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101: BIO General Biology 1 Spring 2009 Study Questions for Exam #1: Chapters 1-3 and Ecosystem Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life tions 1.1 1.8 Terms: 1. Discovery Science Verifiable observations and measurements Describe life in a variety of ways Sometimes called descriptive science 2. Scientific Method (Hypothesis-driven science) Formal process of inquiry Series of steps Begins with observations (discovery science) Ask questions and seek answers Formulate a hypothesis 3. Scientific names (binomial nomenclature) Genius, species 4. The three domains, and 4 kingdoms in Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Prokaryotic - Unicellular, with no nucleus - Some cause disease Domain Archaea Prokaryotic Unicellular - Do not cause disease - Some can do photosynthesis Domain Eukarya Protists Plantae Fungi Animalia 5. Concepts: 1. Be able to describe the 6 characteristics of life given in class Living organisms grow and develop Living organisms reproduce All living organisms are composed of cells Organisms use and transform energy Convert energy from another source Plants from the Sun (photosynthesis) Animals from the food we eat Unicellular one cell Multicellular many cells that do different things Growth increase in size and number Development change during life cycle 2. Be able to describe the what scientists mean by the following terms: hypothesis, fact, law and theory Organisms interact with one another and their environment Organisms have movement (visible movement OR within the cell) Hypothesis is based on observations Fact Law, descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences and tested hypothesis 3. What is meant by the phrase science is not set in stone? Because we keep learning more things, science changings. 4. How is science cumulative and progressive, and self-correcting? Cumulative, means adding to it Progressive , 5. The difference between correlation and causation. Correlation An apparent relationship between variables \ Statistical Evidence Causation An established relationship between variables What causes to the problem 6. How energy flows and chemicals cycle in a system Energy Flows: Almost all the energy on Earth comes from the Sun Chemicals cycle: Chemicals are used over and over again Constant recycling of chemical nutrients Chapters 34, 36-37: Introduction to Ecosystems Pages/Sections given for each topic below Terms: 1. Ecosystems (Chapter 34, p. 684; Section 34.1) It is all living things and non living things 2. Biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems (pp. 686-687; Sections 34.4 34.5) biotic factors = all the living organism (Plants, insects, mammals, birds, mushrooms, etc.) abiotic factors = all the non-living factors (six factors) 3. Population (Chapter 36, p. 728; Section 36.1) 4. Population = a group of individuals of a single species that occupy in the same general area. 5. Community (Chapter 37, p. 744; Section 37.1) 6. Trophic structures producers, consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores), decomposers (detritivores), A biological community is all the organisms (populations) living close enough together for potential interactions. The feeding relationships among the various species Predator (producers) / Prey (consumers ) relationships Herbivores Eat plants Carnivores Eat animals Omnivores Eat both Detritivores Eat dead material from both terrestrial and aquatic (Chapter 37, p. 752, Section 37.9) 7. Predator / prey (p.746; Section 37.3) 8. Food chains and food webs (pp. 752-753; Sections 37.9 37.10) Food Chain: Shows how energy moves through a system, up the chain Producers Photosynthetic use energy from the Sun to store energy in chemical bonds Bottom of the food chain Terrestrial plants Aquatic phytoplankton, algae, etc. Consumers Obtain their energy from the food they eat. Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Food Web Shows how energy moves, in the complexity of a real life situation Is how plants gets their male sperm (carried by the pollen) to the female parts of another plant of the same species 9. Pollination (p. 355; Section 17.13) 10. Seed dispersal (p. 354; Section 17.11) Is how plants get their seeds dispersed so they don t all land below the parent plant 11. Symbiotic relationships (mutualism and parasitism) (p, 748-749; Section 37.6) Are interactions where one species lives in or on another. Concepts: 1. What are the biotic and six abiotic factors in an ecosystem? Biotic: living stuff Abiotic: 1. Sunlight (solar energy for photosynthesis) 2. Water (rain, oceans, lakes, etc.) 3. Temperature 4. Wind 5. Soil (nutrients, how well it holds water, etc.) 6. Periodic disturbances fires, hurricanes, floods, volcanoes, etc. 2. What is a species? Species = a population whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring, but who cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species. 3. How are food chains and food webs similar? How are they different? Similar:both show flow of energy Difference: the food web, show levels of consumre and producer. 4. Be able to discuss the interactions between plant and animals or wind in both pollination and seed dispersal. 5. What are symbiotic relationships? How do mutualism and parasitism differ? Two species live and give each other benefits. Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life Pages covered from text pp. 18-28; Sections 2.1 2.16 Terms: 1. Protons : subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge electrons : subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge neutrons : subatomic particle with no electrical charge 2. Nucleus The nucleus is the very dense region at the center of an atom consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons) electron shells: Shells are energy levels 3. Isotopes: are elements that have different number of neutrons but have the same numbers of protons and electrons. 4. Atomic number the number of proton uniquely defines an element. 5. Ionic Bonds / ions / what causes the attraction? Ionic bonds : from ionic compounds Ions: atoms/molecules with (+) or (-) charge What causes the attraction: the opposite charge 6. Covalent bonds form molecules share electrons 7. Hydrogen bonds Molecules of water orient themselves so opposite charges attract between water molecules pH scale (acids and bases) In water solutions most water molecules stay intact. However, some do break apart into ion 8. Acids = chemical that increase the concentration (relative number) of H+ ions The more H+ ions, the stronger the acid Bases = chemical bind to H+ ions, thus decreasing the concentration of H+ ions (leaving behind OH- ions) The more OH- ions, the stronger the base Concepts: 1. What four elements make up 96% of our body weight? What fifth element is needed in the molecules of life? Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon 2. What are the five molecules of life? Water, Carbohadrates, Lipids (Fats), Protins, Nucleic Acids (DNA) 3. Be able to recognize the Bohr models of the elements of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen. 4. What does the atomic number tell us? The number of proton 5. How do isotopes differ from the more common form of an element? Why can they be dangerous? Dangerous if it has high energy and came very fast (like uranium), it will go through the DNA 6. Electron Shells What is the significance of outer electron shell? Why are the unfilled spaces in the outer shells important? if there is an opening in the outer shell, it can fill with additional one 7. What are the similarities and differences between ionic and covalent bonds? 38:00 The strength of the bond. Ionic bonds are one unit positive and one unit negative. Hydrogen is a little bit negative and a little bit positive. In an ionic the bond, atoms are bound together by the attraction Bohr Model: the electrons are orbiting from a distance with gap which is opposite to space filled model. We need to recognize oxygen from nitrogen or Carbon or hydrogen- Important between oppositely-charged ions. In a covalent bond, the atoms are bound by shared electrons. 8. What percentage of water on Earth is a freshwater? What percentage is available to us? (i.e. not frozen) 3% - 1.5% 9. What causes water to be a polar molecule? between hydrogen Within - covalent 10. What are Hydrogen bonds? How are they different from ionic bonds and covalent bonds? Hydrogen bonds- Covalent 11. Be able to discuss the four unique qualities of water that make life possible on Earth. How do hydrogen bonds contribute to each of these qualities? Why is each of these qualities important? (this part no need) Quality liquid water is cohesive (surface, insect can walk, trees can pull water) Ice is less dense Water changer very slowly 12. At what temperature is water most dense? 0 C or 39.2 F 13. What does pH measure? What does each unit of pH represent? What is the biological range? How acidic or basic 10 full of change of concentration from 6.5 to 8.2 Ex. 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000 14. What is acid precipitation? Rain, snow or fog that has a pH below 5.6 What causes acid precipitation? Acid Precipitation is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides, mostly from burning fossil fuels Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells Pages covered from text pp. 34, 36-47; Sections 3.1, 3.3 3.16 Terms: 1. Hydrocarbons The most simple carbon molecules (Hydrogen and Carbon only) for example Methane (1 C) Ethane (2 C) Propane (3C) Butane (4 C) Octane (8 C) 2. Monomers and polymers Polymers = molecules built by linking together a large number of subunits Monomers = the subunits 3. Dehydration synthesis To form by removing water Polymers are made from monomers through the process of dehydration synthesis 4. Carbohydrates monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (3 example of each) Carbohydrates: Class of molecules ranging from small sugars to large / Hydrolysis To break with water Monomers are broken off of polymers using a process called hydrolysis polysaccharides monosaccharides, Monomers single sugar units- Many names of sugars end in -ose Ex. Glucose , fructose and galactose disaccharides, is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides. Two sugar monomers bound together by dehydration synthesis Example Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (used in making beer) polysaccharides Are polymers of a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides long Example of storage polysaccharides starch , glycogen and Cellulose 5. