Hinkle Spears Biology 110 Study Guide: Test 1
Chapter 1: - Atom molecule cell tissue organ organ system multi-celled organism population community ecosystem the biosphere Receptors molecules and structures that detect stimuli, whice are specific kinds of energy Homeostasis receptor-driven mechanisms kick in and return conditions to the state that cells can tolerate DNA a nucleic acid, the signature molecule of life Carolus Linnaeus the naturalist who came up with the strategy of giving each species a two-part name part 1 genus: the name of the entire species group, part 2 the name for a specific species within the genus 3 Domains bacteria single cells, prokaryotic (no nucleus) archaea single cells prokaryotic (closer to eukarya than bacteria) Eukarya Eukaryotic cells (with a nucleus). Single celled and multicelled species categorized as protists, plants, fungi, and animals Protists single cells and multicelled eukaryotic species that have a wide range in size Plants generally, photosynthetic, multicelled eukaryotes, many with roots, stems, and leaves Fungi single celled and multicelled eukaryotes decomposers, parasites, and pathogens Animals multicelled eukaryotes that ingest tissues or juices of other organisms Natural selection adaptive forms of traits more likely to survive and reproduce, eventually removing the weak traits
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Chapter 2: - Atom smallest unit of an element that still retains the element's properties, made up of protons (+), electrons (-) and neutrons Molecule two or more atoms of the same or different elements joined together Compounds molecules that consist of two or more different elements in proportions that never do vary Covalent bond when atoms share two electrons Cohesion something is showing a capacity to resist rupturing when it is stretched, or placed under tension water Element fundamental substance consisting of one kind of atom Isotope one of two or more forms of an element's atoms that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus Ion an atom that has gained or lost an electron and carries a positive or negative charge. Acid substance that releases H+ when dissolved in water Base substance that accepts H+ when dissolved in water
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Chapter 3: - Lipids do not dissolve in water, but that mix with other non-polar substances Fats lipids with one, two, or three fatty acids dangling like tails Fatty acids an organic compound having a carboxyl group and a backbone Phospholipid a lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, the main constituent of cell membrane Waxes a lipid with a long-chain fatty acids attached to an alcohol other than glycerol Sterol any lipid consisting of a rigid backbone of 4 fused carbon rings Carbohydrate any molecule of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen typically in a 1:2:1 ratio Protein organic compound consisting of one or more polypeptide chains.
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Nucleic acids chains of units (or individual units) that each consist of a fivecarbon sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen-containing base
Chapter 4: - Cell the smallest unit with the properties of life Plasma membrane defines the cell as a distinct entity, separates metabolic activities random from events outside, but it does no isolate the cell interior. Cytoplasm everything between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA Ribosomes the molecular structures on which proteins are built Organelles one of the membrane-bound compartments that carry out specialized metabolic functions in eukaryotic cells nucleus, mitochondria Cytoskeleton structurally supports, imparts shape to cell: moves cell and its components Mitochondrion energy powerhouse; produces many ATP by aerobic respiration Nucleus keeps DNA and its transcription into RNA away from potentially damaging reaction in cytoplasm Golgi body organelles that modify, sort, and/or ship proteins and lipids for export or for insertion into cell membranes Lysosome bud from golgi bodies that digest and recycle materials Nuclear envelope a double-membrane system in which two lipid bylayers are pressed against each other. Nucleolus a dense mass of proteins and multiple copies of genes coding for ribosomal RNA Chromosome a double-stranded DNA molecule and its associated proteins, regardless of whether it is in dispersed or condensed form Chloroplasts organelles that are specialized for photosynthesis Cell wall protects and physically supports a cell, and imparts shape to it Microtubules the largest cytoskeletal elements, help keep organelles and cell structure in place and move them to new locations Microfilaments the thinnest of all cytoskeletal elements inside eukaryotic cells
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Chapter 5: - Communication proteins allows cells to join together Receptor proteins changes cell activity and attacks foreign cells Recognition proteins recognition of cells; identification of proteins and reacting Passive transport diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane, through the interior or a transport protein Active transport pumping of a specific solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, through the interior of a transport protein; requires energy input, as from ATP Osmosis the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, to a region where water concentration is lower. Endocytosis cell uptake of substances by forming vesicles from patches of plasma membrane Exocytosis fusion of a cytoplasmic vesicle with the plasma membrane
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Chapter 6: - Energy the capacity to do work ATP the energy carrier, or coupling agent; the currency in the cell's economy Enzymes catalysts that ca make reactions occur hundreds to millions of times faster than they would on their own
Chapter 7: - Autotrophs self-nourishing organisms Heterotrophs feed on autotrophs Photosynthesis process of plants using sunlight to produce glucose and other nutrients the plant needs Chlorophyll a the major pigment in all but one group of plants; absorbs violet and red light and reflects green and yellow light, which causes these plants to be green Chlorophyll b most common accessory pigment; reflects green and blue light
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Light-dependent reactions sunlight energy is converted to chemical bond energy of ATP Light-independent reactions runs on energy delivered by ATP; that energy drives the synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates
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