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- Title: Lecture 6
- Type: Notes
- School: Kennesaw
- Course: SCI 1101
- Term: Fall
6 Lecture Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle 1. Greatly influenced by living organisms 2. Atmospheric CO2 main source of carbon for terrestrial organisms 3. Only minimal amount of carbon is found in the atmosphere 4. Increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere may change climates and interfere with ecosystems 5. Carbon Dioxide is a nutrient BUT some scientists are convinced it is also a pollutant Nitrogen Cycle 1. Nitrogen makes up 78 % of the Earth's Atmosphere 2. Few organisms can use elemental (atmospheric) nitrogen 3. Organisms that convert elemental nitrogen into useable forms by green plants are called nitrogen fixing bacteria 4. Usable forms for plants are nitrites and nitrates 5. Lightning also converts elemental nitrogen to nitrates that are usable by green plants Phosphorus Cycle 1. Exists in rocks and soil as inorganic Phosphate 2. When weathering of rock occurs phosphates are released 3. Does not have a gas phase 4. Is recycled only if wastes containing phosphorus are deposited on the soil 5. There are deep sinks of phosphorus in oceans and the sinks remain for an extremely long time Sulfur Cycle 1. Sulfur has many oxidation states from inorganic processes 2. Bacteria sequester sulfur in biogenic deposits or release it to the environment 3. Human activities release large quantities of sulfur from burning fossil fuels 4. Sulfur dioxide and sulfate aerosols cause health problems in humans 5. Sulfur dioxide damages building 6. Sulfur dioxide also damages vegetation 7. Sulfur forms absorb UV radiation and create cloud cover that cools cities and may be involved in the reduction of CO2, hence reducing the Greenhouse Effect. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 1. Circulation of water as it evaporates from land, water, and organisms 2. Enters the atmosphere, condenses, and precipitates to the earth's surface. 3. Moves underground by filtration 4. Enters rivers, lakes, and seas as runoff 5. Moderates the earth's temperature 6. Plants play an important role in by absorbing groundwater and pumping it into the atmosphere by transpiration 7. Solar radiation drives this cycle through evaporation of the surface water Lecture 7A World Population is 6,369,686,884 1.17 % Gr. / year Earth Area: 510.072 million sq km Land: 148.94 million sq km Water: 361.132 million sq km Three Major Portions of the Earth's Surface 1. Atmosphere: "Air" N2, O2, CO2 A) Troposphere: sea level to 11 miles up B) Stratosphere: 11-30 miles up C) Ozone layer or shield: right above the stratosphere 2. Hydrosphere: Liquid water A) Fresh (non salt) water in lakes, ponds, streams, and polar ice caps B) Salt water (marine): oceans 3. Lithosphere: Earth's crust WEATHER: short term conditions in the troposphere in any given area CLIMATE: average long-term weather in any given area ECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY 1. Biosphere: all portions of the earth's surface where living organisms are found 2. ECOSYSTEMS: ALL POPULATIONS IN A GIVEN AREA (COMMUNITY) TO INCLUDE BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT 3. Community: all populations that are found in a PARTICULAR habitat 4. Population: all members of the same SPECIES in the same area 5. Habitat: Location and activities that influence species life activities 6. Niche: Function of an organism; role in an ecosystem 3 Components in every ecosystem 1. PRODUCERS 2. CONSUMERS 3. DECOMPOSERS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE The study of how "we" and other species interact with each other and the non-living (ABIOTIC) environment. Included in this science are other disciplines of study: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Technology, Demography, Politics, Sociology, Geography, Geology, Meteorology, Seismology, and Climatology. Whitaker's Five Kingdom Classification 1. K. Monera: single cell prokaryotic. (Do not have nucleus, do have DNA) EX: Bacteria 2. K. Protista: single cell eukaryotic. (have a true nucleus) EX: Amoeba, Paramecium, Giardia. 