Race 8/29/2007 and Ethnicity in the United States Johann Blumenbach (1776) Big into participation and discussion, class is about personal issues and not simply regurgitating facts, Quiz o We may not always be able to define race but we can always tell race when we see it. FALSE, can't always tell when you look at someone, but physical characteristics because not everyone looks exactly the same o Race is a biological and scientific concept and does not change over time or vary from society to society FALSE, evolution, mixed marriages, etc. 8-31-2007 Race/Ethnicity in the US
Race is Socially Constructed: we as human beings began race as a way to subjugate other people and it isn't only about color but more about how we can make ourselves better than someone else. Definitions: o Race: refers to socially constructed grouping among people that are understood as having a physical basis o Genetics: Breeding populations, lineages, ancestry groups, geographic groups o Ethnicity: refers to naturally constructed groupings among people based in cultural difference- language, religion, customs People could adopt any culture (ethnicity) regardless of ancestry (race) o Blonde, blue-eyed, American, Buddhist People of common ancestry (race) tend to have similar culture (ethnicity) People of common culture (ethnicity) tend to marry each other and thus produce physically different ancestry lines (race) o This is how groups stay over time "Race" : The physical underpinnings o 99.9% of human genetic characteristics are common to all o There is a small proportion that varies and much of this variability is hereditary (I.E. people with more recent common ancestors will be more similar than those whose common ancestors are more distant) o Groups are more physically distinct when geographic or social barriers prevent their intermarriage across generations: this is physical basis of "race"
Race is a social construction: cultural interpretation of underlying ancestry groups o Elements of this social construction There are 3,4,or 5 distinct non-overlapping "races" with well-defined differences People "really are" one race or the other These groups have physical differences which cause cultural differences These groups can be ranked o Race as the concept we use today created in the wake of European colonial conquest as justification for domination. In US, specifically as justification for African slavery and displacement of American Indians o Old contrast was Christian vs. infidel. Debate was whether baptized "Indians" had the rights of personhood. Old ideologies accept hierarchy; you could enslave or dominate others without needing to justify it. o "Race" drew on Darwin, used new Biology to create an ideological justification for hierarchy despite Enlightenment ideals of equality: some people are "naturally".. o Racial categories and boundaries are not natural but created in response to political boundaries and pressures o Constructions of race and the politicized nature of language go together o There is always political contestation over categories o Who is in a group, who is out, what their boundaries are, how many groups there are, what their names are o Group names and definitions and boundaries ion the US today are fluid, shifting Racial Boundaries o Big gap is Black vs. White Black= any known black ancestor Many black people have lighter skin than many white people Despite mixed descent, "correct" classification as "black" or "white" is socially important "White" people with darker skin upset if classified as "black", often ditto "blacks" with light skin "Passing" = a light-skinned "black" person "pretends" to be "white" "Mixes" between other groups are more recognized in the US Race is social but it is still "real" o Things that are believed to be real are real in their consequences o In some societies, religion or language to culture is the barrier. The barriers are still real. o What "race" you are in the US has enormous social, economic, and political consequences that will affect you whether you "believe" in race or not. EXAMPLE: Religion is entirely social but it is still "real: and in some place/times determines your life Naming is NOT Trivial o There is no way to get it right Races in US originate in European ideology justifying domination.
Other groups became race conscious in response Three original classifications (Look up late) o Negroide o Mongrolide o calcusiode Subordinate groups contest names and rename themselves Always disputes within a group about how to name themselves, tied to political struggle Census 2000 Question on Race Spanish- from Spain Hispanic- cultural, refers to cases when the last name is of Spanish origin, infers knowledge of Spanish Latino- those of Latin American descent Chicano- Mexican American White, not Hispanic 69% Black 12/13% Asian 3-4% Native American 1-1.5% Other (mostly Hispanic)5-6% Hispanic Latino/ (all other races) 12-13% Nearly half are white Hispanic Nearly half are other Rest are black, American Indian, Asian Blacks or African Americans o New Immigrants have ethnic identities: African, Nigerian, Jamaican, Puerto Rica, Haitian, etc. o Reality of mixed ancestry and ethnic differences and of white racism lumping people together o Politicized cycles and ongoing themes in naming: Martin Luther King, Jr. was a Negro Changing meanings and this late 1960s shift from Negro to Black Africa American (and Afro-American 1970s): ties to Africa, minimizing race o "N" word always an insult, linked to oppression and humiliation. Many would be offended at even seeing it written on this slide. o "Colored" was the term used by genteel racists under segregation; is not an insult term but will usually be heard as offensive. Sometimes used by older black people as a "Folksy" self-description o "Black" is a term of pride for some; most older people do not find it offensive, although younger people often do o "Negro" was bother the "official" term of slavery AND a term of pride in the early 20th century
African American is increasingly prefers, especially among the college-education, but growing immigration from Africa is creating confusion American Indian (Native Americans) 9-5-2007 Race/Ethnicity in the US
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Exam 1, October 3rd: exam will consist of IDs, will give us terms and we will pick the specific amount and then will explain what it is and the historical significance Race is Socially Constructed Definitions of Race and Ethnicity on Note 8-31 Race as the concept we use today created in the wake of European colonial conquests as justification for dominations. In US, specifically as justification for African slavery and displacement of American Indians Old contract was Christian vs. Infidel. Debate was whether baptized "Indians" had the rights of personhood. Old ideologies accepted hierarchy; you could enslave or dominate other without needing to justify it. "Race" drew on Darwin, used the new biology to create an ideological justification for hierarchy despite Enlightenment ideals of equality: some people are "naturally" superior to others The idea that race is biological IS the social contract Johann Blumenbach (1776)- lays out a scientific basis for the races o Caucasians- found a skull in the Caucus Mountains and claimed that it was the most beautiful form from which all others come from, creator of scientific racism, paves the way for the beginning and justification for white superiority Makes it the white man's "job" to teach the other races to be good and be socially acceptable Races in the US originate in European ideology justifying domination Other groups begin to define themselves o African American naming processes to find identify under European subjugation of peoples "Colored" was the term used by genteel racists under segregation; is not an insult term but will usually be heard as offensive. Sometimes used by older black people as a "folksy" selfdescription. Might racist but recognized differences "Negro" was the "official" term of slavery AND a term of pride in the early 20th century American Indian/ Native Americans o Native American once preferred: political and confusion still often used o Shift to "American Indians" as officially preferred. Indian is the European name, but a self-name is much casual use. (People from India object) o Also: indigenous, first nations ( Canadian and some US_, "real Americans" or "first Americans"
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o Asians o Asian and Pacific Islanders created as a political category in US political context: includes South Asians (Indians, Pakistanis and Polynesians) o Asian vs. Asian Americans Asians are people from Asia Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent o Most in category do not use it, have ethnic identities instead: Chinese, ChineseAmerican, Korean, Korean-American o `Oriental" not meant as an insult, but often taken as such, often just lumps together groups Hispanics / Latino-Latina o Two different names for the same basic groups o Refers roughly to those descended from Spanish speaking people of the Americans o The different names cut differently in their emphasis Hispanic emphasize Spanish language, Spanish surname: people from Spain could be called Hispanic Latino emphasizes origins in the Americas o Many people prefer an ethnic identity: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Guatemalan, Colombian, etc. o Non-Mexicans resent being called Mexicans o People in the category differ (often strongly) on whether they prefer Hispanic or Latino/a, and the distinctions made between the terms vary across regions and between groups o Mexicans identify as Mexicans: Mexican= a person from Mexico Mexican American= An American of Mexican descent Chicano= an alternate positive identify for Mexican Americans.... "Minority" or "People of Color" o Lumps together everyone who is "not white" o Often used by whites to refer to "others" o Used by "minorities" or "People of color" as the term for coalition and common political action A "secondary" identity o Political signification isn't the same as dictionary definition "Colored People" was the term of genteel racism "Person of Color" is a political term seeking to link everyone with a common enemy (the enemy being white)
Tribal/national Identities: Lakota Navajo, Cherokee, Chickasaw. (Variation in balance between tribal identity and US/American identity) Much mixing, intermarriage blurred identities
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o o White o White as opposed to black or colored (or Indian) o Jews, Southern Europeans, Irish seen as different "races" in the q9th century through 1940 popularly and by "scientific racists". Begin to die together o 1680 the first time that "white" is used in colonial rules, before they were Christians or Englishmen, in 1676 Bacon's Rebellion in which black and white servants joined together to rebel against their oppressors in order to nip this in the bud, thus poor whites were given rights to set them above blacks. These rights included promotions to the white to be overseers of the blacks, divided and conquer. Thus there is a distinction between "servant" and "slave" o Lawsuits over who was "white" 1900-1940 (Japanese, Arabs, Indians) because naturalized citizenship was restricted to "White persons" o Those who remember immigrant generation may have ethnic identity: German, Italian, etc. o "Caucasian" originates in scientific racism (Caucasoid, o Stereotypes- Generalizations about a group of people whereby we attribute a defined set of characteristics to this group o Social Polarization- Segregation within a society that emerges from real or perceived inequalities Example is economic displacements, culture, etc.
