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Quasi-Experimental I. Techniques A. Differences between Experiments and Quasi-Experiments 1. Control Cannot control outside factors as well as in a lab experiment; external factors can influence variable 2. External Validity Quasi is better, greater external validity because of applied way Lab tend to increase internal validity because not as good in external 3. Goals Applied research goal different not basic. Test specific situation in specific environment 4. Consequences Can have immediate consequences 2 factors indicate Quasi experiment: - conducted outside lab, more applied research - cannot maintain same amount of control ie. Cannot control how ppl get assigned to situations B. Specific Quasi-Experimental Designs 1. The One Group Pretest Posttest Design Problems with One Group Pretest Posttest: 1. Maturation Subjects get older, time inbetween is influence result other than treatment 2. History Experience could have influence before second observation 3. Regression Toward the Mean If on first test you get extreme score on second test more likely to score toward mean. Score adjust self to mean, adjust to mean not due to treatment 4. Pretest Sensitization Better on second time (like practice effect) 2. The Nonequivalent Control Group Design i. Posttest Only ii. Pretest and Posttest Problems with Nonequivalent Control Group: 1. Selection Bias 2. Local History (also called Selection X History Interaction) 3. Simple Interrupted Time Series Design Multiple post trial observation, multiple pre test observation. Good to see consistent behavior Observe changes in DV for some time before and after a treatment is introduced Only abrupt changes in the time graph can be evaluated because gradual changes are indistinguishable from normal fluctuations over time i. With Reversal Remove treatment ii. With Multiple Replications Give treatment more than once iii. With Nonequivalent Control Group Just like simple interrupted series time w/control group 4. Longitudinal Designs change in performance by virtue of time, No Treatment. No quasi IV. The quasi independent variable is time Nothing occurs between one observation and the next except the passage of time C. Program Evaluation Program evaluation is a collection of methods, skills and sensitivities necessary to determine whether 1. A human service is needed and likely to be used 2. It is sufficiently intense to meet the needs identified 3. It is offered as planned 4. The human service actually does help people in need 4 Types of Evaluation studies: II. Overview of Single Case Research *Idiographic Approach*: seeks to describe analyze and compare the behavior of INDIVIDUAL participants Nomothetic Approach: establishing general principles and broad generalizations that apply across individuals Single Case Research includes: 1. Single Case Experimental Design a. ABA Design (reversal direction) seeks to confirm a treatment effect by demonstrating that behavior changes systematically with alternating conditions of no treatment and treatment Initial Baseline A Treatment B And repeated... b. Baseline Design 2. Case Studies Intensive description and analysis of a single individual regardless of how the data are obtained (naturalistic observation, interviews, psychological tests, archival records) Advantages of case study method: 1. source of ideas about behavior 2. allows clinicians to `try out' new therapy techniques 3. useful in studying rare phenomena 4. provide counter instances that advance scientific thinking 5. provide support for existing psychological theories 6. complements the nomothetic approach Disadvantages of case study method: 1. Extraneous variables not controlled so one cannot draw cause and effect conclusions 2. often involves bias in interpretation 3. data collection may involve bias 4. difficult to generalize from one individual to population

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