Lecture #5 - Puritan New England, Salem Witch Trials, and the Middle Colonies I. The European Background A. Religion and State Religion and state were not separate in medieval times B. Religious Changes with the Reformation With the King's change from Catholicism to Protestantism, all English citizens were expected to follow The puritans (aka &quot;the decenters&quot;) were a group of citizens who would not compromise; they faced persecution and eventually fled to Holland. They were the first group of people to challenge the crown. Martian Luther key to Protestant reformation C. Changes in English Society There were also political and social changes, not just religious The puritans were against the capitalist societies ideas II. English Settlement in the North - two groups that come out of this Early Modern European background A. Pilgrims Religious separatists (they wanted to separate from the church of England because they believed it was too much like the catholic church) They fled to Holland but decided that Holland didn't hold the lifestyle that they were looking for (they wanted to be able to shelter their children) They wanted to establish a utopia and thought that the New World would be a better place to do that than Holland was. They set sail to Virginia but a storm blew them off track and they ended up landing in New England (they had no right to land in New England, but they did to land in Virginia) Mayflower Compact 1620 an agreement of those on the ship to establish a government with the idea of preventing anarchy First Thanksgiving represented the relationship between the Native Americans and the colonists (Squanto was the major mediator) B. The Puritans Settlers of the Massachusetts Bay 1630s they wanted to purify the Church of England and reestablish their personal relationships with God John Winthrop born in England, traveled to the colony, established it and brought leadership The Great Migration 1630s to 1640s a migration (in great numbers) of settlers to the puritan colony The goal was to establish a &quot;city on a hill&quot; as an example to England of a properly run church and society III. Puritans in New England Relations with Native Americans A. The primary beliefs Puritans had about land possession Puritans believe that any land occupied by people who didn't agree with their beliefs and/or wasn't settled in a civilized manner was theirs for the taking B. Native American Resistance 2 Pequat war 1637 between the puritans and the Native Americans; the puritans wanted to bring the Native Americans into their civilized society; but the Native Americans did not want to join the colonists, the first tribe able to resist was the Pequat tribe. The Pequats get the Narrgansatts tribe to ally with them and fight the puritans. The war was triggered by the Pequat murdering of puritans; issues over land, cultural anatomy, and political power were the issues that built-up to the war. During the war the puritans took 250 women and children captive. The significance of this war was that it showed that even those who are &quot;civilized&quot; can behave in savage ways and it showed that the puritan had established military and political dominance in the society. IV. Puritan Society A Closed, Christian, Corporate, Utopian, Community A. Closed They believed in pre-destination but were always looking for signs of hope; only those who signed the covenant and the direct descendants of those who signed could be part of the society Covenant of Grace between the puritans and God; it stated that they would behave and in return God would bless their society Social Covenant an agreement made between the citizens to live according to the utopian society B. Christian C. Corporate Citizens lived together in extended families with about 6 children per family; it was a patriarchal society D. Utopian They were on a mission to establish a &quot;city on a hill&quot; and to get everyone to work together as a community E. Community Each community was self-sufficient V. Dissent in Puritan Society A. <a href="/keyword/roger-williams/" >roger williams</a> 1631 Williams was a pilgrim living in puritan society, he opposes taking Native American land B. <a href="/keyword/roger-williams/" >roger williams</a> Banished to Rhode Island He becomes outspoken after he is kicked out, he calls for a separation of church and state (because the people in government are not pure they have no right to be the head of the church) This leads to him founding Rhode Island C. Anne Hutchinson, 1636 She is outspoken, well-educated, and a good leader this poses a problem in a patriarchal society; she rejects the balance of faith and works antinomian; she says that when you saved you are a visible saint. She is also banished to Rhode Island D. A Synod is Called Hutchinson said that she had communication with God and would not renounce her claims (there was a problem with her speaking to men) VI. What Happened to the Puritans 3 A. People started moving farther away from town Because of population growth they no longer have such close contact B. Half Way covenant This states that only one parent has to have signed the covenant in order for a child to be able to be able to be a part of their society VII. The Salem Witch Trials A. Context Citizens believe that witches were working with Satan and that they want to damage society; they are usually left alone though when they aren't doing any harm B. Specific events that led to Salem trials Three girls were taught magic by a West Indian salve and witch (named Tituba) There is a violent outbreak and people panic; 200 people are accused of witchcraft and 19 are hung during a short period of time C. Scholars debate on why the witch trials happened [Talk About in Conjunction with the RTAP] Economic and political motivations many farmers accused the wealthy Gender tensions more women than men were accused Religious conflict Psychology Hallucinations VIII. The Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware) A. New York Founded by the Dutch; called a New Amsterdam at first and then was taken over by English Calvinists looking for gold, trade, and tobacco wealth B. Pennsylvania Quakers settled here from protestant tradition (founded early in the 17th century); they believed that all people were equal and had &quot;inner light&quot; or &quot;God's wisdom&quot; within them William Penn an elite who converted to become a Quaker; the Quakers enjoyed economic success and were very healthy Benjamin Franklin was from here IX. Diversity in the Middle Colonies 1. Economic Diversity The rise of large cities creates a poor class, working class, ect. (there were some slaves but that was the minority) 2. Ethnic Diversity There were many different ethnicities (Dutch, English, Irish, Scottish, French, German, and Scandinavian people all settled here) It was so multicultural because of the trading ports 3. Religious Diversity and Toleration There was a lot of religious toleration because there was so much diversity 4 Terms Pilgrims Puritans Great Migration Pequot War <a href="/keyword/roger-williams/" >roger williams</a> Anne Hutchinson Salem Witch Trials William Penn Questions 1. How do changes in English Society set the stage for the rise of the Puritans and Pilgrims? 2. What is the difference between the Puritans and Pilgrims? 3. What did the Puritan relationship with native Americans look like? How does this compare / contrast to other relations we've seen with Native Americans? 4. How was New England different from other colonies? 5. What were the key characteristics of Puritan society and why did it fall apart? 6. What events led to the Salem witch trials? 7. How do scholars explain the Salem witch trials? 8. What role does diversity play in the Middle Colonies? How does this compare to New England, the Chesapeake, and the South? Readings AS - 62-68; 81-84