"Minority" is sometimes resented as a label, while others used it comfortably in contrast to "majority group" Lumped by what they aren't, not what they are Minority can be used to being groups together however, can be used to separate
9/7/07 Race/Ethnicity in the US
Refer to the handout entitled "The Writing of a Historical Essay or Research Paper" for help on this paper Essay Assignment s on a separate piece of paper Will discuss the Moody Discussion on 9/28 and will NOT have a writing discussion on 9/26 Paper due on 10/8 Essay is NOT a book review but it a historical essay on the Civil Right movement. Wants our thoughts on race, subjugation. Will have a strong thesis statement. Must sight the book, can use lecture notes, and other materials (only if they are necessary to make your point). Do not go over 1100 words or under 1000 words Will be double spaced, typed, and footnotes of bibliography Are due in class, Hard copy only, October 8th
Graded on content, organization, clarity of thought, and level of argument Questions are simply to guide us in our reading- as I read the book, put the sections of the book on paper and begin to make down the answers to the questions and the page numbers The things we are to discuss in our classes is on the back Write in the language of the time. So can used "blacks" to describe the African Americans. QUOTE exactly what is there, but only then. Stick to one word for the reference point; do not change as you go. Avoid saying "in my opinion" or "I believe" be an aggressive writer What has this book taught me about race and how does this book tie it all together for me This happened in the past then so use past tense 12 pt. Times New Roman font 1 inch margins all around Write with footnotes Get The Manuel for writers for term papers [on the second page of the packet, is fairly cheap; try borders?] Ibid(?)
9/10/2007 Race/Ethnicity in the US
The Origins of Empire (The Invasion of America) o Will be put up online by tomorrow, simply notes of other stuff o Vocabulary Old World- The known world of Europeans in 1492 New World- refers to the land in the Western Hemisphere including North American, Caribbean, and South American. Amerigo Vespechui is the first to coin "New World" Cultural Diffusion- the movement of aspects of culture from one location/group to another o INTRODUCATION Black Plague (1347-1351) was taking over Europe in the 14th century. It killed 1/3 of Europe, devastated Feudal System, triggered the slow transition to capitalism(begin recovering and all this land is open and there is more room and can thus charge more for the demand in products and begin to become merchants) Kings consolidated their power and established territorial states which evolved into nation state. Trade routes with the Orient were severed in 14th century, resulting in exploration for new route.
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By the end of the 15th century expansion could only take place overseas, resulting in overseas colonization. For manuscripts from the Greeks and Romans and were reintroduced to the market of intellectual and material New Era 15th century Renaissance, encouraged new thinking about world, scientific enquiry, Humanism Renaissance- An artistic and intellectual movement in Europe during the 14th 16th centuries characterized by a revival of interest in classical antiquity Humanism- a spirit of learning that developed at the end of the middle ages with a renewed confidence in the ability of human beings to determine for themselves truth and falsehood Christopher Columbus- Went to the New World; 1492, he thinks he can get to Asia through the West; October 14, 1492 lands in the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Three inventions from the Middle East become important- gunpowder, compass, astrolabe (?) Pre-Columbian American Mayan civilization peaked in second half of first millennium AD. Toltecs in Mexico 900-1200 Aztec and Inca empires in Mexico and Peru were their peak in the 15th century Total North America Most of the North American Indian tribes were hunter-gatherers, but there was a major civilization in the Mississippi valley (mount builders) Cahokia's population had only been exceeded by Philadelphia in 1775 Conquest Hernan Cortes captured the Aztec empire in 1521 with an army of only 600 Spaniards Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca empire in 1532 with an army of 168 Spaniards Why were they so successful? Bartilome de Las Casas Spanish catholic priest Crisis of conscience "The entire human race is one." The Destruction of the West Indies (1552) Accused Spanish of genocide Helped create "Black Legend" of Spanish colonization Smallpox Smallpox epidemics had occurred in the Spanish West Indies previously, but a major epidemics arrived from Spain in 1518
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This killed one third to one half of the Arawaks in Hispaniola and then spread to Cuba and Puerto Rica It was transmitted to Mexico by an infected slave in 1520 Smallpox killed about of the Aztecs, paving the way for conquest by Cortes Smallpox reached the Incas in 1526. It killed the Inca emperor and his son, resulting in civil war Resistance to Pizarro was limited By 1530 smallpox had spread south to the pampas and north to the great lakes When the Spanish explorers reached the Mississippi in the 1540s many towns had already been abandoned; although some still functioned The Mississippi towns had vanished when the French arrived in the 1600s Other Epidemics 1529: measles killed 2/.3 of the surviving native population of Cuba, before sweeping through Honduras, Mexico, and Peru 1546: Aztecs They give us syphilis Columbian Trade- exchange between the New and Old World of goods (corn, sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, potato, vanilla, chocolate), animals(horse), and disease Under Spanish Control Encomienda System- a land grant give to Spanish settlers by the crown included authority over the indigenous people already on the land (one responsibility: had to Christianize everyone and had to protect them) Race Language of color-based racial thinking Gender Religion Government
9/12/2007 Race/Ethnicity in the US
Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494)- divided land and trade routes discovered by Catholic nations along an imaginary line approximately 50 degrees W longitudes: on the left hand side, everything is Spanish and everything to the right is Portuguese Asiento- the permission given by the Spanish government to other countries to sell slaves to the Spanish colonies, from the years 1543-1834 (British outlaw slavery and thus it ends in the Caribbean).
Already people here when the Spanish got here, so it really isn't "discovery" but rather the exploitation of the native people First Spanish Period from 1565-1763 o Predated in 1513 by the discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon and claims lands for Spain o It isn't until 1565 that the Spanish had a permanent settlement here, they were from Cuba. Few came over, trouble with the NA and was a failure until 1582 when St. Augusten is founded. o During the first Spanish period, they still didn't rely heavily on the Africans. They used Ladinos who came from Spain and were already specially trained and N.A.s was used for agriculture and a few Bozales who were the Africans. By the mid 1600s the Protestants began to see how profitable the slave trade could be. France joins slave trade, 1600 the Dutch, 1650 Sweden, and the British. But Florida is remain a marginal until 1763, Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War when FL becomes British o Treaty of Paris 1783: Ends the American Revolution & gives back Florida to the Spanish. AFTER this, things begin to greatly change in FL. o Spain has learned about farming, sugar, tobacco and stuff. Now there are new colonists who want to exploit the land and need slavery to work the land and grow crops. If the slaves can get to FL from the United States then they are free! Wee! o 1738- African slaves begin to migrate into FL and with the settlement at Fort. Mose becomes the first free black settlement in North American. Occupied and Governed by freed slaves. Just have to fight off any white dudes that come down from the North. LOTS of slaves run away EXAMPLE is in South Carolina 1739- SC has had enough and enacts a law offering whites and Indians rewards for raiding south of the Savannah River and bring back fugitive slaves. (40 lbs if it was alive; part of a scalp with 20 lbs). Same year, the Stono Rebellion breaks out and about 20 slaves arm themselves and begin to march south, proclaiming liberty. They picked up about 80 more. Killed 23 people, burned homes, and SC got pissed and the militia caught up and 30 slaves were killed, 30 escaped but were later found and killed. Important because SC tightened the Slave Codes and firmly ingrained the Spanish threat to the South o May of 1740- Oglethorpe launched an attack and Ft. Mose took them on. Freed black community goes to St. Augusten to protect it like they are supposed to. Francisco Menendez was the leader of Ft. Mose, get to St. Augusten and it is safe and wonders what his people are going to do. He is determined to live in Ft. Mose and by 1752 Ft. Mose is back in the control of the black community BUT it was called Bloody Mose because there was nothing left when they got there. Had to rebuild the whole community and out of 300, few were left. Would keep being a pain in the British ass until 1763 and the Treaty o Spanish will stay in FL until 1821 and there will never be a thriving slave community o MISSION: We will discuss the British and the influence of the slave trade on colonization in British North America
9/14/2007 Race/Ethnicity in the US
British Colonization and the ideas of slavery today o How the British perceived black, white, and the idea of servitude Idea of slavery was not new but it meant property and had a commercial value while serfdom still had some rights and certain sense of freedom; the idea of serfdom vs. slavery doesn't really matter as to how the British look at colonization. They just want to set up autonomous societies so that they can be free to express themselves and try to transplant the English class structure which is not based on race, religion, or ethnicity but who you were born to. The Great Chain of Being- will define British ideas towards other person; you are what you were born into; cannot move out of it or below it; are stuck where you are. Lower classes go into indentured servitude however, America offers land to the British and for the first time, the idea of moving up the social ladder begins to break down the Great Chain of Being. Looked on as opportunity and not really subjugation and people willing come over. 1607-Jamestown; will last throughout the 17th century Tobacco becomes very profitable 1619- First indentured Africans come to Jamestown "slavery" but they were not treated as slaves 20 Africans on a Dutch ship and fought with a Spanish ship; the Dutch ship was screwed so it begin to limp north and hit a storm and limp into Jamestown. Most everything is lost and they need repairs so they barter with the people of Jamestown and will give them the Africans in order to fix the ship. Puts America on the path. The 20 Africans are eventually free-landed black colonists 1625- only 23 Africans in Virginia 1648- only 300 Africans 1640- John Punch is an African indentured servant, along with two white indentured servants, had had enough. So they run away. They are eventually caught and are given 30 lashes and the two white men are given one more year of servitude but Punch is given servitude for life. John punch is the first example of a slave, as we define slavery Over the next 20 years, VA is very reluctant to enter slavery into their vocabulary. The British don't want to make them property but landowners don't.
