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Species Invasive 9 Oct 2008 Exotic species Alien species Non-native species Invasive species Exotic species Alien species Non-native species Any species that is transported, by humans, beyond its natural range Invasive species An exotic that becomes established, and significantly affects native species How do invasives get around? Ornamentals many invasives are pretty, and intentionally imported for landscaping purposes. water hyacinth kudzu "Alcohol consumption was almost cut in half. . . The subjects need more gulps to finish each beer. . . We don't know why, but it looks like the kudzu is increasing blood alcohol levels. . . The subjects are getting drunker on less. It is satisfying them so they don't need as many beers." How do invasives get around? Exotic pet trade (e.g. Burmese python) How do invasives get around? Exotic pet trade (e.g. Burmese python) How do invasives get around? Agriculture & aquaculture Africanized honeybee Asian silver carp [video] avocado thrips How do invasives get around? By sheer accident (e.g. shipping containers & ballast water) How severe are their impacts? Brown tree snake Guam Brown tree snake Year (Wiles et al. 2003. Conservation Biology) Brown tree snake Birds extinct or rare Birds declining Birds stable (Savidge. 1987. Ecology) How severe are their impacts? Zebra mussel Zebra mussel deep shallow 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 (Strayer et al. 1999. Bioscience) Zebra mussel (Strayer et al. 1999. Bioscience) How severe are their impacts? In many cases, the impacts are quite severe, and may be costly or impossible to reverse. But in other cases, the impacts can be more subtle, or may even prove beneficial to some native species, including humans. How severe are their impacts? 3 major types of negative effects upon native species: competition predation habitat alteration/degradation Which exotics are most likely to become successful invasives? (Rejm nek & Richardson. 1996. Ecology) Characteristics of Successful Invasives 1. Capable of saturating new environments with propagules. high reproductive rate/potential Which exotics are most likely to become successful invasives? - unsuccessful colonists - successful colonists (Veltman et al. 1996. American Naturalist) Characteristics of Successful Invasives 1. Capable of saturating new environments with propagules. high reproductive rate/potential invasions are repetitive Which exotics are most likely to become successful invasives? Mediterranean fruit fly (Carey. 1996. Ecology) Which exotics are most likely to become successful invasives? Mediterranean fruit fly (Carey. 1996. Ecology) Characteristics of Successful Invasives 1. Capable of saturating new environments with high propagules. reproductive rate/potential invasions are repetitive 2. Capable of persisting at low densities, possibly under adverse conditions, for extended periods. The Africanized Honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata) The Africanized Honeybee Fast and flexible Quick to abandon hives. Fast moving swarms. Can build hives anywhere. One tough customer Competes with or kills European honeybees. Aggression promoted by native predators. And a potential threat to humans San Benito, TX -- FARMER KILLED BY BEES A 54-year old San Benito man dies, after being stung by more than a thousand bees. (KGBT-TV 4, 8/12/04) 14 total deaths within U.S. Tracked by the USDA-National Invasive Species Information Center http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/ Characteristics of Successful Invasives 1. Capable of saturating new environments with propagules. high reproductive rate/potential invasions are repetitive 2. Capable of persisting at low densities, possibly under adverse conditions, for extended periods. 3. Ecologically compatible with new environments ( ecological match ). able to out-compete, kill, or consume native species Managing Invasives Government Programs National Invasive Species Council central database of all known invasive occurrences regulatory & advisory roles e.g. New ballast water regulation requires all international vessels to install ballast water treatment technology by 2014. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/index.shtml Managing Invasives Prevent entry of exotic species Which are the most compatible with local environmental conditions? Which have potential access? Which are effective migrants? Where are the most likely points & methods of entry into the local community? Invasive richness and abundance are usually greatest near large transport centers (e.g. ship yards). Managing Invasives Address invasions immediately Small exotic populations can often be eradicated, but are difficult to detect. Isolate exotics with migration barriers. Successful eradication requires systematic monitoring and culling in areas of concern. Eradication methods include: active culling (e.g. hunting) physical excavation (plants) chemical controls (plants & insects) biological controls Managing Invasives Mitigate invasive effects Once invasives become established and/or ubiquitous, eradication is no longer feasible. Employ ecological management strategies that confer advantages to native species. selective harvest controlled environmental regimes continued biological control Red fire ant parasitoid fly (Pseudacteon solenopsidis) (Orr et al. 1995. Nature) Eurasian milfoil North American aquatic weevil

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