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48 Mod Normal Vs Abnormal: Making the Distinction Defining abnormality -Abnormality as deviation from the average statistically based approach, observe behaviors deviate from normal (abnormal) a definition of abnormality that rests on deviation from the average is insufficient -Abnormality as deviation from the ideal compare abnormality in relation to standard ppl are trying to achieve standards change over time and vary across cultures making this approach inadequate -Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort more useful, psychological consequences of behavior for the individual. Behavior is abnormal if produces a sense of personal distress, anxiety, or guilt or harmful Drawback: some people feel wonderful in particular forms of mental disturbance -Abnormality as the inability to function effectively people who cant function and adapt to society are abnormal a woman who chooses to be homeless is abnormal and not functional to society -Abnormality as a legal concept insanity is legal not psychological definition of insanity varies place to place -abnormal behavior: behavior that causes people to express distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives Perspectives on Abnormality Medical perspective: suggest when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, chemical deficiency, or brain injury. Many abnormal behaviors have linked to biological causes, it is a reasonable approach yet no biological cause identified for many forms of abnormal behavior Psychoanalytical behavior: suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression. Scrutinzes early life history. No conclusive way to link childhood experience with abnormal behavior as adults. Shows people as not being able to control behavior. More than any other approach it highlights he facts that people can have a rich involved inner life and that prior experiences can have a profound effect on current psychological functioning. Behavioral perspective: looks at the behavior itself as the problem. Behavior as response to stimuli. Emphasis on observational behavior is greatest strength and weakness: Precise examination Ignores thoughts, attitudes, emotions as contributions Cognitive perspective: suggests that people's thoughts and beliefs are central component of abnormal behavior External behavior AND cognitions Possible that cognitions are symptoms not causes. Negative beliefs may not be irrational, but reflect unpleasant enviros. Humanistic perspective: emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal Focus on the relationship of the individual to society considering how people view themselves to others and their place in the world. Look for meaning a self-worth BUT don't look for a CURE as long as not hurting people Sociocultural perspective: assumes that people's behavior both normal and abnormal is shaped by the kind of family group society and culture in which they live. Rich--less likely Module 48 Questions: 1. One problem in defining abnormal behavior is: Statistically rare behavior may not be abnormal Not all abnormalities are accompanied by feelings of discomfort Cultural standards are too general to use a measuring tool 2. If abnormality is defined as behaviors that causes personal discomfort or harms others which of the following people is most likely to need treatment? An executive afraid to accept promotion to move from ground floor office to top floor of a tall building 3. Virginia's mother thinks her daughter's behavior is abnormal because despite being admitted to med school she declines to become a waitress. Her mother is using what approach? Deviation from the ideal. 4. Which of the following is a strong argument against the medical perspective? Assigning behavior to a physical problems takes responsibility away from the individual from changing behavior 5. Cheryl is painfully shy. The best treatment is: use the principles of learning theory to modify her shy behavior. their Module 49: The Major Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorder: occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause affecting daily functioning. Panic disorder: anxiety disorder that takes form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours Generalized anxiety disorder: experience of long-term persistent anxiety and worry Obsessive compulsive disorder: disorder characterized by obsessions of compulsions Obsession: a persistent unwanted thought or idea that keeps occurring Compulsion: an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable Somatoform disorders Somatoform disorders: psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form but for which there is no medical cause Hypochondriasis: people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health Conversion disorder: major somatic disorder that involves actual physical disturbance such as inability ot use sensory organ or inability to move a limb Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders: psychological dysfunctions by the separation of critical personality facets that are normally integrated allowing stress avoidance through escape Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder): when a person displays two or more distinct personalities Dissociative amnesia: significant selective memory loss occurs Dissociative fugue: form of amnesia which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity Mood disorders Mood disorder: an emotional disturbance that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living Major depression: severe form of depression that interferes with concentration decision making and sociability Mania: extended state of intense wild elation Bipolar disorder: a person alternated between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs Personality disorders Personality disorder: characterized by a set of inflexible maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society Antisocial personality disorder: individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others Borderline personality disorder: individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are Narcissistic personality disorder: an exaggerated sense of self importance Childhood disorders Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): inattention, impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration, great deal of inappropriate activity. Module 49 Questions 1. Kathy is terrified of elevators she could be suffering from: Phobic disorder 2. Carmen described an incident in which her anxiety suddenly rose to a peak and she felt a sense of impending doom. She experienced a? Panic Attack 3. Troubling thoughts that persist for days or months obsessions 4. An overpowering urge to carry out a strange ritual compulsion 5. how does conversion disorder differ from hypochonriasis? Conversion disorder actual physical disturbance 6. separation of personality providing escape from stressful situations is the key factor in? dissociative disorder 7. states of extreme euphoria and energy paired with severe depression characterize? bipolar 