1660- The first law that says that if a white servant and a black servant ran away, and something happened to the black servant then the white servant had to take over for the black servant. First time that they are viewed as property and if it is lost, they have to be compensated for this loss. In 1660s two laws: Birth right- things were passed down through the father's bloodline but in VA things were shifted but only for servants. There is a problem with men having kids with servants and then the kids would have rights so things begin to go through the mother, who was probably a slave. Racial divide begins to occur at this time. "The Terrible Transformation" Virginia is a whirlwind of laws. o That point in time where legislation begins to operating to separate white and black and the idea of slavery is entering the language. Wasn't really talked about, but kind of just came up. 1667- Religion no longer saves you for servitude. Before the British had a problem with Christians enslaving Christians. They though slavery had to do with sins. But could bring them to Christ but they were still scared but could be useful to society. No longer can religion save you for being black. 1668-Anyone who comes from a heathen country is automatically a slave. HOWEVER, indentured servants are still around and there are both white and black servants. 1676- Bacon's Rebellion- Nathanial Bacon, is having some difficulties with the Indians, slightly disturbed. Wants to form a militia and wants to go whip out the Indians. Raises this militia of indentured servants, free whites, and poor white to go get the Indians. He arms everyone even thought the government says no black can have arms. They go and kill everyone they find. Governor is pissed as heck so he strips Bacon of all of his authority. Bacon gets pissed and goes to Jamestown with his militia and burns it to the ground. He runs to governor out of Jamestown and takes over. However, in October of 1676, Bacon dies. British come back in under Berkley either kill everyone or run them back into the country. This means that the landed gentry realize that they have a problem because they have to worry about the people on the outskirts hurting Indians but that servants can rise up and overthrow the government. SO they begin to look at the numbers and there are only a couple of whites so they want to divide and conquer. Brings the whites up a bit so they won't revolt and push the blacks down so they won't revolt of they will be killed. This begins slavery as we know it. 1705- Virginia issues the first Slave Codes. Include: o Slaves need written permission to leave their plantation o Slaves guilty of murder or rape can be hanged
Disobedience can mean burning, branding, cutting off of body parts o Any offence with a white Christian could be answered by that white Christian; basically, if you are a black dude and I'm white, I can stop and punish you right then and there o Masters no longer have to answer to anyone on what they do to their property o 1755- All thirteen colonies will have slave codes Only 3,000 Africans come to the colonized over 50 years (1705-1755) Between 1680-1700: 16,400 slaves come over and thus the colonies are getting riches so the lower white class are getting richer and further gets away from the idea of servitude. Racial superiority, whites and blacks are no long together. If you are white after 1705 and your servitude was over they gave you 50 acres, a mule, and Negro. You got land in the Piedmont, not in the rich Tidewater Ham was a sinner????? Look up later
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9/17/2007 Race/Ethnicity in the US
Will make a sheet out of lecture stuff for us Will have a terms list that can be easily defined in the book Tests will be IDs done in 35 to 40 minutes o 2 to 3 sentences with what is it and what is the historical significances Will have another review session Giddy Multitude- childlike and feminine; lower class who are ignorant, childlike and must be taken care of and protected BUT we can't let them get to giddy because then they will throw rocks at the upper class 9/19/2007 Race/Ethnicity in the US
Official Talk Like a Pirate Day 1619- First African Slave!!!!!!
1705- First Slave Codes, Terrible Transformation Any slave resistance could mean killing, maiming slave and owner is not accountable AND automatically slave if from a nation that is not Christian While only 25% of people owned slaves, it played a huge role in the development of the British colonies 61% (145,000 people) of all slaves lived in Virginia and Maryland North and Northern Southern States more intimate connection between slavery and the white masters. Mostly household servants; in the south, slaves got a task and then when done could go do their own thing. North, slaves very seldom got to do their own thing (not a lot of free time) Slaves and free blacks are very influential. Do the nasty work to skilled workers and sailors o 1712- Blacks masses are so predominate in NY, fear is rampant. White and black are working very close together. Fear is finally realized. April 6th, 1712, 23 black men get together for a drink, that night around midnight they get night they get some guns and go to downtown NY and set a building on fire. They hide in the alley ways and as the whites begin to come out to put it out, the blacks have grown in number and jump out to being murdering white people. 9 were killed and 6 more wounded. Militias came in and 27 were captured, 6 killed themselves and the rest were executed (most burned alive) RESULT: NY is scared shitless and they began to pass some laws. Not more than 3 black slaves could meet Any slave with a gun would get 20 lashes Involvement in a conspiracy to kill, rape, or maim and would be killed If the master freed the slave, he had to post a 200 pound bond to help the slave out if he got into trouble. o September 9th, 1739- Stono Rebellion in South Carolina. Band of slaves wants liberty and tries to run to FL. Quickly put down. Seeing the same thing that we will see in the white community, ideas of liberty and freedom o 1741- NY is turned upside down. Fear is still going crazy and the Stono Rebellion is all over the news, almost 2 to 3 thousand slaves living there. March and April, fires begin to break out all over the place. The whites goes nuts and the governor tries to expose whoever is doing this and says he will reward people who give names. Then a young servant girl (white) who worked for John Hughson (a shady tavern owner) who served slaved. Mary Burton (the servant girl) is arrested for thievery. Begins to name names, like John Hughson and his wife conspired with the blacks of NY to burn the city down and kill all the whites so that Hughson can be king of NY. She was promised freedom and 100 pounds. Hughson is arrested along with his wife, two slaves, and a prostitute. They were all hung. Also begin looking for Catholics due to England's war with Spain. A school teacher, John Ury, was a Jesuit Priest is disguise who is trying to steal souls. 18 blacks hung, 13 burned, 70 deported. Many coming out of Mary, she is finally shut up because she accuses the governor and all the high officials of being Catholic and black-lovers. She is given 100 pound and deported.
By 1750, idea of revolution and being "American" is in both cultures (black and white) and manifests in black culture. Runaway slaves have been a problem but they shift how they run away. About 1.5 million people all together. 1 in 5 people were enslaved by 1750. Majority of whites lived in the North and majority of blacks were in the South. Over the next few decades, the agitation for independence which will lead to a paradox. By 1760s, American Colonist have begun to risk the British Government and the African Americans joined in. The paradox is more evident because it is getting harder to justify the black slave. George Washington was given 6 slaves at age 11. He shows the paradox totally. Marries Martha and George got even more slaves. Later on, he denied the rights of slaves to fight in the revolution but later in life, he is noted and quoted as having serious reservations about slavery. He didn't really believe in slavery and in his will, he freed all his slaves (but only after Martha died). American Revolution was NOT a white revolution. This is shown in the patriots of the revolution. o First black man to be killed in the AR was Crispus Attucks in Boston, Mass. Accused of starting the Boston Massacre. o Lexington and the shot heard round the world. Pomp Blackmon and Prince Estabrook are two of the minute men who took part in April of 1775. o In May of 1775, a group of black patriots helps Ethan Allen helped take Ticonderoga by surprise. o Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, Peter Salem and Salem Poor (helped with Breeds Hill). o Edward Hector received a cash award for bravery o 1779, Battle of Kettle Creek, Austin Dabney helped out and played an instrumental part is defeating the Tories and was the only black man to help out. And was freed in 1780 by the governor but it wasn't until 1821 that he was officially recognized and he got a 125 acre farm for his bravery. 9/24/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Lucy Terry Prince 1746 (1855) First poem composed by an African American women: Poem called "Bars Fight" American Revolution is not just a fight but a symbol of freedom and continues on today o Not only a white man's fight o What does it mean after the revolution? Confusing ideas: slavery is huge but we have difficulty justifying it Jefferson is a good example; owned many slaves but very outspoken about how wrong it is and wants to let his slaves go if he ever got out of debt. Justice VS Self-preservation 1807- signed a bill abolishing the slave trade Claims that the black man is genetically related to the orangutan The Constitution (Never says slaves but implies it)