3. K. Fungi: multi-cellular eukaryotic. EX: Mushrooms, yeast 4. K. Plantae: multi-cellular to tissue level of organization; eukaryotic & Auto-tropic. EX: Green plants 5. K. Animalia: most complex like cells that make up tissue; like tissue make up organs, like organs make up organ systems. EX: HUMANS MAN Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Homindeae Homo sapien, sapien 1. Exotic species: species introduced to a new geographic area. EX: Kudzu 2. Endemic species: species native to a particular area BUT not native to any other area EX: Monterey Pine 3. Cosmopolitan species: species broadly distributed found everywhere environment is appropriate EX: Moose, Oaks 4. Ubiquitous species: species found almost anywhere EX: Humans, E. coli Characteristics of Living things 2 Requisites for living-must be able to reproduce (offspring)and contain carbon in chemical makeup EVOLUTION Evolution: (Latin: to unroll) The process that results inheritable changes in a POPULATION due to the average change in the FREQUENCY of alleles within the GENE POOL from one generation to another. GENE POOL: Sum of all alleles found in a population. There is a mathematical model for predicting the frequency of alleles in a population. HARDY-WEINBERG LAW OF EQUILIBRIUM Genotype frequencies predicted for populations in stasis or equilibrium Formula: p2+2pq+q2 = 1 P2 = % of homozygous dominant genotypes p = frequency of dominant alleles q2 = % of homozygous recessive genotypes q = frequency of recessive alleles 2pq = # heterozygous genotypes Problem: 16% of the human population has a continuous hairline (recessive condition). Compute the genotype and allelic frequency for the population. 5 Concepts of evolution Explains unity and diversity of life Species change with time Living organisms share common characteristics Dissension from a common ancestor Each species is adapted to a specific habitat 4 Principles of Science 1. All Life is based on Chemistry 2. All living things SHARE the same code- DNA or RNA 3. All organisms are descended from a Common ancestor 4. All life is part of a larger system of matter and energy. Logic The compact Oxford English Dictionary defines logic as: reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity ability to reason correctly The compact Oxford Thesaurus lists synonyms for logic: Reason Judgment Rationality Wisdom Good sense "Horse Sense(informally) Synonyms for Evolution From the Compact Oxford Thesaurus: Development Growth Progress Expansion Transformation Adaptation Modification Revision MUTATION TYPES 1. Neutral: doesn't cause a disadvantage to individuals Ex. Attached earlobes in humans 2. Beneficial: enhances the survival prospects of individuals EX: Rapid plant growth 3. Lethal: causes disadvantage to individuals eventually causing death. EX: Huntington's' Chorea (defective p 53 tumor suppressor gene.) Even though MUTATIONS are "rare" they are the basis for biological diversity or Biodiversity Genetic Drift: Changes in allelic frequency in a gene pool due to chance or randomness most common. (Chance occurrences) 1. FOUNDER'S EFFECT: When rare alleles or combination of alleles occur in a higher frequency due to the "isolation" of a population from the general population. Isolation can be "physical" or "religious" etc. EXAMPLE: Dwarfism of the arms and legs and polydactyl (extra thumb) in the AMISH of Lancaster, PA. This occurs in greater than 16% of this population. Traced back to 1744 when the 1st Amish couple (Kings) settled in this area. 2. Bottleneck Effect: When a population is subjected to near extinction by natural disaster human slaughter. This prevents the majority of the genotypes from participating in the production of the next generation. Ex: Cheetah population in Africa. In this population, a specific enzyme has 47 different forms. Only 1 form of the enzyme was found in all the cheetahs resulting in high infertility due to INTENSE inbreeding. Cause: slaughter by cattle farmers in 19th century and domestication of these cats by the EGYPTIANS 4000 years ago. Natural selection - Process by which populations become adapted to their environment Phenotypes are affected. Four requirements for natural selection Variation: members of a population must differ from one another Inheritance: differences must be inherited Differential Adaptedness: differences affect an organisms' ability to adapt Differential reproduction: individuals better adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce and their offspring will make up a larger proportion of the next generation. Three types of Natural Selection (environment determining success of individuals) 1. Stabilizing: favors intermediate become adapted to their environment. Phenotype (human birth weight) 2. Directional: favors extreme phenotype (modern horse) 3. Disruptive: favors two or more extreme phenotypes (beak size of African Finch) New Alleles arise from mutations