Outline I. What is osteology? osteology? Osteology ANP 120- Lecture 11 large, general scale small scale (microscopic and molecular) II. General uses of osteology in <a href="/keyword/physical-anthropology/" >physical anthropology</a> III. Bones and teeth large, general scale small scale terms of direction I. What is osteology? Origin Os- (latin)/ osteon- (greek) = bone latin) osteon- greek) -logos = (greek) the study of (greek) I. What is osteology? Large, general scale Gross structures E.g., pelvis, spinal column, teeth, etc. The study of bones and teeth Human and non- human Structure and function Growth and Development Age/ Sex differences I. What is osteology? Small, detailed scale From the general... general... I. What is osteology? Small, detailed scale ... to the Microscopic and molecular level II. Osteology &amp; <a href="/keyword/physical-anthropology/" >physical anthropology</a> The study of human and non-human primate bones and dentition Comparisons among different species Evolution Locomotion (in both fossil and living primates) II. Osteology &amp; <a href="/keyword/physical-anthropology/" >physical anthropology</a> Dentition Age Diet Structure (e.g. large molars with a flat surface= diet of leaves and grasses) Chemical isotope signatures II. Osteology &amp; <a href="/keyword/physical-anthropology/" >physical anthropology</a> Forensics Aging individuals (growth and development)- seen in both bones and teeth Sex identification III. Bones and Teeth From the general to the specific Cranium and Postcranium 2 bone categories Cranium/ Cranial bone Postcranium/ Postcranial bone Postcranium/ Postcranium 2 structural categories Axial central, supports and protects inner organs Appendicular Limb bones + shoulder and pectoral girdle Postcranium- Gross structure Long bones E.g. humerus, femur Postcranium- Gross structure Long bones E.g. humerus, femur phalanx Short bones Phalanges (fingers, toes) humerus Short bones Phalanges (fingers, toes) femur Flat bones Sternum, scapula Flat bones Sternum, scapula Irregular bones vertebrae Irregular bones vertebrae tarsus Postcranium- Gross structure sternum Postcranium- Gross structure Long bones E.g. humerus, femur Long bones E.g. humerus, femur Short bones Phalanges (fingers, toes) Short bones Phalanges (fingers, toes) Flat bones Sternum, scapula Flat bones Sternum, scapula Irregular bones vertebrae Irregular bones vertebrae Bone structure- Tissues periosteum Bone structure- Tissues Compact (or cortical bone) Dense, tightly packed tissue Forms the outside surface of the bone 2 types of bone tissue Compact (or cortical bone) Dense, tightly packed tissue Forms the outside surface of the bone Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) (cancellous trabecular) Loose, less dense structure Consists of trabeculae (plates and bars next to small irregular cavities) Forms a fine network of &quot;beams&quot; beams&quot; Spongy (cancellous (cancellous or trabecular) trabecular) Loose, less dense structure periosteum Bone structure- Tissues 2 types of bone tissue Compact (or cortical bone) Dense, tightly packed tissue Forms the outside surface of the bone Bone marrow (2 types) Yellow Acts as a fat reserve Found in the medullary cavity of long bones Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) (cancellous trabecular) Loose, less dense structure Consists of trabeculae (plates and bars next to small irregular cavities) Forms a fine network of &quot;beams&quot; beams&quot; Red Produces blood cells Spongy bone: ribs, vertebrae and flat bones Medullary cavity Bones- the cellular level 3 types of bone cell Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts + additional blood vessels and nerves Bones- the cellular level Bones- the microscopic level lacunae lamellae Function Structure Leverage and support osteon Protection Internal organs and the nervous system Mineral balance Haversian canal Reservoir for minerals (and fat) Production of blood cells Teeth Humans (and non- human primates) have 4 different types of teeth Incisors, canines, premolars and molars Teeth Deciduous (baby) versus permanent teeth 2.1.0.2 dental formula vs. 2.1.2.3 vs. Teeth Dental formula notation Anterior to posterior and mesial to distal Only 1/4 of the dentition Incisors- 2 Canines- 1 Premolars- 2 Molars- 3 = 2.1.2.3 Longhand: 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 Tooth morphology enamel dentin pulp cavity alveolar bone Root canal cusps crown neck roots What you should know... What are the 2 types of tissue found in the bone structure Where are they found What is the gross and typical structure of bones What are the functions of bones What is the function of marrow and where are the different types produced What is the structure of a tooth and the dental formula in humans What is Wolffe's law Wolffe'