3/5 compromise; each slave counts as 3/5th of a person (anyone not a freed person) Until 1808, the slave trade will continue Persons held to serve in one state, escaping to another, must be returned to their owners Bill of Rights- 5th amendment- no person can be deprived without the due process of law; slaves are not people but property THUS slave holders can bring their slaves wherever their hearts desire 1793-Cotton Gin is invented by Eli Whitney: Thinks it is great and it is, but the need for slaves increased because the land could be larger and they needed more people to work the land. The yield of raw cotton doubled each decade. Eventually the US had of the world's cotton and it was the backs of slaves that did the work What was Slavery o Crazy bastard people doing horrid things to slaves, thinking they were justified 1791-1804~ Haitian Revolution: French Haiti (San Domain) is a hell hole of slavery; the French Revolution was going on, This finds its way to the New World and the slaves didn't understand why they were preaching freedom but killing people. In 1791, the slaves and freed blacks in Haiti rise up and is the first successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere and begins the first free black republic in modern history. The echoes of this revolution ripple in the Western Hemisphere and moves into North American. Slave holders are scared shitless, no one is safe. In 1800, August 30th, Gabriel Prosser organizes the first major slave insurrection in America. However, 1,000 slaves gather outside Richmond and are ready but it begins to pour rain and they cannot get to Richmond and are stuck in place. One of the rebels gets scared and runs to tell the white militia. And soon the state militia is there and about 34 people are convicted and hung. It is the first in American history AND it solidified the fear coming out of the Haitian Revolution. And then in 1811, the largest slave revolt in history. January 8th, Charles Deslandes organizes a rebellion 35 miles N of New Orleans. 500 slaves begin to march toward New Orleans. They kills two white, burn a ton of crops, capture weapons, but when they get to Kenner, Louisiana, they are met by a militia of US troops and farmers. 66 slaves are kills (including Deslandes). They are decapitated and their heads are put on poles along the road to New Orleans. 1822- Denmark Vesey gets the rebellious spirit. He gets visions that have been going on for many years however, in May of 1822; he begins to organize the rebellion in Charlestown. It is important because Charlestown is important because not only slaves are there but freed slaves as well. The whites thought everything was all well and good but then Vesey uses his position to gather up the rebellion in secret. About 1,000 people are waiting for the signal. HOWEVER, one of the people gets scared and tells the militia and it was betrayed. Vesey and 36 others were hanged after trial. Important because now the whites were fearing slaves and freed blacks because they could work together 1831- Nat Turner; August 21st Turner and 6 men met in the woods to eat and make plans in Virginia. At 2 am they kill the Travis family as they slept. They move from house to house, killing
all the whites they saw. At its largest point, 40 slaves are there. On the 22nd, they are attacked and are put down. Turner escapes until the 30th and 55 white people were killed. Turner was hung and skinned. IMPORTANT: in the excitement after the rebellion, white poses were formed and any black they found were killed, over 200 were murdered and many had nothing to do with the rebellion and hadn't even heard about it. Legislature says that they should free the slaves but the plantation owners are in charge and it is quickly voted down 1859- Harper's Ferry by John Brown, He was a white abolitionist October 16th, he gets some freed slaves and a few whites and march to Harper's Ferry which is an armory and rift works. They were to march in, get weapons, and then everyone would join in and they would beat slavery. But as they took the arsenal, they got trapped by militia. Robert E. Lee and J.E.B. Stewart bat down the door and get John Brown. 4 civilians are killed, two are bayoneted to death, John Brown showed up for the cause of the black man and he killed on in the mess. We see Active resistant (revolt, murder and such) Passive resistant: slowing down work, destroying work materials, killing of farm animals SAMBO~ term used to describe the giddy multitude. They loved their masters and didn't cause trouble HOWEVER; they could also be a resister because they are happy to your face but are active or passive resisters behind it. It is now not a nice term Quiz on Wednesday: Will go into the institution of slavery and reconstruction
9/28/2007 Race & Ethnicity in the US
Why did we fight a Civil War (the War of Northern Aggression [Griffith])? o Economical differences- Plantation with the Cotton Gin (1793) Plantation growth and economy changes GREATLY with the cotton gin. Everyone wants to get on the train and many smaller crops pocket but the large bunch is cotton. The South needs slaves to keep it going. The North is doing industry and there is no need to slaves but the South is dependent on them. o States Rights VERSE Federal Government Some want small government and most stuff left up to the states or large government with less power to the states. The South latches on to the tenth amendment (if it isn't given to the Feds and isn't denied to the states, then the states get it). Results in the idea of nullification: the South can nullify any law that the Feds passed if they didn't agree with it. The Feds disagreed and there was a big debate and then the Nullification Crisis. John C. Calhoun is on the State's rights side. Tariff 1828- Northern Industries thought they were getting put aside so there was a 62% tariff on all imported goods. South is PISSED because they are big with Britain. The argument is based on the tariff is soon
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dead. Over the next 30 years, the tariff will go from 62% to 17% by (1862?) so they go back to slavery. Fight between slave and non-slavery and the growth of slavery Fought over four ways: 1818- State of Missouri wants to be a state. Missouri screws up the balance. James Talmud wants to let them in as a freed state and the South shits a brick. They demanded that the North recognized the need for slavery. Senators are fighting so we get Henry Clay who comes up with the Missouri Compromise. 1820 is good because Maine wants in as well. Maine will be free and Missouri will be slave and the balance is good. BUT they drew the 36th Parallel, below was slave and above was free (except Missouri). 1846 we go to war with Mexico. They begin to break up the land before we win. The Wilmot Proviso says that we should ban slavery in all new lands from now on. For two years there is a battle in Congress over what we should do. Compromise of 1850- The North and South come together under Henry Clay and decide that California will be free so New Mexico and Utah will be left up to them if they will be slave or free when and if they decide to join in. Texas had to give up the land in New Mexico. The slave trade was abolished in DC (in 1850). THEN The Fugitive Slave Act is set into effect: any federal officer who comes across a slave and does not arrest him will be fined $1,000 and any citizen who is harboring a slave they are fined $1,000 and 6 months in jail. Ticked off the abolition movement because they were being punished for their beliefs and this affected slaves and freedblacks. You could not defend yourself. Saying "Down the River" freed blacks would be sold back into slavery regardless. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854: they could decide if they wanted slavery or not. The South was happy but the North was pissed. People in mass rushed to Kansas to affect the first election. Proslavery settlers have the election and win it. BUT they are charged with election fraud so they had another one. The anti-slavery settlers took a vote but the pro-slavery don't vote. So there are two separate governments with two different views. Violence erupts "Bleeding Kansas" the anti slavery are led by John Brown. President Peirce sends in troop and gets rid of the anti-slavery people. They win and then there is elective fraud again. SO Kansas is not allowed to be a state. 1861, they get enough anti-slavery settlers to get a constitution. 1857- Final nail in the coffin. Dred Scott has been labeled as the man with no rights. Scott was a slave in Missouri, when his master traveled a bunch even to freed places. In 1846, he sues his master for his freedom. It reaches the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Roger Taney (80 yr old, proslavery) passes the decision. Will knock anti-slavery on their asses
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Abolition Movement They are pissed. The North feels polarized from the rest of the country. Uncle Tom's Cabin, the John Brown raid, Fugitive slave act, and Dred Scott are not helping. Lincoln Election (1860) The South saw Lincoln as the Anti-slavery devil. For tariffs, against slavery. Before he takes office, there are 7 states that succeed for the union (LA, TX, FL, NC,...) Lincoln only got 39% of the popular vote They focused on the electoral votes Split of the Democratic party Democrats split by North and South (Douglas is the N. Dem while Breckinridge for the S.) Whigs form the Constitutional Union Party, based on Compromise 81% turnout (since 1930 we have only have 53% on the nation) Lincoln wins and the South is pissed and succeeds HIS INVENTION: The Apple Pie Paradigm Nobody is wrong; they all contributed BUT they have different values and one contributes to the one point. Slaves are the apples to this pie. No matter how we slice it, it still has slavery.
