204 BIO Review Sheet for Exam III CHAPTERS 28 EUKARYOTES The different nutritional routes utilized by eukaryotes- Most are heterotrophs, while some are autotrophs. While few are mixotrophs- they can do both(EX. euglena). Know characters that separate prokaryotes from eukaryotes o Prokaryotes- Have DNA simply floating in the cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, ribosomes, a cell wall, and flagella. Usually smaller organisms like bacteria. o Eukaryotes- Have: A nucleus that encloses the DNA Organelles such as mitochondrion, plastids, a plasma membrane, and so on. Usually more complicated organisms. What are the two proposed routes of evolution: o In-foldings of plasma membrane. o Endosymbiosis- Some organelles previously were seperate organisms that became a part of the cell. Evidence showing this is: Organelles similar in size. Enzymes and transport systems resemble modern prokaryotes. Circular DNA lacks histones and other proteins. Ribosomes similar to prokaryotes. Know all diagnostic characteristics associated with each Clade/Kingdom o Diplomonadida- Have multiple flagella, 2 separate nuclei, a simple cytoskeleton, and most are anaerobic. o Parabasala- Lack mitochondria, and are anaerobic. o Euglenozoa- Have paramylon- a gluecose polymer. They have an anterior pocket to conceal the flagella. 2 Sub-clades: Kinetoplastids- Have a single large mitochondrion, a kinetoplast- Holds extranuclear DNA. They are symbiotic. Euglenophyta o Alveolata- 3 Sub-clades: Have Dinoflagellates- an armor, 2 flagella, and some are bioluminescent. Apicomplexa- Are parasitic, and have an apical complex to penetrate the host. Ciliophora- Move with cilia, and have 2 types of nuclei: Macronucleus- Has 50+ copies of the genome, controls everyday normal fuctions. Micronucleus- Controls sexual processes. o Stremenopila- 4 sub-clades: Oomycetes- Have hyphae that absorb nutrients, they are decomposers that grow on algae and animals. They are also parasites of plants. Responsible for the potato famine. Diatoms- Have silica walls that overlap each other like a shoebox and it's lid. Produce the `fishy' smell associated with fish.
Golden Algae- Have 2 flagella at one end. Phototroph, but sometimes mixotroph. They can form resistant cysts. Brown Algae(seaweeds)- The largest and most complex. They are analogous. o Cercozoa- 2 sub-clades: Foraminifera- Live in sand and rocks. Radiolarian- Pseudo from central body, parasites. o Amoebozoao Rhodophyta(Red Algae)- Have no flagellated stages of their life. Not all species are red. Alternation of generation sis common. Food in sushi. o Chlorophyta(Green Algae)- Live symbiotically with fungi- called lichens. Watermelon snow. Which group is most closely related to plantsWhat separates Oomycetes from fungiWhat is a paramylon granuleWhich group of organisms has a crystalline rod within it's flagellaHow does the eyespot functionAlveoliWhat is Laminarin and which groups use it-