8. ? is schizophrenia characterized by symptoms that are sudden and easily identifiable ? onset. schizophrenia develops gradually over a person's life span reactive/ process 9. ? states schizophrenia may be caused by an excess of certain neurotransmitters in the brain dopamine hypothesis 10. Which states schizophrenia is cause by a combo of genetic factors and enviro stressers? Predisposition model Module 50 Psychological Disorders in Perspective 48% disorder some time in life 30% disorder in any particular year Depression is the most common disorder with 17% reporting at least one episode 10% depression current year 14% alcohol dependence 7% alcohol dependence in the last year Self defeating personality disorder (removed) people who stayed in abusive relationships Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (removed): incapacitating mood changes or depression related to menstrual cycle. Essentially calling nomal behavior (PMS) abnormal GLOBAL: Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, anxiety disorders WEST EUR/ NA: all the rest of abnormal behaviors 1. amok (Malaysia) wild outburst in which a persons usually quiet and withdrawn kills or seriously injures another 2. anorexia nervosa (US- not in Asia except mid/upper class Japan and Hong Kong) inaccurate views of the body, obsession with weight, refuse to eat, starve in process 3. brain fag (west Africa) feelings of heaviness or heat in the head as well as depression and anxiety 4. catatonic schizophrenia (India) patient appear to be in frozen position 5. ataque de nervios (Carib) trembling, uncontrolled screams, and incidents of verb/phys aggression 6. koro (SE Asia): intense panic penis is going to withdraw into abdomen Module 51 psychotherapy: psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive approaches to treatment Psychotherapy psychologically based therapy, treatment in which a therapist uses psych techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring personal frowth. Goals is to produce change in the client through interactions with the therapist. Biomedical therapy relies on drugs and medical procedures to improve psychological functioning Psychodynamic therapy seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious where patients may deal with the problems more effectively Psychoanalysis: Freudian psychotherapy in which the goal is to relase hidden unconscious thoughts and feeling on order to reduce their power in controlling behavior Transference: transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures Psychodynamic therapy tends to time consuming and expensive! --------Behavioral treatment approaches: treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned. Aversive conditioning: reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with the undesirable behavior Question long term effecs. Ethics of stimuli such as electrical shocks. Systematic desensitization: gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety An effective treatment for phobia, anxiety, learn to enjoy what we once feared. Abnormal behavior is the problem than a symptom or a cause! ---------(Operant conditioning) Dialectic behavior theory: focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless if less than ideal ------(Cognitive) cognitive treatment approaches teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves cognitive-behavioral approach incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think rational-emotive behavior theory: restructure a person's belief structure into more realistic, rational, and logical set of views, by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior Module 51 Question 1. Psychiatrist- MD trained in abnormal behavior Clinical Psychologist- PhD specializing in the treatment of psychological disorders Counseling Psychologist- PhD specializing in adjustment of day to day problems Psychoanalyst- professional specializing in Freudian therapy techniques 2. According to Freud people use ? as means of preventing unwanted impulses from intruding on conscious thought? Defense mechanisms 3. In dreams interp. A psych. Must learn to distinguish ? content of the dream and the ? content, its underlying meaning manifest/ latent 4. Treatment deals with phobias systematic desensitization Module 52: Psychotherapy Humanistic therapy: the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior can make choices about their lives and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems. Person centered therapy: goal is to reach one's potential for self actualization Gestalt therapy: people are led to examine their earlier experiences and complete any unfinished business from their past that may still affect and color present day relationships Interpersonal therapy: shortterm, focuses on the context of current social relationships Group therapy people meet with therapist as a group Family therapy focus on family and its dynamics Spontaneous remission recovery without treatment Eclectic approach uses techniques taken from a variety of treatment methods rather than just one Module 53 Drug therapy: control of psychological disorders through the use of drugs. Antipsychotic drugs: reduce temp. psychotic symptoms such as agitations, hallucinations, ad delusions Antidepressant drugs: medications that improve a severely depressed patient's mood and well being Lithium: a drug made of mineral salts to trat and prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder Antianxiety drugs reduce level of anxiety experienced by reducing excitiability and increasing feelings of wellbeing Electroconvulsive: electric current of 70 to 150 volts admistrated to patient's head causing a loss of consciouness and often seizures Psychosurgery bain surgery to reduce symptoms of mental disorder Module 54 Attitudes and Social Cognition Attribution theory the theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of sample of an individuals behavior, what the specific causes of a person behavior are. Situational causes of behavior perceived causes that are based on enviro factors Dispositional causes of behavior based on internal traits or personality factors Biases in attribution Halo effect: an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics Assumed similarity bias tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time Self serving bias tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill ability effort) and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself Fundamental attribution error a tendency to overattribute others behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimalization of the importance of situational causes. Module 55 Module 56 Module 57 Passionate love: state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest and caring for the needs of others Frustration Aggresion approaches: aggression as a reaction to frustration. Focus on innate explanations of aggression. Observational Learning Approaches: Learning to Hurt others. Focuses on social and enviro conditions that can teach individuals to be aggressive.

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