10/1/2007 Race & Ethnicity in the US Civil War- Emancipation Proclamation o Abe Lincoln wanted to "preserve the Union" not about slavery o Some slave owners were fighting for the Union and still supported slavery o Lincoln doesn't want to piss people off too much because he is seeking re-election o 1862- Lincoln begins to change his opinion and begins to favor anti-slavery; the North is losing and has to rally the troops o Abolitionists are on his back, resentment towards the South states for killing Northern boys o Don't care about the rights of the South
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Summer of 1862 comes up with the Emancipation Proclamation but doesn't issue it. Doesn't want to look desperate and waits until a major battle and can ride the tails of a victory Only frees slavery in rebellious territories: the South Gets moral victory with abolitionist Sends 150 thousand slaves up North to fight for the Union 1865- The war ends: cost is massive (3600 Union, 2600 Confederates, 8 billion dollars on war). [$1 then is like $10 now; so 80 billion today] The South is devastated. Most of war was fought in the South and industry is killed. North can borrow money but South is dead Inflation grows so much because the South just prints it. By the end of the war, the Confederate money was cents to the Union dollar 4 million slaves had been freed; problems 15th amendment isn't passed yet, not a citizen Devastated economy If you want eat, have to stay the slave you were Changes in the South- very slowly Congressional Reconstruction (1865-1877) How can we pull the Union back together? o Lincoln wants the 10% plan; 10% of the people who voted 1860 in must take oath to the Union, accepts freedom of the slaves, and elect pro-Union official o Wade-Davis bill- 50% of voters must swear alliance and only people who could prove they never supported the rebellion. o Johnson replaces Lincoln so he accepts the Wade-Davis Bill (Lincoln vetoed it before he was shot) Johnson adds that they have to accept the 13th amendment [ freed the slaves; 1965] o The Republicans who run the government freak out with the Southern Democrats (wealthy people were back in power) didn't want any of this again. They refuse to let them take their seats in Congress. Congress says that the Democrats had illegally stolen the election by not letting the blacks vote with the Black Codes (kept the blacks as close to slaves as possible). 1865 Christmas Eve begins the KKK and they became the muscle for the Black Codes in the South. VERY bloody time in the South. Congress responds by implicating programs Freed Man's Bearu- helping to protect the in Civil Rights Act of 1866- guaranteed rights of freed black men 14th Amendment proposed in 1966 all born or naturalized in US have equal rights (except Indians) ratified in 1868
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Republicans are at heads with Johnson and the South 1867 the Ten-year of office act: no president can fire on of his senior office holders unless the Senate says so. He fired the Secretary of War and 3 days later is impeached but he avoids by one vote and will come down on the Southern gentry in return. This begins the Congressional reconstruction 5 military districts, each with military war hero to led them. The affect is to impose a Republican government and must control the African American vote Congress has second reconstruction act: in any Southern state blacks can vote 1866 (not in the North) 1870 with the 15th amendment it goes to the whole nation Third reconstruction: if you fought on the side of the South, you cannot vote; helps the Republicans because they just got the entire slave vote and kicked out all the Democrats The South is taken over by 3 groups o Black community o Northern who move south (carpetbaggers) o Southern Loyalists (scalawags) Blacks play a part in politics and some in Congress and test the limit of their freedom 1870- Hiram Revels- first African American US Senator 1875- an ex slave Blanch Kelso Bruce- is the first black man to hold a full term in the state in Mississippi 1872- Louisiana PBS Pitchback- First black governor 1870- Jonathan Jasper Write- is elected to sit on the State Supreme Court in South Carolina Black men were in all kinds of high positions This was torture to the whites of the South They found it as a violation of the American Caste System and the white rebelled against it They rallied to strip the blacks of everything they achieved and declared black politicians were corrupt and ignorant and they didn't want them to excel and do well in politics. Whites felt that this was essential to empowerment The South rallies to get rid of the blacks and the battle of the ballot was HUGE in the South
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1877- Reconstruction is strong even with the violent and the military presence is helpful; but in 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes is elected President but it isn't easy. He doesn't win the popular vote but wins the electoral vote. BUT then the Florida vote count is disputed. FL, GA, SC cannot figure out the ballots. The Republicans cut a deal, if we can be president, then will take the troops out of the South. Democrats go for it. The Compromise of 1877- Hayes is given presidency and this begins the Jim Crow Era. Jim Crow Era will be a time in America that will put everything before the Civil War to shame. It is bloody and brutal and it is argued that it puts the South back 150 years. Jim Crow Civil Rights Try to review a bit on Friday
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10/3/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Terms list posted this evening (make flashcards) Jim Crow Era o North pulls out of the South and then South is left to its own devices. The black community is abandoned by its government and left in a hostile environment o Term describing the American racist culture that evolved against the black community. Terms from the black minstrel (dancing black man) because a term to separate the races. Defined the re-division of blacks and white especially in the South o Born out of the need for whites to assert themselves in white supremacy. Used to strip blacks of power and dignity o The use of power and derogatory terms to enforce power o This is seen in court cases to overturn all the headway that blacks made during reconstruction o 1883- the supreme court overrules the Civil Rights Act of 1875 (said all persons have equal rights to resources) but it was ruled that the 14th amendment didn't support it and that GOVERNMENT couldn't discriminate but that private groups could o The southern states saw this as their opportunity and they begin to get the colored fountains and white only stores o Curfews for the black community and that they cannot work together in the same rooms. The South is taking back what it had lost o 1890- Homer Plessey is recruited by black activist because he is a very white looking man. He sits in the white car and is arrested and tried for violating railroad process. o Plessey V. Ferguson- Separate but equal doctrine is established in 1890 o This firmly separated the races and it was now legal to be racist and exclude people o 1899- Another nail with Cumming V. Richmond County Board of Education- separate schools could operate even if they are not always equal. Will be separated but not
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always the same, the county said they didn't have the money to run to equal schools and the courts said as long as the white school is good and if you can prove not enough money then don't worry about the black schools. South wanted to get rid of the vote so they have to get creative and make it difficult. Disenfranchisement- systematically robs people of the ability to vote. Imposed literacy tests to keep the blacks out (had to read part of the Constitutions, if the form isn't quite right, comprehension, poll tax [vast poverty]) because they applied to ALL voters, it wasn't against the 15th amendment. Grandfather clause, if your grandfather was a voter and eligible in 1867, then you could vote without the test. When everything wasn't enough, it was violence. Blacks were not just put into their place; it had to be for generations. Between 1882 and 1968 almost 5 thousand blacks were lynched in the US, 97% were committed in the former confederate states. Jim Crow was a total change from the good times when blacks were making strides now they were stripped of everything For most Southern blacks, Jim Crow was not easy or acceptable. They couldn't avoid whites even though they tried. Due to the fear, many people tried to form all black, hidden communities. Even in integrated towns, they lived in rundown, unpainted places. Didn't want to show dignity and prosperity. 1905- the idea of Jim Crow had come to a head in both white and black communities and we see the rise of two great men: Booker T. Washington- born in slavery, his idea was that segregation should be accepted and they only way to bring yourself out of it was to work hard (farming). And if they did this and proved that they could be productive, then eventually the violence would end. Founded many colleges (Tuskegee Institute, main goal is to educate the black community in agriculture and vocational teachers), argued that over time economic and social security would come to the black community W.E.B. DuBois- believed that black Americans should fight and stand up for the Constitutional rights. Was Harvard educated and this bowing down to the white establishment was unacceptable. He wanted advance a black elite who could overcome political and economic situations and take over and in 1903, he spoke openly in The Souls of Black Folk. 1909, he co-founds the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). In the 20s and 30s there are many civil organizations that will help the NAACP, like the National Urban and even the Communist Party (in 1930s, the Scottsburg Boys, 9 blacks youths were accused of assaulting 2 white women; the NACCP rose in numbers in response to it) The NAACP was not a social thing. It is a cultural movement. At the same time we find: Blues Ragtime Jazz Black Poetry
Black Art Harlem Renaissance- literary movement began in Harlem. Thousands of blacks had moved north and congregated in Harlem, New York. This new wave of resistance begins to unfold. Is all over, not just in Harlem, even moves south. Allows for the definition as African American not Negros, blacks, or colored people. Gives a cultural identity.
And they were in your face black response to whites o The Great Depression- the South is losing money and share croppers are killed and they begin to lose their way of making a life. The Great Migration- begins after the war in 1919-40s. Between 1916 and 1919, million blacks go to major cities and move in with family. Lots of natural disasters (floods, insects, cotton failures) are pushing people north. As people move north, everyone is looking for jobs and causes fear that they will take away the jobs. Now there is tension in the north and trying to bring the black community together Marcus Garvey- Jamaican who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914. Garvey was the originator of Pan-Africanism. His solution was to move back to Africa and re-patriot people. But he also wanted his people to be with the commerce of the work. Founds the Black Star line (Titanic was for the White Star line) but it never gets off the ground. By the 1940s, through associations the modern civil rights movement is beginning to take form. The first evidence is when Randolph Philip organizes and threatened to lead a march on Washington DC (50 thousand blacks). It begs a response for the administration, FDR is in office and he says that the defense industries will have equal employment and welfare benefit programs and Eleanor advocated civil rights. FDR is a Democrat (they didn't like black people) this shows a BIG change on the politic parties deal with it. The switch of the stances lays the groundwork for the 1950s civil rights. 150 thousand in 1940s and then more than a million registered black voters by 1952.
