol.pdf
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 101 Fall, 2008
Description: Name: _Section/TA Name: _ Atmospheric Science 101, Spring 2003 Midterm 2 Thursday 22 May 2003 Version A Multiple Choice (2 points each) Choose the best answer and mark it on a Scantron sheet. 1. Choose the words which best complete the following sent...
101.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 101 Fall, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 101 Introduction to Industrial Engineering Elective Course Catalog course description: Examines the basic concepts and methods of industrial engineering through team-based hands-on activities. Explores the profession of ...
250.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 250 Fall, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 250 Fundamentals of Engineering Economy Required Course Catalog course description: Basics of industrial cost analysis and accounting. Application of engineering economics to decision making. Analysis of engineering alte...
316.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 316 Fall, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 316 Design of Experiments and Regression Analysis Required Course Catalog course description: Introduction to the analysis of data from planned experiments. Analysis of variance for multiple factors and applications of o...
351.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 351 Spring, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 351 Human Factors in Design Elective Course Catalog Course Description: Engineering considerations of the abilities and limitations of the human aspect in the design of operational systems and components. Functional, psy...
410_UA_AAUH_syllabus.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 410 Fall, 2008
Description: UNIVERSITY OF OREGON Department of History Spring, 2006 Professor Quintard Taylor Office: 364 McKenzie Hall Email: qtaylor@uoregon.edu Phone: 346-6160 Web: http:/faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/ Office Hours: 2:00-3:30 Tuesday History 410/510 Urban Ar...
412.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 412 Fall, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 412 Integer and Dynamic Programming Elective Course Catalog course description: Modeling and optimization of problems and dynamic programming approach to optimization. Topics include: integer programming formulation tech...
424.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 424 Winter, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 424 Simulation Elective Course Catalog course description: In this course, students will learn the processes, tools, and techniques for performing effective simulation analyses, specifically: i) (the basic underlying pri...
426.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 426 Spring, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 426 Reliability Engineering and System Safety Elective Course Catalog Course Description: Reliability and system safety measures. Life distributions and their applications in reliability. System reliability models. Desig...
439.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 439 Fall, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 439 Plant Layout and Material Handling Elective Course Catalog course description: In this course, students will learn how to apply the concept of material flow in: 1) facilities design (designing high-performance interi...
455.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 455 Fall, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 455 User Interface Design Elective Course Catalog Course Description: Design oriented to cover fundamentals of user interface design; models on human computer interaction, software psychology, input devices, usability, c...
494.doc
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 494 Winter, 2008
Description: ABET Course Description IND E 494 Design in the Manufacturing Firm Required Course Catalog course description: Engineering design in manufacturing firms is presented. Topics include design methodology, concurrent engineering, and project management. ...
Aut07-537-Storch.pdf
Path: Washington >> IND E >> 537 Fall, 2008
Description: Date 09/27 10/02 10/04 10/09 10/11 10/16 10/18 10/23 10/25 10/30 11/01 11/06 11/08 11/13 11/15 11/20 11/22 11/27 11/29 12/04 12/06 12/10 IND E 337A/537A INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AUTUMN 2007 Topic Assignment _ Introduction _ Manu. Issues...
Reading2Avaccinium.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDN >> 401 Fall, 2008
Description: ...
111syllabus.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 111 Fall, 2008
Description: ATM S 111 Global Warming: Understanding the Debate Fall 2008 Syllabus Course overview Human-induced climate change - popularly known as \"global warming\" - is emerging as one of the great challenges facing society in the 21st century. If we ignore ...
Fargione2008_biofuel_land-clearing.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 111 Fall, 2008
Description: Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt Joseph Fargione, et al. Science 319, 1235 (2008); DOI: 10.1126/science.1152747 The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of Ap...
AR4_WGIII_Frontmatter.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 111 Fall, 2008
Description: Climate Change 2007 Mitigation Edited by Bert Metz Co-chair Working Group III Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Ogunlade Davidson Co-chair Working Group III University of Sierra Leone Peter Bosch Rutu Dave Technical Support Unit IPCC ...
AR4_WGII_Frontmatter.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 111 Fall, 2008
Description: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to provide an authoritative inter...
homework3.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 211 Fall, 2008
Description: Atmospheric Sciences 211: Climate and Climate Change Homework Set 3. Due February 14, 2000 February 7, 2000 1 Background: The purpose of this problem set is to use some of the concepts we have studied on atmospheric circulations and the hydrological...
final.review.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 211 Fall, 2008
Description: Atmospheric Sciences 211:Final Review Session: March 7, 2000 1 Early Climate 1. Brie y describe the global mean surface temperature behavior over the past 2 billion years 4 million years twenty thousand years thousand years hundred years 2. What kin...
homework4.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 211 Fall, 2008
Description: ATMOS SCI 211 HOMEWORK 4 Due: MONDAY, MAY 3 Part A About 11,000 years ago, when Europe and North America were recovering from the last ice age, the climate of Europe suddenly became colder again for several hundred years, before warming resumed. Wall...
hw5_sq2008_solns.pdf
Path: Washington >> INDON >> 211 Fall, 2008
Description: ATMS 211: Climate and Climate Change SQ2008 Assignment #5 Due Wed 28 May, 2008, in class or online via collect it. Name SOLNS Quiz Section: A (10:30) | B (11:30) Work with others, but write up answers independently. Points in bold after each questi...
UCONJ 450.doc
Path: Washington >> UCONJ >> 450 Winter, 2008
Description: UCONJ 450: Healthcare in Underserved Communities Offered Winter Quarter Elective course 1 credit with credit/no-credit grading Course description: Healthcare in the Underserved Community is a course organized by the Students in the Community (SITC) ...
UCONJ 540 - Mercury in Dent 2.ppt
Path: Washington >> UCONJ >> 540 Winter, 2008
Description: Mercury (Hg) in the Dental Setting Mercury Toxicity Elemental Mercury Little or no toxic effect when ingested Mercury vapors Readily absorb in tissue Significant toxicity if inhaled Targets: lungs, CNS, kidneys Mercury is a Common, Everyday ...
