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- Title: VII
- Type: Outline
- School: Arkansas
- Course: WORLD CIV. 2013
- Term: Spring
VII. 7 Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World 4th Century A. The Late Roman Empire i. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine a. Diocletian (284-305) thought that changes in the system need to be changed. b. Political Reforms (Pax Romana ~Augustus thru Marcus Aurelius) 1. Divided the empire into 2 sections: East and West ! Divided into 4 prefectures: 2 in the east, 2 in the west ! Each prefecture had 3 dioceses, run by vicar. ! Also provinces in each diocese 2. Rulers of East and West called Augustus 3. Diocletian had East 4. Maximian had West 5. Also vice-emperor, called a Caesar and when the emperor dies the Vice-emperor would become a empire. 6. Tetrarchy - "rule by 4" 7. Constantine (306-337) takes over an emperor in the west. And then kicks out E. Emperor and aroung 324 AD he combined the E and W again. This is when the office of Emperor was high and might. Senate became pretty much the city hall of ROME. Their was 2 bureaucracy Military and Civilian Bureaucracy. c. Military Reforms 1. 400,000 men 2. Frontier Garrison troops would guard border & mobile units would come behind the Garrison to support the Frontier Garrison. d. Economic and Social Trends 1. Taxes were raised, and city council would be in charge of collecting taxes. If the city council member did not collect enough $ they would have to pay then out of their own Money. So rich people decided that they didn't want to be a councilor any more. Some councilors ran away, so by this time the emperor mandated that it would be hereditary. Bankers were forced to remain in that job, and it would become hereditary too. Sharecroppers would be bound to the land. Lower classes are paying most of the taxes. Some people didn't pay taxes because of exemptions, for doing a good deed to the emperor. e. Constantines Building Program raised taxes even more. By this time ROME is in the center of the empire. 1. Byzantium 2. "city of Constantine" - Constantinople closer to the Frontier "Istanbul" ii. The Empires New Religion Christian churches in ROME. a. The Conversion of Constantine 1. 313 Edict of Milan- saying that Christianity is OK. 2. Theodosius the Great (378-395) - Christianity official religion b. Organization and Religious Disputes 1. Christian churches - Bishop - diocese 2. Archbishop - province 2 3. 4 "great" cities: Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Rome 4. universal beliefs - "catholic" "universal belief of the church" 5. Arianism - Arius Preist teaching idea in Alexandria teaching that Jesus was human not GOD. Gets banished, and flees to Germanic tribe area. 6. Bishop of Alexandria - Athanasius Said that Jesus was both human and god. 7. Council of Nicaea, 325AD- church leaders to come together and decide what Christianity really meant. Jesus is the son of god, and god at the same time BC he was from the substance of GOD. EMPEROR is becoming more involved in the church. iii. The End of the Western Empire a. Byzantine Empire East roman Empire. b. Germanic Kingdoms replaced the Western empire when it fall apart. c. The Germans Borders were fixed at the Rhine and Danube rivers. d. German Migrations 1. Huns move west from Asia, into the area around the Black Sea. 2. Visigoths people who are pushed out of their area when the Huns move in. So they move into the Roman empire. 3. 376 AD Valens. Emperor Who made a deal with the Visigoths to move in. So the Visigoths were treated bad. 4. Adrianople - Valens, 40,000 Battle between Visigoths and Romans, and the Romans lost and 2/3 of the Emperor was killed. 5. Theodosius I (379-395) -"the Great"-Resettle the Visigoths into the Balkans, and let them back into the roman army, and their were groups within the army that were made up emtirely of Visigoths. e. The Threat of the Germans 1. Alaric- Head of the Visigoth division of Army, that began to invade parts of the empire. Went all the way in to Rome, and raided parts of Italy. And Forced the people in Rome to give them GOLD to go away, and asked for LAND for the troops, and when the Senate wouldn't give them land, they ransacked Italy. When the leader Alaric dies, they group leaves Italy, and go into Spain. f. Role of Masters of the Soldiers- Were military commanders that controlled the courts. Most were German. 5th Century. 