in the genes In humans, the rate of mutation is- 2 mutations per gamete Mechanism-Enough for the variations to occur 4 types in change in DNA 1. Silent Mutation 2. Missense Mutation 3. Nonsense Mutation 4. Frame Shift Mutation Lecture 7b Immature versus Mature Ecosystems CHARACTERISTICS IMMATURE Plant Size Small Species diversity high Low No. of Species Low No. of producers Tropic structure consumers Low No. decomposers Niches Low No. generalized Community organization (No. of Low connecting links) Ecosystem Function Food Webs Nutrient cycling efficiency Energy usage efficiency plant No. high, herbivore No. high Decomposer No. low low low tropic level No. high (mostly decomposers) high high MATURE Large No. Species high mixture producers high No. decomposers high, specialized High Two types of succession in ECOSYSTEMS 1. PRIMARY SUCCESSION: WEATHERING OF ROCK TO MAKE SOIL 2. SECONDARY SUCCESSION: ECOSYSTEM RECOVERY OVER TIME ONLY IF A BIOLOGICAL REMNANT OF A FORMER ECOSYSTEM EXISTS PRIMARY SUCCESSION BEGINS WITH THE ROCK CYCLE: Three Types of ROCKS 1. Igneous ( Latin: fire) 2. Sedimentary ( Latin: settling) 3. Metamorphic (Greek: changed form) 1. IGNEOUS; Formed from molten LAVA when cooled Types of Igneous: 1. Extrusive 2. Intrusive **EXTRUSIVE: (Latin: thrust out) formed from cooled LAVA called BASALT **Basalt makes up most of the ocean floor ***Basalt also found on Mars and Moon Basalt : very fine mineral crystals due to quick cooling Cooling very fast and occasionally crystals do NOT form And this forms igneous called OBSIDIAN and PUMICE : very porous due to trapped gas bubbles when cooling INTRUSIVE: ( LATIN : FORCED IN) formed from cooled magma called GRANITE GRANITE: Coarse grained taking much longer time to cool See GRANITE above ground only because original coverings eroded and weathered away CONTINENTAL CRUST MAINLY GRANITE. 2. SEDIMENTARY ROCK originates from "fragments" of other rock due to weathering and then carried elsewhere and deposited Layers of these fragments harden into SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES of SEDIMENTARY ROCK 1. SHALE: layers of sediment "squeezed" together by the weight of material above (mud, clay) and the fragments are cemented together by WATER 2. SANDSTONE:minerals cement deposits of sand under pressure ( ex: Brownstone building material in Eastern US) 3. Gypsum: forms from minerals left behind after a body of water evaporates(ex:White Sands National Monument in New Mexico) 4. LIMESTONE: remains of animals and plants TYPE of Limestone: CHALK formed from shells of very small marine organisms 3. METAMORPHIC ROCK; forms when IGNEOUS and SEDIMENTARY rock are buried deep in the Earth's surface Heat and or chemical reactions from nearby magma produces changes and forms metamorphic rock Also pressure from overlying rocks form Metamorphic rock TYPES OF METAMORPHIC MARBLE: forms from limestone SANDSTONE: from quartzite SLATE: from shale Primary Sucession THEN DEVELOPS BIOTIC COMMUNITIES IN A BARREN HABITAT AND PROCEEDS SLOWLY UNTIL TOPSOIL IS SUFFICIENT FOR GROWTH 1. THE 1ST SPECIES ARE THE PIONEER SPECIES; MICROBES, MOSSES, LICHENS( SYMBIOSIS OF FUNGI AND AN ALGAE 2. SMALL HERBS, SMALL SHRUBS 3. HEATH MAT (GROUND COVER) 4. PINE, ASPEN, SPUCE 5. CLIMAX COMMUNITY OF BIRCH, FIR, WHITE SPRUCE SECONDARY SUCCESSION BEGINS WHEN THE ECOSYSTEM HAS BEEN DESTOYED OR DISTURBED AND A REMNANT OF PREVIOUS BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY REMAINS TIME LINE ~ 150 YRS 1. ANNUAL INDIGENOUS PLANTS (OFTEN CALLED WEEDS BUT NO SUCH TERM AS A WEED,INDIGENOUS OR NATIVE PLANT) 2. PERENNIAL GRASSES AND NATIVEPLANTS 3. SHRUBS 4. YOUNG PINE 5. MATURE OAK-HICKORY CLIMAX FOREST MATURE FOREST;(In our area) Ridge and Valley(southernmost) to Piedmont region of Georgia Levels of a Mature Forest secondary succession-150-200 years from annual weeds to mature oak-hickory forest. Ground up Ground level: lichens, mosses, herbs, mushrooms and wildflowers Shrub level: 1-3 ft off ground---rhododendron, some grasses and tree seedlings. Middle level: Cornus florida (dogwood), smaller hardwoods. Canopy level: topmost level consisting of Oak, Hickory, Maple and some Pines. A Climax Community is a community that resists further change. NATURAL VS SIMPLIFIED HUMAN ECOSYSTEM NATURAL SIMPLIFIED HUMAN (marsh, grassland, forest) Captures, converts, stores Energy from Sun Produces oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide Creates fertile soil Stores, purifies and releases water gradually Provides wildlife habitats Filters and detoxifies