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10/5/2007 Race & Ethnicity in the US
Review all day long! 20 matching [two sections {people and politics}] , 20 multiple choice [four to five possibilities for each], 5 fill in the black [two pts each], 5 IDS (given 8 but have to pick 5) [six pts a piece] NOT on the exam Anne Moody & heavier towards the end than in the beginning Know the basic definitions from the first couple of days NOT going to ask about the census, trying to define racial/ethnic groups
If it was on the overheard, study it Colonization and expansion of empires o Key concepts, firsts of things, Colombian exchange Spaniards liked to screw the natives and killed them later Treaties that were set up o Tortesallies Dates o 1619 Wars that divided up the new world o Treaty of 1763, 1793, Paris Icentos- permission by Spanish crowd to trade slaves British colonization o James 1607 Africans introduced into the new world Indentured servants definitions Changing attitudes in America Rebellions o Stono o Bacon Struggle over independence Designing the constitution Compromises Growth of slavery Things invented and practices made a bigger boom o Cotton gin by Eli Whitney (1793) Black patriots o Cripus Attics o Austin Dafney (not on test) Lots of uprisings, rebellions, revolutions: dispels myth of "happy slave" o South Carolina - Stono o Harper's Ferry o Gabriel o Demark Vesey o De Lon? Louisiana, largest slave rebellion o Haitian rebellion Apples Pie Paradigm o Everything about the Civil War was about SLAVERY o Lincoln's election o State's rights v. government o Growth of slavery Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation September 1862 and waits until January 1st 1863 to issue it. Reconstruction o Everyone had differing ideas o Lincoln gets shot o Many different plans (know them) o What happened, some good things, some bad things o Important people during the good part of reconstruction 1877- Rutherford election and ending of Reconstruction and the compromise Jim Crow o What it was, where it came from, stereotypes o Was the racist culture that evolved against the black community- characterized by violence, disenfranchisement, and racial separation o Manifestations of racism, disenfranchisement Literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause, comprehension tests, lynching, cutting funding in schools, : whole point is to keep black people out of society Legislation o Plessy V. Ferguson o Cummings V. Richmond o Legislation of 1883 (not on test) o Civil Rights Acts (know a bunch of them) Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Marcus Garvey Harlem Renaissance- literary movement Lots of blacks move to the north The Great Migration o Moves North because they need jobs and industry is good up North o South getting hit by natural disasters (1927 Flood) Great Depression- FDR: Welfare systems, defense industry jobs, o Democrats were anti-black to begin with and they were changing; now pro-worker, prosocial workers, pro-welfare and the Republicans become more conservative Number of black voters goes way up and re-centers power o Doesn't de-center powers at be, re-centers and will allow for the big civil rights movement that will not be on our test
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10/12/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Make flash cards to help organize notes using the guide thingy that Rob gave out at the beginning of class. RED CARD HOLDER Immigration o Groups moving to America, by choice o We are built on immigration and our history would suck without people coming. o First 15 years of the 20th century- 13 million people came to the US Before in the early 19th century- only 4 million people in the US total of that was English The rest were Scot-Irish, Welsh, mostly WASPs. 1/5 were enslaved Africans o Early on, immigration was viewed as a source of labor; and we have struggled with who should be allowed in and who shouldn't. o The Naturalization Acts 1790- it defined citizenship, any free white person who lived in the US for two years and one year in the state he wanted to get citizenship in could apply. 1795- second act; all it does is it increases residence to five years and they had to swear an oath to the US 1798- third act; five years was increased to 14 years and had to declare the intention five years before taking your oath HOWEVER: it was a weird time, labor is becoming important in the North, not slave labor but get it from immigrants. By the turn of the century, the laws are so tough that the work force was going down Thomas Jefferson in 1802; the 1795 act is reinstated, and it becomes the law o 1803- Louisiana Purchase- opens up a ton of land for America, need people to settle it. More immigration is needed and they begin to flood in, begins to boom o AT THE SAME TIME, the British Empire is booming and then ends slavery in 1807 and need immigration. Mad dash for labor everywhere they get most of stuff from China and India (cotton, spices, etc) begin to impress labors (coolies: ARE NOT typical immigrates, one step from being slaves, impressed into servatitude [con job] and forced into labor, will be used massively in Caribbean, etc. The first Asian to settle in the US will actually settle in LA [Manila Village in 1750] ). The British have a problem in China along with the Americas and this is tea. China is making a good living off of their tea (cheaper than the British), the British are getting pissed off, SO they begin to import opium into China (from India). The British want to make a lot of money on drugs, if the Chinese were making money on tea (British are the first international drug dealers). China is getting messy and are looking for an escape when they hear about the California Gold Rush and in 1848, the Chinese begin to respond to the call of the "Gold Mountain" (That was their name for California). These people, who are running from economic disaster in China, are NOT coolies. They will be labeled coolies but they are not, they choose to come. Come on what is called the "credit ticket" system": they are too poor to come to America so they either: A) sell everything B) have a rich uncle C) borrow (Credit Ticket,
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borrowing money from Chinese Representatives who will loan the money and you will pay back the loan but cannot leave until the loan is paid). They are coming to make money and then send it back home and will go back to China once they make it big. They are loyal to China and do not want to assimilate to American Culture By 1852- there is an influx: many whites are coming out from the South (still racist) and they get away from the "black problem" and get to the "yellow problem" Foreign Miner's tax- $3 every month for every foreigner who did not desire to become a citizen (1852), but if you are Chinese you can't get around it because they are not white. This excludes Chinese miners from the benefits that the white labors could get: the aim was to cut down on Chinese immigration To bull work that 1854-1859 California passes a shit load of laws Chinese, blacks, NA, mulattos cannot testify against whites: keeps minorities out of the legal system 1855-Discourages immigration of persons who cannot become citizens to the state of California: exceptions sometimes but you had to pay $50 landing fee 1859- Chinese cannot go into the public schools 1862- $2.50 tax on all Chinese living in the state, per month They don't know what to do. Were accepted but now not The Chinese begin to lobby the government for rights and in 1868, by luck, the 14th amendment is passed (all persons born or naturalized are citizens of the US and the state they reside in) more or less clears the slate of all the crap before. HOWEVER; this isn't always the case, mass violence occurs against the Chinese. 1870 Naturalization act- limited citizenship to whites and persons of African American; excluded the Chinese from the 14th amendment 1870 Civil Rights act- does away will all imposed taxes and gave rights of citizens but they were not citizens Various other attempts to further remove the Chinese from society 1880- California Civil Code will not allow inter-racial marriage Something big happens out West- the railroad Want to build a railroad from Sacramento to Nebraska (begin in the 1860s) Sacramento (Central Pacific) Nebraska (Union Pacific) Need cheap labor: use the Chinese and get $31 a month Leaves like 10-11 dollars to send home Thousands are used to build it Promontory Point, Utah: May 10th, 1869 the two groups meet No Chinese are pictured As soon as the railroad is connected, they fire everyone and the Chinese must walk back to CA (mostly go to San Francisco) China Town is being built in San Francisco
Industries and insulating themselves from the whites Built in two ways Holding on to one's culture and refuse to assimilate Around associations o Tong- Mafia, offered protection, ran prostitutes and opium dens, the muscles o Fong- civil associations, had places to go and come together as a community. Organized parades, celebrations, etc. o Will be very important to how the Chinese fight this racism that will come to a head in the early 20th century
10/15/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Chinese Immigration Assignment- Write a letter as if I am nineteenth century Chinese railroad worker or a miner. Can approach in many ways: not long (until a page), writing home to someone, describe what happened today in my life, Golden Spike. Looking for: 1) it must make sense, 2) include history, 3) write it first person and make it personal, 4) only a page, double spaced (like 200 words). Due Wednesday, printed out Definition of immigrant V. migrant o Immigrant- takes up residence in another country o Migrant- moves searching for seasonal work Even with all the shit going down, they still built a cohesive community o Associations (Tongs and Fongs) Chinatowns because thriving communities and they helped the towns around them as well. Service industries for the white community was important (laundry mats, restaurants) was much cheaper if the Chinese do it over the whites. VERY important in the service industries Assimilation- white immigrants do this more but the China DO NOT assimilate and make it a point to not do it, they had planned on going home Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882- lots of pressure from the labor organizations begin to come together in Congress and they have to do something. CEA says that Chinese cannot come to the US (This is the first time a group has been banned from the US). Prohibits them from becoming nationalized and sets a 50 cent per immigrant tax to come into the US. Chinese includes lunatics; this is the law for the next 60 years.