1. Odoacer Deposed the Emperor and stayed in charge of the Kingdom as King. B. The Germanic Kingdoms are popping up. And only Cultures stayed. i. The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy-are also displaced when the HUNS came in. First they tried to fight the huns but then ran off. a. Theodoric (493-526) He took the Ostrogoths and attacked Constantinople. b. Constantinople, Zeno Emperor- At the same time as this, Odoacer the leader of the Troops were in rome. Zeno. Thedoric makes a deal, so Theodoric goes to OROME kills Odoacer and becomes the KING of ROME. c. Theodorics Rule went back to old way of Rule, there is also 2 forms of government, One for the ROMANS and one for the Ostrogoths that moved in. d. End of the Ostrogothic Kingdom The romans are calling the new Osrogoths heretics because they are Arian and not catholic. 1. Byzantine Empire attacks rome because they don't like Germaic tribes ruling. 2. Lombards (a member of a Germanic people who invaded Italy in the 6th century) go to Italy and attack them too. They conqured Northern and Central Italy, and got rid of the government and eventually the Byzantine take over them. ii. The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain- the ones in spain became catholic so when people back in ITALY wouldn't call them heretics. a. Visigoth-Spanish-Romans b. 711 AD, Muslims- the Visogothic Empire FALLS!!! 3 iii. The Frankish Kingdom a. The Rule of Clovis 1. Clovis, 500 AD Became a Catholic Christian. 2. Roman Catholic Church in Rome supported him although he was a Germanic king. 510 AD his kingdom was France, a little bit of Germany. 3. Counts & Bishops would share power, and this led to merge of Germanic and Latin culture. 4. Merovingian Dynasty b. The Successors of Clovis 1. Major domus - mayor of the palace second in command below the king that began to take more power than the king. 2. Charles Martel, Carolingian served in 714 AD, by end of life he was in charge of all 3 frankish kingdoms. The Franks were more of a warror people, and commercially they fell, and they were greatly a Agricultural using lafundia, and the government is Germanic not roman. iv. Anglo-Saxon England Germanic tribes from Norway. a. Angles & Saxon b. Celts living in Britain, so all 3 were fighting together. And eventually they form small kingdoms there and then convert to Christianity. v. The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms a. Extended family major social bond, and they would farm land together. Means of protection. b. Germanic Law- In rome a murder crime was a state crime. German law was more personal, a murder or assault could start a blood feud that would carry on and on and on. 1. Blood feud 2. Wergeld - "money for a man" 3. Compurgationpesci12 or 25 helpers accused person that they didnt do it. And the 12-15 helpers would back you up. 4. Ordeal be like holding a red hot iron rod, and if your innocent it wouldn't burn. c. The Frankish Family and Marriage Men were dominant, legally a woman's father was in charge of her until she married, and if her husband dies she would own land. And WOMAN were worth more Wergeld. It was important that the wife was a virgin. 1. Adultery was pollution, polluting your bloodline. And Women would be strangled or burnt alive. Men would have to imitate the divorce. C. Development of the Christian Church i. The Church Fathers number of church fathers that all you need is the bible, and others that thought that ROMEs knowledge is good too. a. Greek ideas were picked up when christainty was spread east. b. Neoplatonism thought that their was a link between the spiritual world and physical world. And while doing this the are preserving the culture of Greece. c. The Work of Augustine (354-430) founder of the Latin side of the Catholic church. Helped to develop christen thought. 1. Latin Father 2. Western Roman Empire 3. The City of God 4. Celibacy- many of early christains was the best way to show GOD that your holy. And the Clergy should uphold it since the people couldnt. 4 d. Jerome and the Bible (345-420) studied in ROME. BIG SCHOLAR. Took the old testimate(HEBREW) and the New testimate (GREEK) and translated it into LATIN. 