Pollutants and waste Products free of charge ( cornfield, factory, house) Consumes energy from Fossil or nuclear fuel Consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide From burning fossil fuels Depletes or covers fertile soil Often contaminates and releases it quickly destroys some wildlife habitats produces pollutants, waste That must be cleaned up at OUR expense Usually capable of self-Maintenance and renewal Requires continual maintenance at GREAT cost ECOSYSTEM TENET ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM CHEMICALS CYCLE THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM GAIA HYPOTHESIS Greek GE or GAIA =Earth Goddess Developed by James Lovelock (British Chemist) and Lynn Margulis (American evolutionary Microbiologist) HYPOTHESIS A)"the planet Earth is not simply an environment for "LIFE" but a living organism; a self sustaining system which modifies its surroundings so as to ensure its survival" B)" Physical and chemical condition of the earth, atmosphere and of the oceans has been and is actively made fit and comfortable by the presence of life itself" Nine Key Characteristics of Systems Thinking 1. Living systems are integrated wholes whose properties cannot be reduced to those of smaller parts. 2. System properties are properties of the whole; none of its parts have system properties. 3. These properties arise from "organizing" relationships of the parts. 4. Systemic properties are destroyed when an ecosystem is dissected into isolated elements. 5. Systems science shows that living systems cannot be understood by analysis 6. Emphasis shifts from objects to relationships. 7. Systems paradigm (paradigm: concepts, values and techniques shared by the scientific community to define legitimate and problems their solutions) implies that understanding of the process of knowing (EPISTEMOLOGY) has to be included in a natural phenomenon description. 8. System thinking shifts from objective to Epistematic Science-where a method of questioning becomes an integral part of scientific theories. 9. System thinking is PROCESS THINKING BIOMES Biome: group of ecosystems related by similar vegetation governed by similar climate Important determinants for Biomes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Temperature Precipitation Latitude Longitude Altitude Soil types All of these determinants are called LIMITING FACTORS Limiting factor: any factor that limits growth especially Abiotic factors and lesser degree Biotic factors Six Major Terrestrial Biomes 1. TROPICAL RAINFOREST 2. TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST 3. TUNDRA 4. DESERT 5. TAIGA 6. GRASSLAND 1. Tropical Rainforest: MOST DIVERSE ECOSYSTEM ON EARTH AREAS: N&S America, Central America, SE Asia , Islands in Indian & Pacific oceans Climate: non-seasonal ~28 C all year Rainfall: > 95 inches/year Soils: acidic, nutrient poor (clear cutting Vs slash and burn) laterite (hard baked naked soil) major vegetation: towering trees ( 60 m height),epiphytes and woody vines Animals: Birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals *Comensalism- symbiosis, Spanish moss. 2) Temperate Deciduous Forest areas: W& Central Europe, E. Asia, E. North America Climate: Definite seasons Growing season 140-300 days/yr Rainfall:30-80 inches/yr Soils: Rich, well developed Major vegetation: Broad leaf deciduous trees ( oak, hickory, maple etc) Animals: Rich microbial organisms, Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles 3) TUNDRA (frozen desert) named tundra for its temperature and latitude Areas: N of Coniferous Forests in N. America, N Europe, Climate: Bitter cold with exception of 8-10 wk Growing season Rainfall:< 10 inches/yr Soils : Thin layer above PERMAFROST Major vegetation: Lichens, mosses, grasses, dwarf shrubs Animals: Fox, Snowy Owls, Caribou, Reindeer, Lemmings Along the coast Polar Bears Summer :Geese, Ducks, insects 4) DESERT: 1/3 of earth's surface and expanding due to overgrazing, deforestation of marginal lands Areas: Tropical : Sahara(Africa) Temperate: Mojave (US) Cold: Gobi (China) Most occur at 300 N & 300 S of the Equator Climate: hot days, cold nights 0- 300 C Rainfall: < 10 inches/yr Soils: thin, very porous Major vegetation: thorny bushes, cacti, small flowers, deep tap roots plants Animals: Rodents, lizards, birds, insects 5. TAIGA (Coniferous forest) Areas: North America, Europe & Asia Climate: Long, cold winter; growing season 130 days Rainfall: Light snow in winter Heavy rain in summer, 9-90inches/yr Soils: Acidic, great deal forest floor litter Major Vegetation: Conifers (Spruce, Pine Fir) Animals: Deer, Moose, Rabbit, wolves, etc. 6) Grasslands; Long to short grasses move East to West Areas: N. Australia, Sub Saharan Africa Central N. America, C. Russia, S. India Climate: Highly seasonal Rainfall: 10-60 inches/yr Soils: very rich, deep Major Vegetation: tall grasses in wetter area shorter grasses in drier areas sparse bushes, very little or NO tree growth Animals: Large grazing animals: Bison, antelope wolves, coyote, birds, small burrowing mammals ,insects etc. Lecture 8 POLLUTION POLLUTE: to defile, 3 types of pollution 1.Air Pollution global warming(Is it valid?)