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions Water loving hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water Hydrophobic = water fearing Lipids = diverse compounds that consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms (with some oxygen) 6. Lipids Lipids (Fats and oils) do not mix with water (Italian salad dressing) triglycerides, another name for fat 9. Proteins amino acids - the 4 classes of proteins (not in test) Made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen The polymers called polypeptides or proteins The monomers are amino acids 4 classes of proteins Contractile provide movement (muscles) Structural hair, tendons, silk (spiders) Signaling messages within cells and between cells Enzymes greatly increase the rate of reactions in cells 10. Nucleic Acids nucleotides (how many?) 5 nitrogenous bases DNA / RNA Nucleic Acids are the polymers and have three components: Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous Base DNA, RNA Nucleic Acids are Information storage in cells Example: DNA, RNA One nucleotide = one monomer monomers = Nucleotides DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Stores genetic material inherited from parents Every cell has a complete, identical set of DNA Deoxy- means that it has one less oxygen than the other nucleic acid RNA RNA = ribonucleic acid Variety of roles, including carrying information from DNA to ribosomes. Concepts: 1. What are the four organic molecules that are essential to life? How is each used in organisms? All of them have carbon backbones 1. Carbohydrates sugar - energy and structure 2. Lipids (Fats) energy and structure 3. Proteins structure, enzymes (speed up reactions), signaling, etc. 4. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) storage of genetic information 2. Why is carbon so important in building these organic molecules? 3. What are two differences between hydrocarbons and carbohydrates? Hydrocarbon (Hydrogen, Carbon) Use for fuel Carbohydrates (Hydrogen, Carbon, some oxygen) Energy for us 4. How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis used in cells to build and break down polymers? How is water used in each? Dehydration is to form by removing water. Hydrolysis is to break by adding water. Important 5. Where is most of the energy stored in both hydrocarbons and carbohydrates? In Hydrocarbons, energy stored in the bonds of the Carbon-Hydrogen and it released only when the bonds are broken. The more carbon-hydrofen bonds we have the more energy we have. The same answer for carbohydrates * 6. What are the three monosaccharides given in class? Glucose and fructose and galactose 7. What are the three disaccharides given in class? Where is one place where you might find them? 8. Be able to discuss the three polysaccharides given in class. How are each used? 9. What are hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions? 10. What are fatty acids? How do they relate to fats and triglycerides? Fatty acids C=O group plus a hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon only) chain (about 1518 carbons long) 11. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Saturated fat fatty acids filled with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms on the carbon chain Unsaturated fat fatty acid with less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms on the carbon chain Saturated Fat Polyunsaturated Fat Packs tightly Can t pack tightly Solid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature Animal fats Vegetable oils Ex. Butter, lard Ex. Corn oil, olive oil 12. What are trans fats? Where do they come from? Human made Why have they gotten so much attention recently? Very unhealthy and may even be worse 13. Why are some fats solid at room temperature and others liquid? The solid fats are from Animals (Saturated Fat , which has the maximum number of atoms). The Liquid far are from plants (Unsaturated Fat, which does not have the maximum number of atoms) Trans fats are unsaturated fats that have been partially hydrogenated (hydrogen atoms added) Because the tests confirm that they contribute to cardiovascular problems, like saturated fats, 14. What are the four levels of structure in protein formation? (Important) 15. What are the three forces that causes proteins to self-construct into their three dimensional shape? Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions Hydrogen bonds And other interactions Primary Structure (unique sequence) Secondary Structure (Hydrogen bond) Tertiary Structure (3 D shape) if the shape is wrong, it will not function Quaternary Structure (Not in test) the fourth one 16. Why is the three dimensional shape of a protein so important? 3-D shape determines its function. If it loses its 3-D shape, it won t function 17. What are the three components of DNA? Which two components form the backbone of the molecule? i. Sugar ii.Phosphate group iii.Nitrogenous Base DNA, RNA Sugar, phosphate Which components form bonds across the helix? 18. What are the monomers and polymers for carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids? 19. Molecule Monomers Polymers 21. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides 23. Lipids None None [examples Fats, Steroids, Phospholipids] 25. Proteins Amino Acids Polypeptides (Proteins) 27. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Polynucleotides (Nucleic acids) DNA and RNA Review session: Wednesday, Jan. 28, 8:00-9:00 pm, 217 Science Center

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