1. Latin Father 2. Latin Vulgate - common text ii. The Power of the Pope churches all across place, the and the bigger the city the more power you have a. Bishop of Rome b. Petrine Supremacy that the ROMAN bishop would become the new LEADER. c. Peter - chief Apostle, 1st Bishop of Rome d. Papa POPE. The Bishop of rome is becoming the leader of the church. iii. Church and State- Emperors become more involved in the CHURCH, and the POPE becomes more involved in the government affairs. The Bishop becomes more power over the EMPEROR. a. Ambrose of Milan (339-397)- very strong and independent. iv. Pope Gregory the Great- very strong pope that helped guide the church. And was taking over the area around ROME. a. Gregory I - "the Great" (r. 590-604) b. Papal States- the states that GREG took over. He was in charge of the area, but analogies the Byzantine emperor is in charge of the lands. . The Monks and their Missions a. Latin monachus - "someone who lives alone" b. Benedictine Monasticism.- Founded by St. Benedict. And men who come together give them selves to GOD and live together to show others followed the rules he laid down. 1. St. Benedict (c.480-c.543) all about moderation. Divided the day up into activites, wake up pray, do this work and then pray again. 2. Abbot or "father" which ruled the monastery, which was very isolated, and self sustainable. All communal property. 3. Nuns-the first monasty for women was in the 5th century. c. Irish Monks as Missionaries. When the romans took over Britain, they didn't take over Ireland. Christain missionaries did go to Ireland. 1. St. Patrick (390-461) was from Britain, and was kidnapped by the celts, and escaped to Gaul, and found the lord, and decided to go back to Ireland, and spread the word. Most of all the religion basis was on the Monasteries. The abbots were mostly in charge for a while. The monasteries studied Latin and roman culture. Since the monasteries were so isolated they actually preserved a PURE version of LATIN. d. The Conversion of England1. Augustine from monastery from ROME, and he goes to Britain, and converts some of the Germanic tribes. 2. Christmas- since most of the winter solatice was around the same time as jesus birthday. 3. Irish Christianity & Roman Christianity in England they are going to fuse together. 4. 700 AD the English clergy were the best trained and greatest learnt. 5. Boniface (c.675-754)-Most famous clergy man in Europe. ! "Apostle to the Germans" e. Women and Monasticism 1. Missionaries 5 2. Abbess- Leader of the Nuns. Most were royalty3. Education 4. Convent. f. The Path of Celibacy- being in these situations made it easier to be Celibate. 1. Cult of virginity vi. Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms a. Cassiodorus (c.490-585) Aristricrat from Rome. And wrote a book. 1. Divine and Human Readings 2. Manuscripts- Monks copied the manuscripts. b. The 7 liberal arts: Way to categorize subjects. Corner stone for 1200 years. 1. Trivium: grammar, rhetoric, logic. 2. Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music c. Bede (c. 672-735) 1. Venerable Bede 2. Ecclesiastical History of the English People by Bede. Started with the beginning of Christianity in Britain. Started in 597 3. 597 to 731 D. The Byzantine Empire i. The Reign of Justinian (r.527-565) take western empire and combine it again with ROME. Bring the empire back together. a. Reconquered africa, spain, some of the medd. Takes back Italy from the Ostragoths. b. The Codification of Roman Law Justinian decided that he wanted to Combine all the laws of ROME. ***1. Body of Civil Law - Corpus Iuris Civilis , foundation of Byzantine law. 4 pages, and was written in LATIN. 2. 1453, Latin c. Intellectual Life under Justinian1. Procopius (c.500-c.562) court historian under Justinain. ! Wars about Justinain taking back Italy. d. The Empress Theodora started out as actress/prostitute, who married justinain. Who was string willed and probably saved his rule when she made him stay and put down the riots. Most of the city was destroyed so he had to rebuild some of the city. e. The Emperors Building Program 1. 34 churches built of rebuilt. 2. Hagia Sophia - the Church of the Holy Wisdom 3. Hippodrome hold 60,000 people. f. Life in Constantinople- largest population of people at that time. Meeting point of the east and west. Big trading center. Expecially on the Silk road. 6 ii. From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire a. Persians, Slavs b. Muslims threatend the byzantians my taking land from them. 1. 