(Are we the cause?) ozone layer depletion acid deposition photochemical smog 2.Water Pollution: marine and non-marine surface water plant nutrient sedimentation waste dumping (marine) offshore mining War 3. Land Pollution nuclear wastes hazardous chemical deposition pesticides desertification Air pollution Global warming: Increase in earth's temperature by the allowing Sun's rays to pass through to earth's surface ,then re-radiates this energy back to earth's surface Gasses (Pollutants) involved in re-radiation 1. CO2 : burning of fossil fuels and wood 2. NO2 : nitrous oxide from fertilizers,animal waste 3. CH4 :Methane from decomposition by bacteria in sediments, flooded rice fields, animal stomachs 4. Halons :Fire extinguishers 5. CFC's : Chloroflorocarbons from freon and aerosol sprays CFC'S 1. 2. 3. 4. Invented in 1928 by scientists at GM Needed a substitute for ammonia as a refrigerant that was less toxic Trade or common name for the refrigerant is FREON FREON was Chemically inert, very stable, Non-toxic, Non_flammable, Cheaply produced EXPERTS INDICATE THAT IF GREENHOUSE EFFECT NOT "MANAGED",THERE WILL BE A INCREASE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURES EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE INCREASE 1. 2. 3. 4. Rise in sea-level from melting Ice caps? Coastal areas lost (US) ? Coastal ecosystems lost? Food losses due to climate changes? REMEDIES 1. Reduce fossil fuel consumption 2. Use cleaner energy sources such as Natural gas, Solar energy, Geothermal energy, NUCLEAR 3. Reduce deforestation 4. global phase-out of CFC's Ozone depletion Above the stratosphere is Ozone layer called the Ozone Shield Function of this shield is to absorb UV rays UV rays cause 1. 2. 3. 4. skin mutations-resulting in skin cancers cataract eye disorder immune system dysfunction due to extreme UV stress Crop and tree growth impairment PRIMARY CAUSE OF CFC DEPLETION Specifically the CL atoms that will strip away the O molecules from O3 one by one Source of these CFC's 1. Freon 2. cleaning agents 3. foaming agents ACID DEPOSITION 1. sulfur released from burning coal and oil The sulfur combines with O2 in the atmosphere SO2 it will then fall to the ground as acid rain 2. Nitous oxides from auto exhausts which combines with oxygen and fall to the ground as acid rain or snow. RESULTS OF ACID RAIN 1. 2. 3. 4. DEAD OR DYING LAKES Corrosion of marble,metal and stonework Degrades the fresh water supplies by leaching heavy metals from the soil (Hg) Dissolves copper and lead from pipes and solder and deposits these in the water supply 4. PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG TWO POLLUTANTS - NO (nitrous oxide)and HC (hydrocarbons) These in the presence of sunlight: O3 + PAN (peroxylacetylnitrate) = OXIDANTS Hydocarbons +VOx (volatile organic compound) VOx +NOx = OZONE ALERT EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG BREATHING these can cause respiratory difficulties headaches Exhaustion All affecting the very young, old and those with Respiratory conditions Photochemical smog also damages plants reduction in growth less photosynthesis mottled leaves Water pollution A. FRESHWATER 1. surface water pollution from: o sewage (including human) o Food processing plants o tanneries All above are OXYGEN demanding 2. Plant nutrients polluting (streams, ponds and the water table) o nitrates o phosphates o detergents o fertilizers 3. Sedimentation from SOIL EROSION 4. Thermal Discharge from dumping SUPER heated water in to ponds, streams, rivers from Powerplants and other manufacturing plants B. OCEANS (MARINE) 1. 2. 3. 