1885- Alien Contract Labor Laws- restricts passage into the US to only certain labor types (if we didn't need it, you didn't come in). Laws are passed by rich white folks who are seeking domestic help. This does two things to the Chinese o If you have come over here with the idea of staying, your family cannot come over o The Chinese population begins to dwindle because they are just men and no women, by the turn of the century the population is Chinese began to go to Mexico and then illegally immigrate to the US 1941- Pearl Harbor- Japan bombs us and so we want to make nice to China so they will help us. 1943 MAGNUSON ACT- We will allow 104 Chinese people into America a year; priority goes to the same people. Scientist and politically important people can come in. 1965- Immigration & Nationality Act- Abolished the quota system and priority went to reuniting families. o Unmarried children until 21 years of age o Spouse and unmarried kids of residences o Professional scientist and artist of exceptional ability o Married children over 21 and spouses and their kids o UNKNOWN CAN LOOK UP??? o Siblings and their spouses o Political refugees o 20,000 people allowed but the list above were not included LBJ is President at this time; Civil Rights Act is going on. Americans are scared that the Chinese will take all the jobs Rock Springs Riot 1885, Wyoming- mining town, HUGE Chinese population, to quell the public sentiment, the miners are going to give the Chinese an extra day off (for religious purposes) and the whites get pissed off. So, a white man goes to the blacksmith (Chinese) and orders him to do some work. The Chinese man refuses and the white guy beats him to death with his own tools. A riot goes on for a couple of days and 28 Chinese dead, 15 wounded, and hundreds are excelled, 150,000 dollars in damage. Violence moves Sept 11, Seattle's China town is burned down and they Chinese are expelled from Seattle. Federal troops are called in and eventually put under the table Lots of racial profiling goes on during the 1940s Push and Pull Factors o Push Factors- reasons that make you want to leave where you are Economic hardships, Opium Wars, Natural Disasters o Pull Factors- reasons that you would want to come to somewhere Gold
10/17/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Having a Discussion Day? White Flight o Whites moving to the suburbs to get away from the minorities in the city o Whites might perceive a decline in the neighborhood with minorities moving in; perceive the stereotype of black neighbors being lower class o This fear that property value will fall is what makes the property values fall o Business start to move to follow the people o Housing prices go down o White people make up 80% of the housing market o 20% of the housing market will be the target for moving into homes Of this 20%, 50% can move into the middle class homes 10% (the other ) is not big enough to substance the market so there are vacant houses and eventually renters come in o Wal-Mart opens up o Library leaves o Schools lose funding, no more football team o Predatory services move in (gun store, quick loan places, pawn shops, liquor stores) o As communities go down, and needs go up; taxes go up The poorer the town is, the more taxes you pay o PoPos are understaffed and crime goes up o Hospitals are understaffed and are further away o Leadership declines o Minorities take advantage of other minorities o Highway moves in, vacant field, Prison, Toxic Waste dump move in o MORAL: How did this happen A fear that wasn't even there What is the easiest way to avoid this Get to know your neighbors and understand where they stand o NOT JUST A HISTORY CLASS BUT IT ALL TIES INTO THE ISSUE OF POWER AND CONTROL THAT IS OFTEN BASED IN PERCEPTIONS
10/19/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Received Essay Assignment, begin reading book and working on paper o Am allowed to insert myself for comparative reasons (can use first person) A flick Race: The power of an Illusion o The Melting Pot idea Everyone will assimilate into the American tradition but did not mean people of color, only white The be white was to gain the rewards of citizenship Had to decide who was white and who was not Race is a social and political construction 1909- the US court in MA, Armenians were white Questions the other groups 1922- A Japanese man petitioned to be white: thought his skin was whiter but big argument was that race shouldn't matter but that the person should be considered. Was ruled against because he was not white. He did everything right but was still told he was not a citizen Indians were apparently white and the courts decided that science didn't matter and that it was subjectively understood Never said what whiteness was, but said what it wasn't People who were naturalized before were now stripped of citizenship and many did not do well (suicide) Japanese were kept out of neighborhoods Johnson-Reed Immigration Act that banned Asian immigration o The House You Lived In Veterans needed home and they used the Federal Housing Administration to help people get homes Got lower rates and only had to put up 10-20% instead of 50% (similar to today's standards) Homes began to spring up all over the place; in suburbia Most were young, GIs and wanted to get an education and want to get homes Blacks were not always allowed to move into the new homes because of the color of their skin One or two families could screw up the whole neighborhood An integrated neighborhood might be unstable socially and economically Fair Housing Act Minority groups could move into traditionally white neighborhoods Blockbusting Tried to get whites to get out and then resold to minorities at a higher price
10/24/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Tolerance o Don't really want it but can put up with it Talked all day about tolerance and acceptance
10/29/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
E-mail to Joe on Friday along with Wednesday and Friday's Notes: Will be posting HIS notes online on Blackboard, the PowerPoint will not be there though Jewish-American Experience What about people who are not noticeably different and people who separate themselves by religion? Because we cannot tell who is Jewish by what they look like, it is shown that race is socially constructed o The Jewish Nation has separated themselves more than society does o They hang close to their cultural and religious experience Important o ONE Very important no matter where you come from Oldest Monotheistic religion (near east some 35 hundred years ago) Major role in the development of the world Christianity is founded on the basis of Judaism Tied directly to the Old Testament, specially to the Torah (first five books of the Old Testament) Genesis- Abraham was spoken to by God (descendants will be a part of the land of Cannon, etc.) The basis of BEING Jewish is the religion o TWO Moses has a covenant with God when he meets Him on Mt. Sinai Were given the task to live out the Commandments before all others Describes a way of life Rabbi Early Jewish History
"In the beginning, God created the universe." (Gen, 1:1) the start of Jewish history The Old Testament is the story of the Jewish people The first five books chapters are the foundation of the faith called the Torah, Talmud is the interpretation of the Torah Immigration o Primary reason for immigrating was for religious freedom o 1654-1829 ~ 23 people; 5,000 by 1829; 1820-1880 300,000; 1880-1924 approx. 2.5 million o Ashekenazim- mainly settles in Germany and are the Germanic Jews (Also in Russia, eastern Europe) o Shepardin the Spanish Jews and settles in Spain and Portugal o Separate by distance and experience o 1492 the Jews are beginning to be exiled from Spain. In 1477 the Inquisition had begun to Christianize all of Europe. The Jews were looking for a new home and with Columbus sails August 3rd, 1492. With him are 5 conversos (Jews) and the most important was his right hand man de Torres and volunteered to stay in the new world to govern it. o 1654- the First Wave of Jewish Immigration- they sailed to New Amsterdam and were the first Jewish colony. They came for religious freedom. Were doing well but they were still required to worship in private o 1820-1880- the Second Wave of Jewish Immigration- division in the Holy Roman Empire between the Jews and Christians and leads to strife and they leave o 1880-1924- The Third Wave of Jewish Immigration- they arrived from Germany and they came to escape political strife and economic suffering (World War 1). Settled in industrial cities. The form unions and labor groups and are instrumental in many of these movements 1911- The Triangle Shirt Waist Company Fire- sweat short in New York City, employed young girls and women (almost 95% were Jewish). The owners locked the women in when they came to work so that you couldn't leave and you couldn't take smoke breaks. Therefore, when a small fire breaks out, no one can get out and they all die. A few manage to get out a window and died falling to their death. The papers reported it and Jewish organizations came to the forefront for reform. Thus changes in safety and child labor laws were made. However, in 1924, due to the large number of Jewish peoples, quotas were established for Jewish Immigrants. Before this time, approx. 140 thousand were coming to the States a year and now able 10 thousand o Separation of church and state Ongoing battle from the early 1800s to 1947 Thomas Jefferson persuaded Virginia to separate church and state, many states followed This helps the Jews because they cannot be persecuted by their religion any more
o o o
When the Civil Rights Act was passed, the Jewish community still had a problem with state schools. There was discriminatory quotas; they had to have a certain number of black students enrolled at all times. In 1973, Alan Baake (Jewish) sued to get into a medical school and he couldn't get in because of the quotas. This created a rift between the blacks and Jews. Quotas were set to help people but they kept many people out (Jews were white but they were immigrants and a religious minority; due to their religion they could be kept out of state schools). 1978 it was declared unlawful and could not be used for affirmation action o 1845 Federal Government rules that the 1st amendment did not apply to the states only to the federal government This affected the Jews because now the states could make their own laws. Schools can now use religion a factor in enrollment. We see a LOT of Christian orientated universities o Ruling was overturned in 1947 by Supreme Court and everyone could practice o Zionist Movement Originally aimed at re-establishment of a Jewish National homeland and state in Palestine Now concerned with development and support of Israel o 1917- The British supported the Balfer Declaration Palestine would be a Jewish nation. But is was closed off in 1939 (the Arabs got pissed) th o May 14 , 1948- the British left Palestine and even today many do not recognize it as a nation o In 1947 the UN voted to open Palestine again as a Jewish state Judaism o The traditional definition of a Jew is if you are born of a Jewish mother o In 1983, the reform Jews recognized it can be passed from either parent as long as the child is raised in the Jewish tradition o You can covert by it must be approved by an Orthodox Rabbi o Crossed religious and secular lines. It is all over and they practice in many ways. Many different sects within the Jewish faith. Can be defined as the religion of the Jewish People and tracing to Abraham. o Orthodox Known as the traditional Jewish religion, strictly and literally interpret the teaching of the Torah and the law or Talmud o Reform Modern, teaches that Jewish religion is an evolving religion and it must change to meet the needs of our time o Conservative Middle of the road, based on the congregation, Conservatism favors tradition but will adjust ritual laws
