3 Test Study Guide Spring 2008 General Biology Covers Mitosis, Meiosis, Reproduction, Nervous System 1. Know all the names of all the stages of mitosis. Interphase: when DNA replicates. 3 phases- G1- organelles duplicate, S- DNA in the chromosomes replicate, G2- Proteins are synthesized. Mitosis: when the copied chromosomes move into the daughter nuclei; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm of the parent cell splits.
2. Know what the purpose of mitosis is: Asexual division that produces daughter cells that are the exact copy of the parent cell. 3. Know what happens to chromosomes during each phase of mitosis: Interphase: Chromosomes replicate during the S (synthesis) stage. Mitosis: Prophase- replicated chromosomes condense. Microtubules help cells to expand and move chromosomes around during cell division by lengthening and binding to the chromosomes. Metaphase: Replicated chromosomes are aligned across the middle of each cell. Microtubules, attached to each chromosome at the centromere, line up the chromosomes singe-file across the middle of the cell. Anaphase: The centromere splits, and the microtubules shorten, pulling each sister chromatid of a chromosome to the opposite poles of a cell. Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around the newly produced daughter nuclei, and chromosomes revert to their uncondensed form. Cytokinesis: Proteins encircle the cell at the equator and divide the cytoplasm. This band of proteins contract to pinch apart the two cells that have formed from the original parent cell. Each daughter cell is genetically identical. 4. Know the names of the stages of the cell cycle:
5. Know what happens during each phase of the cell cycle.
6. What is the difference between cytokines is in plants and animals? Animals: Proteins encircle the cell at the equator and divide the cytoplasm. This band of proteins contract to pinch apart the two cells that have formed from the original parent cell. Each daughter cell is genetically identical. Plants: During telophase of mitosis in a plant cell, membrane- bound vesicles deliver materials required for building the cell wall to the center of the cell. Materials brought from the cells sorting and packaging the Golgi apparatus include a tough, fibrous carbohydrate called cellulose, as well s some proteins. Membranes surrounding the vesicles gather in the center of the cell to form the cell plate. Cell plate and cell wall grow across the width of the cell and form a barrier that eventually separates the products of mitosis into two daughter cells. 7. Know what the purpose of meiosis Sexual is: reproduction to make cells with half the number of chromosomes; cell division occurring only in specialized cells (the gonads). 8. Know the outcome of meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis 1: The division phase (it splits and we have ) Meiosis 2: Stays the same.
9. Know the outcomes of mitosis and meiosis. How many cells are produced, are they haploid or diploid? Meiosis 1: Homologues pair up- Mom and Dad's chromosomes find each other. Crossing over occurs; bits of Mom and Dad's chromosomes mix. Chromosome number is reduced by . two haploid cells are produced. Meoisis 2 is similar; you split copied DNA- you start w/ 20 chromosomes and you end up w/ 40. Chromosomes don't split again.
10.Know the following vocabulary: haploid: diploid, gene, allele: different versions of the same gene metastasize, cancer, benign, malignant, anchorage dependence, contact inhibition, neuron, saltatory conduction, reflex arc, motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron, central nervous system, peripheral
nervous system, synapse, neurotransmitter, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath 11. Know why radiation and chemotherapy are used as treatments for cancer a. Radiation targets specific tumors. It kills cells because it breaks chromosomes; broken chromosomes can't do mitosis b. Chemotherapy targets quickly dividing cells. It is a poison that kills cells. Quickly dividing cells include not only cancer cells, but also hair, the lining of the intestine, skin, and a few other things--which is why the side effects are baldness, nausea, etc. 12. Know the name and function of the parts of the male and female reproductive system. 13. Know and understand the female menstrual cycle. What hormones are involved? What are they doing? As hormone levels fluctuate, what happens to the lining of the uterus and ovarian follicles? 14. Why do birth control pills work? 15. Know the basic parts of the nervous system and their function. 16. Know the divisions of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) and in general what each part is responsible for. 17. Know the lobes of the cerebrum and what each lobe does. 18. Know the anatomy and function of the synapse. 19. Know the anatomical basis of ADHD--what parts of the brain are different, how is it treated 20.Know the basic point of the Mean Genes chapters (Gender, Drugs, Infidelity). I will not ask picky questions about individual examples in the chapters, but I will ask questions such as why do we (humans) find drugs so appealing (even though we know they're bad for us). The test will be 45 questions, just like last time. DON'T FORGET YOUR CLICKERS!