4. Waste dumping (human and non-human) Offshore mining and shipping Oil spills from drilling rigs and tankers Gulf War (1991) 120 million liters of oil released Air pollution from oil well burning LAND POLLUTION 1. Nuclear wastes 2. Hazardous chemical deposition Pb, Hg, Ni, Cd All of these can accumulate in Human and Other animal organs 3. Pesticides,Insecticides esp. PCB's and DDT Not broken down by decomposers and becomes More concentrated as it moves up the food web Called "BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION" 4. Desertification: Transforming marginal lands to desert from overgrazing and farming US SPENDS 9 BILLION DOLLARS A YEAR ON CLEAN-UP (2000) BUT.............only 200 million ON PREVENTION SUSTAINABLE SOCIETIES CAN BE ACHIEVED WORLD WIDE IF........ ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT GO HAND IN HAND NOT.........IN OPPOSITION !!!!!!!!! SUSTAINABILITY Sustainability: Everyday definition:to prevent from falling or collapsing or giving way. Sustainable ecosystems: 1. minimum system that sustains life 2. subject to some human use BUT no species loss or function loss. Environmental Science definition:Resource sustainability involving: 1. Management:insure that future generations have an opportunity to use their"fair" share of natural resources and inherit a Quality environment. 2. Economics:Development that will not cause PERMANENT damage to the environment and future generations will inherit their "fair "share of natural resources. Earth sustaining Economies Solutions 1. Reward earth sustaining behavior (subsidize) 2. Discourage earth degrading behavior (Tax) 3. Use environmental and social indicators to measure progress toward environmental and economic sustainability and human well-being. 4. Sustainability is intended as a configuration of human activity so that all members of a society and its economies enable society to meet its needs while preservation of boidiversity and natural ecosystems usually for at least 7 generations. Seven generations is maximum span that any individual human is likely to experience. 5. But, the importance of the ecological definition defined by the science of Ecology. All advocates accept that the Ecological Not Social Factors are most measurable and universal indicators of sustainability 6. Replace taxes on income and profits with taxes on through-put of matter and energy. 7. Establish PUBLIC utilities to manage and protect public lands and fisheries. 8. Make environmental concerns a KEY part of all trade agreements and all loans made by international lending agencies. (KYOTO TREATY???????????) 9. Reduce waste of energy,water and mineral resources. 10. Reduce future ecological damage and repair past ecological damage. MAJOR APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABILITY 1. REDEFINE OUR PRIORITIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH 2. MAKE HUMAN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS RECYCLING ORIENTED 3. BASE DECISIONS FOR PHYSICAL PLANT INCREASES ON LONG TERM IMPACT TO EARTH SYSTEMS 4. AWARENESS OF GLOBALIZATION EFFECTS 5. PROMOTE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION EARTH WISDOM WORLDVIEW 1. Nature exists for all of earth's species, not just us ( We need the earth but the earth doesn't need us 2. There is NOT ALWAYS more (Earth has limited resources and should not be wasted 3. Some forms of economic growth are environmentally beneficial and should be encouraged but some are harmful and should be discouraged 4. Our success depends on learning to cooperate with one another and with the rest of nature by learning how to work with the earth. ENVIRONMENTAL WORLD VIEW 1. We are the planet's most important species and we are in charge of the rest of nature. 2. There is ALWAYS more. The earth has essentially unlimited supply of resources. To deal with pollutants, we can invent technology to clean them up. If we extinguish other species,then we can use genetic engineering to create new and better species. 3. All economic growth is good, more economic growth is better, and the potential for economic growth is limitless. 4. Our success depends on how well we can understand, control and manage the earth's life support systems for our benefit. Guidelines for working with the Earth Leave the earth as good or better than we found it Take no more than we need Try not to harm life, air, water or soil Sustain biodiversity Help maintain the earth's capacity for self repair Do not use potentially renewable resources ( soil, water,forests, grasslands and wildlife) faster than they can be replenished 7. Do not use non-renewable resources (fossil fuels, minerals) faster than potentially renewable substitutes can be found for them 8. Do not release pollutants into the environment faster than the earth's natural processes can dilute or assimilate them 9. Slow the rate