Study Guide for Exam 1 FIRST! Note that this is only a GUIDE and is not a comprehensive report of all that will be on your test! I reserve the right to test you on anything that has been covered in the classroom, book, or in the outside readings up to the test date. Begin by studying the terms located under "Key Terms and Concepts" at the end of each chapter (pp. 24, 51, 74). Don't just memorize the definitions! Know how to use the terms, too. There are discussion questions on these pages (or their following page) as well. Be able to answer these questions. Chapter 1 Other terms include: Government functions: Rule-making- Most fundamental function; laws, executive orders, constitution. Recipe for how society works, rights and responsibilities of citizens Rule-Execution-enforcement of rules Rule-adjudication- interpreting the rules in individual situations. Applies vague laws to individual cases. Usually separate from system that creates rules system of communication- newspapers, television, posting of laws. Needs to be consistent system to recruit leaders- elections, parties, hereditary. Provides social and political stability system to extract resources- money, labor, people, taxation, draft What are the stakes of politics? 1) Allocation of Recources [voluntary or authoritative] 2) Human Rights [non-economic political areas, women's rights, civil rights, immigration, abortion] 3) Physical Environment 4) Public Services [trash pickup, national defense, social security, etc.] 5) War and Peace [always choices for war or peace, in most nations the initial decision for war is made by executive, "war is a political instrument"] Political economy What are negative rights? Human's rights areas where government should keep hands off, can't stop the citizen from doing something (i.e. right to bear arms.) Positive rights? Human's rights areas where government must take action to protect the rights The worldwide movement toward democracy is rooted in access to outside ideas Chapter 2 What is Lockean or Classical Liberalism? Belief that government should take a hands off approach (State of Nature), all humans have the god given rights of life, liberty, and property (Natural Rights), and government is based on popular consent (Social Contract). Belief that people are basically good How is it different from Modern Liberalism? Modern liberals support more of a hands on government approach to protect the rights of citizens, all people should have the same starting point Moral sphere part of government dealing with individual rights Economic sphere part of government dealing with economy What are the two elements of capitalism? Individualism and distrust of government control How can capitalism be both an economic theory and an ideology? capitalism as an economic theory is an idea defined by reliance on individualism and private ownership, as an ideology it is the philosophical and analytical support for such a system. What is the difference between the two? see above question What are the stages of Marx's "prehistory"? Primitive communism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism Can you define each? Primitive communism is the economic system that was in place before the existence of private property, slavery, or classes. Society's productive capacity is so underdeveloped that each person must consume everything he produces to survive. - Feudalism is marked by the development of land ownership and a class system. More food was produced than was needed so wealthy farmers hired soldiers and exploited those who farmed their land. Land ownership was the basis for political power. - Capitalism is marked by ownership of capital being the basis for political power. Industrial workers are exploited by the factory owners. - Socialism would result from a revolution of the exploited factory workers. The state would distribute goods fairly throughout society. State would govern in interest of the workers. Marked by social equality, public ownership of industry, and a lesser role of private property. Economic determinism Chapter 3 Public opinion short term attitudes and feelings about specific issues, Goes along with political cultures, Very hard to keep stable, Media driven What are the agents of political socialization and how do they affect us? understanding group expectation, parents influence even if they don't intend to pass it on, education, region, peers, media, church What are the different types of political cultures? Describe them. Democratic (underlying values about life and people, free/fair elections/choice, dissenting opinions, respect for individual, highest value on individual) or Authoritarian (community/society/government, order and stability requires big government, strains of authoritarianism can prevail in a democracy, paternalistic overlording: opinions not asked by government) Chapter 4 1. What influences voter choice? Party ID, ideology, family, socio-economic status, gender, race, religion, region, candidate, media, perception of government performence How do people filter political information (two ways)? Party ID and ideology 2. What are the sources of party identification and ideological orientation? Be able to describe them. Sources include family, socio- economic status, gender, race, religion, region, candidate, media, perception of government