in Changes U.S. foreign Policy and Origins of Cold War I. II. III. IV. Why Americas role in the world changes Planning for a post-war world What is cold War? Origins of Cold war in Eastern Europe a. Tensions b. Containment Doctrine i. Developed ii. Acted Upon iii. Greek Civil War iv. Marshall Plan v. Berlin Airlift V. Alliance and Rearmament a. NATO b. Beginnings of Rearmament c. Major Events in 1949
Notes: World War 2 dramatically changes the U.S. role in the world o o Wilson originally wanted to be involved with the world following WW1 Almost happened again Army cut down 13 million to 600,000 Republicans in congress wanted to become isolationist 4 reasons why we didnt Spreading Democracy a success o Japan
Economic opportunities o Markets abroad helped get U.S. out of Great Depression
Strategic Interest o o WW2 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans defense Aircraft Carriers and Strategic Missiles obliterate ocean defense We want military bases outside U.S.
Munich Analogy o Chamberlain trying to appease Hitler Lesson: You cannot appease dictatorships. They only understand force.
These 4 reasons help shape the way the U.S. reacts to future events This is why the Cold War happens
Why does the Cold War Happen o Happens right after WW2 and goes into the late 1980s
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Why cold no fighting Between Soviet Union and U.S. U.S. supports countries that are being attacked by countries helped by Soviet Union Geopolitics global confrontation between the only two superpowers Many people expected a war to happen nuclear war
Ideological conflict Capitalism vs. Communism Communism objects private property. Capitialsim is based on private property Both sides want to spread their idealogy to the rest of the world U.S. sees itself as a land of freedom S.U. sees itself on a path of a communist utopia
Religious U.S. sees itself as a largely Christian S.U. is mainly atheist
Others Moon Mission part of the cold war Space Race. Space is another frontier Higher Education Spending went up o U.S. wanted to develop the smartest people
Interstate System o o Way to move troops Way to evacuate cities
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Why do two allies suddenly become enemies After war U.S. and S.U. only two powers remaining
Only recent allies during the war U.S. had no diplomatic relations until 1933
Anti-Communism in U.S. First Red Scare U.S. thought Stalin insane- killed 20 million of his own people Long history of mistrust Never told them about Nuclear War He has spies in Manhattan project
Alliance of convienece Enemy of my enemy is my firend Hitler was biggest threat
Stalin was furious at U.S. and Great Britain for taking so long to open Second Front. War ends with no major peace conference A lot left unsorted issues unresolved Series of Meetings after war o Malta Major conference that decides the fate of Europe following War What to do with Germany after it is defeated? Stalin S.U. loses 27 million during the war. He wants something to prevent this from happening again. He wants a buffer zone. Wants Germany to be so weak so that it can never be a major power Roosevelt sympathetic to that notion agrees with the idea of buffer zone. Roosevelt wants to back Stalin. Atomic weapon not perfected
Reached 4 main conclusions
Germany o Cut into 4 pieces - Each ally gets a piece Capital also divided Plan was to reunite Germany at a later date
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Poland o o The Buffer Zone Original Polish Government fled to Great Britain when war started Wants to return and run its country
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Great Britain and U.S. sympathetic to original government Stalin agrees in principal at future date Poland will hold democratic elections
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Agree that all major powers will have democratic elections o NATO is created
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Another in meeting Germany after defeat Cast is different Harry Truman, new prime minister, and Stalin
U.S. has perfected the Atom Bomb Truman attitude is very different that Roosevelt Doesnt need Stalin and is much more suspicious of him
Fewer grievances reached All major one left unresolved
Main goal for Stalin was reparations U.S. and Great Britain didnt want that Stalin had industry dismantled and shipped back to Russia in his sector
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Soviet Union never holds true democratic elections in Poland holds rigged elections. Installs Communist governments in other minor countries in buffer zone area Iron Curtain- Buffer Zone from Western Europe Communist Aggression
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Not long after these movements U.S. comes up with the Containment Doctrine to fight spread of Communism U.S. diplomat in Russia writes a paper and sends it to State Department Method on how to fight Communism Joseph Stalin cannot be dealt with diplomatically o Paranoid and wants to rule the world
Only choice U.S. has in to contain spread of Communism Containment If contained it will die off needs to continuously feed of off new nations Truman fully supported this document First tested early on during the Greek Civil War o o o Communist Insurgency Little S.U.involvement Truman saw it as communism aggression Truman gave a speech World divided into two parts free people and communism. It must be the policy of U.S. to aid free people against communism every where.
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U.S. funded 400 million dollars and military strategist to Greece Insurgency put down
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Marshall Plan o o Aid to Europe Massive economic aid program to Europe Gave about 13 billion dollars to Europe to help them rebuild infrastructure
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Logic help victims and restore markets. Communism gains support in nations with economic turmoil It worked. Every nation we gave money to rebuilt and flourished
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Berlin Airlift o France, Great Britain, and U.S. merged their sections of Germany and called it West Germany o Soviet Union held onto its part
Soviet Union cut off West Germany access to West Berlin. Idea was to starve it out and take over. Truman flies in all the supplies West Berlin 2.5 million tons of material flown in Stalin opens the roads after 221 days
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At this point it is clear that there is a Cold War between U.S. and S.U. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) o o o European Nations want the U.S. in an alliance to protect them Created to stop Soviet Union expansion Beginnings of Rearmament Congress passes national defense act Creates department of Defense to oversee Military
Creates the AIrforce o Protect mainland U.S. form Soviet Bombers and to drop nuclear bombs
Creates National Security Council o Advise President
Creates the Central Intelligence Agency o Spy on S.U.
We think we are winning the Cold War Two events that shatter the idea that we are winning o Chinese Revolution Started before the war and flared back up after the war U.S. sends 2 billion dollars to aid the Nationalists It ended with the communism winning and signing a peace treaty with the soviet Union o Nationalists flew to Taiwan
U.S. populace ask who lost China? Blame Truman
Soviet Union successful built a nuclear bomb Reason? They had spies in the Manhattan Project Horrifies the United States
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Changes the psychology of the military, President, and public We know believe that we are losing the Cold War National Security Council writes a letter paper 68 World is divided into 2 hostile camps Soviet Union wants to takeover the world U.S. only one capable of preventing that Convinces the President to quadruple military spending
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Increase nuclear stockpile Fund Research Hydrogen Bomb more powerful that nuclear bomb
Soviet Union did likewise