636 Battle of Yarmuk c. Bulgars d. Byzantine Empire: Asia Minor, Greece, some Balkans e. 1453 iii. The Byzantine Empire in the Eighth Century is a Christian state. a. Icons, iconoclasts- those who did not like the idols. But now days it means someone who is trying to break traditions. Popes in rome did not like the Icons. b. Patriarch of Constantinople the pope in Constantinople because the church broke away from ROME. c. Greek Orthodox Church 1054 Emperor has a lot of east in the east because they appointed the Patriarch. E. The Rise of Islami. Origins a. Arabia, Mecca, Ka,,ba- most of the Arabs were polytheist, Mecca was a trading center, and a sanctuary, and in Mecca the Ka'ba was a palce to worship. b. Quraysh tribe- In charge of the Ka'ba. c. Allah- the Arabic word for GOD. ii. Muhammad- was from the Quraysh tribe, a. Born in 570/1 AD, parents were from the clan of Hashim b. Abu Talib uncle he lived with. c. Khadija a widow that he worked for. And soon married her. d. Jibrail (Gabriel)- was sending his messages in his dreams. And that he was a messenger appointed from god. e. Yathrib, 622 AD Hijra.- having problems with their tribes who could help them settle their problems. 622 muhammad went there and the First day of the Hijra the muslim callender, this was the first day of it. f. 629 Mecca- Muhammad and his followers are allowed to do pilmrages here and he goes there with a army takes over and the city converts to Islam. a city in the middle of no where on the Arabia peninsula. g. 632 Muhammad died- of old age. iii. The Teachings of Islam a. Islam means the Submission to the will of God b. Muslims- are the ones that submission to GOD c. Qur,,an 114 chapters and were written in Arabic, and must read Arabic because if it was translated into another language it would loose their real language. And Islam was the LAST testimate of GOD. d. 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada - giving witness Allah- means THE GOD. 2. Salat prayer in mosques, Friday-is holy day. 5 times a day in direction of mecca. Imam-leader of the prayer. 3. Zakat - alms giving. 4. Ramadan Fast 9th month of the MUSLIM calendar. They fast during daylight hours. Can't smoke of have sex either. 5. Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca in the 12th month of the year. IT'S THE main time to go. e. Trinity- Father son and holy spirit, and the Muslims see this as christain worshiping 3 gods. , Prophet- Jesus moses, Abraham are seen as prophits. f. Yathrib: gets renames Medina- means "the City" iv. After Muhammad died, since he was politically their leader, they had problems finding a leader. a. Abu Bakr- was in charge of the prayers by Muhammad, and Abu Bakr was chosen by all the groups and was the first Caliph. b. Caliph - Gods deputy on earth was elected by councll of men who were friends of Muhammad. v. Rashidun - the Rightly Guided Caliphs. a. Abu Bakr (632-634)-he started the arab conquest. Arab tribes conqured Iraq. b. Umar (634-644)- Continued the conquests. Killed by a slave. 1. Battle of Yarmuk, 636 defeated the bynzatines and took over Syria. 2. Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and started on Iran (PERSIA) 3. Islamic calendar was created c. Uthman (644-656) 1. Uthman vs. Ali- had married one of Muhammad daughters. Too young for position. 2. Iran is conqured. 3. Qur,,an written down into ONE version. d. Ali (656-661)- chosen bc was related to Muhammad. 1. Mu,,awiya- Leader of Syria. , Banu Umayya clan- opposed Ali at the new leader. 2. Kharijites- ones who leave Ali and stop supporting him. 3. 661, Ali killed by a Kharijite in a mosque. Mu'awiya makes him self RULER. And he makes a dynasty after that. vi. Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 AD When the Dynasty starts. vii. Sunnis and Shiites believe that Ali should have been the first Imam. a. shiat-ali - followers of Ali believe that he will return. b. 12er Shiismc. 10th of Muharram- is the 10th month of the year, Penance for Husayn. d. Husayn- son of ALI. Alis supports told Husayn to get him to fight for title of imam e. Holy cities for Shiism: Southern Iraq: Karbal
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Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
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Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
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Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WESTERN CI >> 2023 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WESTERN CI >> 2023 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WESTERN CI >> 2023 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WORLD CIV. >> 2013 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WESTERN CI >> 2023 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> WESTERN CI >> 2023 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> FILM LECTU >> 1103 Spring, 2008
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
Path: Arkansas >> PLSC >> 2013 Fall, 2007
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