Folk and Mystic followers; black Hebrews; reconstructionists, evangelical Jews, Messianic Jews o Yiddish (Hebrew and German) Ladino (Hebrew and Spanish) are both spoken but are dying out Jewish Culture Seven Areas o The Torah o The Talmud (The Law) o Mitzvah- to affirm commitment to God through good deeds {bar for males and bat for females} o One God o Covenant contract between God and the Jewish People o Dietary Laws (Kashrut)- are for health reasons (unclean animals VS. clean animals) o Center to the religion is the Ten Commandments- Golden Rule Jewish Celebrations and Holidays o Sabbath- day of holiness o Rosh Hashanah- Jewish New Year ten day period of penitence and spiritual renewal o Yom Kippur- Day of Atonement most holy day marked by fasting and prayed o Sukkot- Commemorates the 40 yr wandering of Israelites in the desert on the way to the Promised Land o Simchat Torah- Concludes the Sukkot festival o Chanukah- Festival of lights o Purim- feast of Lots o Pesach- Passover o Shavuot- Festival of Weeks
o
10/31/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Happy Halloween! Will have a take home test to be given out on the 7th and will be turned in on the 9th. Notes from Rob are posted on Blackboard. Jewish Family o Nuclear families, most believe in lineage through the mother. Males are religious, obligated and the provider. Females raise the children. Different roles are reflected by type:
ORTHODOX Separate Worship Minyan-male (Quorum or 10 males) CONSERVATIVE Congregational Choice Minyan-choice Congregation REFORM Full Participation, Family Seating Minyan men and women (any number)
Bris (Circumcision) Bar Mitzvah Lineage (religious/tradition) Rabbis-men
Bris Naming Ceremony Bat Mitzvah Lineage Contemporary Women Rabbis Since 1983
Naming Ceremony Bat Mitzvah Contemporary Definition Women Rabbis Since 1972 (Sally Priesland was the first)
o Minyan is the Church council, like elders (he thinks, probably wrong, look up later) Anti-Semitism o Discrimination or prejudice against Jews o Jews feared others and relied on themselves for mutual aid, help associations include: B'naiB'rith (1843) established to care for the poor and orphans Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (1881) helped the new immigrants American Jewish Committee (1906). Human Relations Commiuttee who supports "rights for Jews is best secured by rights for all"" Anti-defamation League of B'nai B'rith (1913) Purpose is to highlight incidents of Anti-Semitism, teach, and try to fight by making it well known Contemporary Issues o Social/Political- Continue to fight anti-Semitism, the fate of Israel and US policy towards Israel o Cultural- Low population growth, assimilation into other cultures, and inter-marriage, while is not prohibited, it is a concern o Military Service- Very few Jewish on active duty, attributed to : Few Jewish Chaplains, Dietary constraints, Sabbath, Yarmulke, overseas assignments (Germany), traditions of family and home rituals Hitler and the Holocaust o 6 million Jews died, with countless more who were also murdered
Random comments and conversations with Rob Bird! o Will not worry about the extra space between the paragraphs in our papers o Why Rob is the why that Rob is..... Grew up in a small town in Louisiana Very segregated town (blacks on one side and whites on the other) HS recently was desegregated (went in the 1980s); inside things were still segregated He wanted to play basketball and supposedly was good but the team was all black. So he tried really hard and made the team. He was the only white guy on the entire team. Got a load of crap and just wanted to play basketball Got his ass beat up a couple of times He and a couple of basketball friends went out and got to know one of the guy's sister and Rob took her to the movie (maybe to see ET?). He got a LOAD of crap and got beat up for it Swore as he was leaving that he would never be that narrow-minded
Had to transfer HSs because he was being beat up and he didn't really understand To this day, he is talked about and wants to fight him
11/2/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Are now given the weekend to do our take home test. Paper is due on Monday, will have lectures next week and when he gets back to his office on Friday, will post the test online on the Blackboard site. Test will be due back on Wednesday at the beginning of the class period. On Blackboard is an article about DNA and is called `blacks are less intelligent than whites' (I think that is what he said) you should read it and the response is also posted Watched the movie that we say on October 19th A Flick Race: The power of an Illusion o The Melting Pot idea Everyone will assimilate into the American tradition but did not mean people of color, only white The be white was to gain the rewards of citizenship Had to decide who was white and who was not Race is a social and political construction 1909- the US court in MA, Armenians were white Questions the other groups 1922- A Japanese man petitioned to be white: thought his skin was whiter but big argument was that race shouldn't matter but that the person should be considered. Was ruled against because he was not white. He did everything right but was still told he was not a citizen Ozawa Case Indians were apparently white and the courts decided that science didn't matter and that it was subjectively understood Thind Case Never said what whiteness was, but said what it wasn't People who were naturalized before were now stripped of citizenship and many did not do well (suicide) Japanese were kept out of neighborhoods Johnson-Reed Immigration Act that banned Asian immigration o The House You Lived In Veterans needed home and they used the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to help people get homes
Got lower rates and only had to put up 10-20% instead of 50% (similar to today's standards) People were now able to buy homes Homes began to spring up all over the place; in suburbia Most were young, GIs and wanted to get an education and want to get homes Levittown in Pennsylvania, a potato farm was turned into suburbia with lots of homes from people to move in Blacks were not always allowed to move into the new homes because of the color of their skin One or two families could screw up the whole neighborhood Evaluations included the presence of blacks could screw up ratings An integrated neighborhood might be unstable socially and economically Fair Housing Act (1968) Minority groups could move into traditionally white neighborhoods Blockbusting Tried to get whites to get out and then resold to minorities at a higher price To get the whites out of the neighborhoods, basically would bully people out of their houses It was whites leaving that brought prices down in the community Whites Flight all the whites leaving the neighborhoods Schools and services decline when the whites begin to leave Minorities often could only rent and not always buy The black housing market is much different from the white housing market
11/5/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
Hispanic/Latino-Latina- American Experience o Two different names for the same basic groups o Refers roughly to those descended from Spanish-speaking peoples of the Americas o Know the information from the beginning of the semester on the census o Fastest growing population in the US today o Major Groups: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cubans, o Mexican Americans Manifest destiny paved the way for annexation of Mexican territory 1836, Texas Independence
1837-1942~13 American buyers go to TX, and buy 1.4 million acres from Mexican owners, land speculation. 1845, Mexican-American War 1848, Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo Pay 15 million dollars for what will become the southwest 1853, Gadsden Purchase 1920s, Industrial revolution, country growing 1924- Border Patrol is created and Mexicans are forced back across the border and if they came back, they would be killed 1930s. Depression, unemployment, rejection sent back "Bracero" program, WWII - recruited for war effort 1942- US and Mexico came up with Bracero Program. Basically, 5 hundred thousand workers were in on it. They were brought over as non-citizen farm workers (are legally in the country to come over and work contract labor for a specific time and amount and then they have to go home; they cannot go back unless they have written permission, if you break contract they guy you work for can take all your stuff, before you get your first paycheck you have to set up a bank account in which all fees must be paid back (Like the Chinese immigrant system). Pretty much modern slavery, again. Will last until the 1960s In the 1960s- Johnson enacts a ton of legislation. A time in which programs are halted, defining what it means to be Hispanic and public thoughts change, but American dependency on their labor does not change. Mexican- Americans begin to find their identity. It is a youth movement that begins in the 1940s and is known as the Panchuco and is known for the Zoot Suit. Zoot Suit riots in 1943 (June) in LA. 11 sailors come into port and say they are attracted by a young Latino in a Zoot suit. About 200 sailors begin to beat the crap out of anyone in a Zoot suit; they go on for four days. Joined by the military and are basically the military VS. Anyone in a Zoot suit. Police don't do anything so the US military deems that LA is off-limits to people. Riots are all over California. Spreads and by late 1943, of America is involved. In LA today, it is illegal to wear a Zoot suit (probably not enforced). Detroit Red (a pimp) gets involved and it is a life changing experience, because soon afterwards is now Malcolm X. Now into the Vato Loco typically khaki pants, knee-high white socks, shirts with bottom at collar, with white tank top (white beater)
11/7/2007 Race and Ethnicity in the US
To begin preparing for the paper, will be able to pick and choose out of the third book and compare it to the other two books. Write a comparative study (cannot use African American or Hispanic) in the paper Making ALL this shit up, don't hold it too accountable, check ALL the facts Youth movements within cultures o Zoot Suits in the Hispanic community o Vato Loco o Points to gangs and they serve a purpose Can be classified as youth movements; can rebel in minority cultures and rebel against the "man" Retaliation to culture Machismo- refers to the male dominated society HOWEVER in Hispanic culture it refers to male responsibility: taking care of your family, being a stand up guy, a learned sense of responsibility Respeto- dignity or respect. But a person must act in a way worthy of being respected: directly connected to machismo Things keeping Hispanics down o Cannot hide their language and the first thing that many want to do is make them learn English (but not the official language of the US, we don't have one). o Also cannot get over jobs and discrimination in the labor force o Education- language, a minority Cuba o Often the first thing that we think of is Castro and Communism o Pre 1959- not many people leaving Cuba and people went to go visit. Batista was in charge and life was pretty sweet. But mafia is basically running Havana and the rest of the country is owned by America (they owned 2/3rds of the land). The French Connection- Cuba was the connection for heroin. Two types of Cubans Powerful middle class Masses are not as lucky: 600,000 without work, those who did work lived in shacks, debts, worked on land they didn't own, 10% had toilets, 20% had running water, 30% had electricity, literacy rate was around 12%. The US controlled most farm land and 80% of the utilities o June 26, 1953- rumblings begin: Moncado Barracks are attacked by a young lawyer (Fidel Castro), his brother (Raul), and 156 others. Miserable failure and most are killed and the rest are imprisoned. Fidel and Raul are captured. While in prison, Fidel makes a speech in which he says "history will absolve me". Three social forces would determine
o
things (the big land owners and transnational corporations, the national upper class must be run out, the masses must be gathered, organized, and prepared to fight). Fidel and brother are released in 1955, Fidel goes into exile in Mexico. While there, he runs into a doctor (Ernesto "Che" Guevara) who has grand revolutionary ideas and will help to organize the rebellion. November 25th, 1956- Fidel, Raul, Che, and Camilo Cienfuegos board the yacht called "Granma" and sail for Cuba under the slogan "We will be free or we will be martyrs. 82 wade ashore in Cuba and Batista is waiting for them and mnay are killed but Fidel, Raul, Che, Camilo, and a couple move escape (twelve). They will begin M26 (the 26th of July Movement, after the original attack) in the mountains.