performence 3. Who votes? High socio-economic status citizens What characteristics do they have? High level of education, wealthy What characteristics do non-voters have? Low level of education, poor 4. Has voter turnout increased or decreased over time? Turnout has fallen in recent years Why? Because politics are less often discussed, the voting age was lowered, scandals have lowered interest, decline of the traditional family, increased television watching, suburbanization 5. What are the two types of electoral systems and what are their features, benefits, and drawbacks? Single Member District- all parts of country are equally represented, drawback is that loser in a district gets nothing Proportional representation means that all parties are represented, even losers, drawback is that areas with large population can control voting 6. Why is fair apportionment important? It ensures that all citizens have the political power that is due to them What is malapportionment? When political districts are not equally divided by population How do we ensure that populations are apportioned fairly? Redistricting after census is taken We have had several outside readings: Easton, Smith, Marx, Locke, Burke, and Goldman (we are dropping Almond and Inglehart). Be able to give a little (1 or 2 sentences) about each of these writers. For instance, when they were writing, what they were writing in response to, where they were from, etc. Be able to answer the following questions about each of these thinkers: Did their writing identify an ideology, economic theory, or a way to understand political systems? What was their contribution to political science? To America's political system? For those that wrote about economic theory, what role did they see for the government in the economic sphere? What role did they see for the people? In other words, how was their economic theory to work? Who would benefit? Can you describe the main aspects of their theories (capitalism and communism)? What did these writers say were the benefits of their systems? Smith Wrote in the 18th century in response to mercantilism Some key terms from those two theories: Capitalism (know the definition of this, too!) Law of supply and demand Mercantilism economic system of the colonization period, belief that wealth can't be increased, smith wrote to combat the ideas of mercantilism Industrial revolution ideas of division of labor were put in place Invisible hand driving force behind capitalism, people acting in their own interest will benefit whole of society, competition Division of labor creates surplus which can be traded or sold, i.e. a profit Marx wrote in the 19th century in response to the industrial revolution Communism Bourgeoisie owners of the means of production (10% of society) Proletariat other 90% of society exploited by bourgeoisie, Marx advocated a proletariat revolution Communist party Means of production owning the land and having the political power to make goods and therefore a profit Property (not just land!) Marx wanted to get rid of the idea of private property Accumulated labor Class system Marx said the class system was the driving force behind the exploitation of the proletariat and should be done away with Revolution Marx advocated a revolution by proletariats to take the means of production from the few and give to the many For Easton's work: wrote in the 1950's to try to discover why some political systems survive and others don't Can you explain how the model works? Demands and support come in from the population decisions and policies come out from the government. Public forms opinions (feedback) on output and this becomes new input What question did he intend to answer with his model? Why do some political systems survive and others don't? Can you label the diagram? Support Demands Any Political System Decisions and policies Locke wrote in the 17th century. Known as father of liberalism State of nature society without government. People will behave because of natural law and reason Natural law natural internal guidelines in all people Natural rights god given rights all humans have: life, liberty, property Social contract government based on popular consent, citizens of right to overthrow government Burke wrote in the 18th century, known as father of conservatism wrote in response to the French Revolution Conservatism belief that traditional values strengthen society and that people are naturally bad, better to give up personal rights for betterment of all, a response to enlightenment Traditions society's traditions hold society together and society is based upon these traditions Cult of the community Cult of the individual Enlightenment said that reason drove society, Burke totally disagreed with this What did he fear? What did he prescribe? Goldman moderate anarchist born in Russia who came to US and wrote in the late 19th century. Wrote in response to factory working conditions and strikes What were the three influences that she claims we must rid ourselves of? Religion, government, private property Real social wealth free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life based on one's desires, tastes, and inclinations Direct action a revolution needed to institute anarchy Political machinery Sovereignty of the individual anarchy is the sovereignty of the individual