of population growth 10. Reduce poverty CAN TECHNOLOGY MAKE THE WORLD MORE HABITABLE? CAN MORE PEOPLE BE BENEFICIAL? ARE WE SURE WE KNOW HOW MANY PEOPLE THERE ARE ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Technological advancements are many 1. Food supplies are increasing faster than population is growing 2. The present day increase in growth is stimulated by scientific and industrial revolutions o Agricultural productivity is up o Information technology progressing o Medicine (esp GENETICS) making great strides o Commerce has improved tremendously o Sanitation for most of the LDC's has improved drastically (reducing disease) MOST OF THIS PROGRESS IS THE RESULT OF ACQUIRED NATURAL RESOURCES ESPECIALLY CHEAP,ABUNDANT FOSSIL FUELS (LAST 300 YRS) BUT.........WHAT HAPPENS WHEN FOSSILL FUELS ARE DEPLETED ????? WE NEED TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES !!!!!!!!!! Demographic transition and economic development leads to a transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. FOUR VIEWS ON POPULATION STABILIZATION 1. OPTIMISTIC VIEW: Need for large families in most countries is reduced due to growing prosperity and social reforms Technology is available to bring most advances to LDC's LDC's have historic patterns to follow and benefit from mistakes MDC's have made and stabilize more quickly Modern communication, especially TV, has increased expectations in LDC's that act as a stimulus to spur change and development. 2. PESSIMISTIC VIEW: Populations in LDC's are growing so rapidly that human needs and demands exceed sustainable yields of local forests,grasslands,croplands and water resources Resource shortages, environmental deterioration, economic decline and political instability may prevent LDC's from completing modernization. Populations may continue to grow until CATASTROPHY intervenes Only way to break out of this trap is to immediately and drastically reduce population growth by ANY MEANS possible Need strong BIRTH control education Need BOLD national policies to encourage lower birth rates Agree with MALTHUS: helping the poor will increase reproductive success and further threaten resources 3. SOCIAL JUSTICE VIEW "Fair Share of social benefits for EVERYONE" 10940 World has enough resources for everyone, BUT inequitable political, social and economic systems cause maldistribution of resources Hunger,poverty,overpopulaton and environmental degradation are SYMPTOMS of the lack of social Justice rather than a lack of resources Small nations and minorities often regard population control as a form of genocide DO NOT BLAME THE VICTIMS many "rich" countries were (are) colonial powers. The wealth that paid for MDC's were extracted from the "colonies".These "colonies" now suffer from depleted resources. Some of the world's poorest countries- India, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Haiti all had rich resources and adequate food until impoverished by COLONIALISM Those of us in abundance may need to help poorer countries not only as a matter of Social Justice BUT because we all share the same environment 4. ECOJUSTICE VIEW Consider the rights of humans as well as those of other species DO NOT ask what the max # of humans the world can hold BUT think about the needs of other creatures crowded out by conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural and industrial land. We should seek the optimum # of people at which we can provide a "fair" and "decent" life for all Humans with a minimum of impact on non-human species
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Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
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Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
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Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
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Path: Los Rios Colleges >> PHYS >> 410, 420, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Los Rios Colleges >> PHYS >> 410, 420, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Los Rios Colleges >> PHYS >> 410, 420, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Los Rios Colleges >> PHYS >> 410, 420, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Los Rios Colleges >> PHYS >> 410, 420, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Los Rios Colleges >> PHYS >> 410, 420, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Purdue >> MA >> 161, 162, Spring, 2008
Path: Los Rios Colleges >> PHYS >> 410, 420, Spring, 2008