YORK NEW STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, GENEVA, A DIVISION OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, A STATUTORY COLLEGE OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA
Free sugars in fruits and vegetables
by C. Y. Lee, R. S. Shallenberger, and M. T. Vittum certain amino acids. Regardless of the form in which a carbohydrate happens to be ingested, it must be transformed into a monosaccharide for absorption and metabolism, thus emphasizing the significance of monosaccharides in food stuffs. In spite of the increasing awareness of the specific carbohydrate role as human food, however, many problems in this field are far from being solved owing to chemical and structural complexity of the sugars. The types of sugar and their concentration in foods are only known approximately and in general terms. The free hexose and pentose content of many foods is generally reported only as "total reducing sugars,' and the oligosaccharide content of foods is usually reported as "nonreducing sugar" calculated to be sucrose. It is now apparent that the "nonreducing sugar" fraction of foods may have, as the major sugar present, higher molecular weight and more complex homologues of sucrose such as raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. Recently, Shallenberger and Moores (1) and Shallen-berger and Moyer (2) were able to apply paper chromatographic techniques to identify those common monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in foods by quantitative chromatographic methods in the range of standard deviation of less than of sugar. With the rapidly developing role of individual specific sugars in metabolic processes, it is becoming increasingly imperative that the specific sugars in foods be identified and their concentration tabulated. The specific purpose of this study was to identify and determine the concentration of the major free sugars which occur in common foods of plant origin.
INTRODUCTION
The carbohydrates are especially prominent constituents of plants and usually form over one-half of the total plant substance. They serve not only as a source of available energy but also as reserve food and as structural materials. They are one of the main groups of food substances (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) to be synthesized in the plant from simple organic substances. The empirical composition of carbohydrates may be expressed by the formula CnH2nOn. With regard to their specific chemical properties, carbohydrates may contain a potential aldehyde, -CHO, or ketone, C=O, group. In general, the substances belonging to this class of compounds may be divided into three broad groups: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides have five carbon atoms (pentoses) or six carbon atoms (hexoses) and have a sweet taste. The second group of carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, is made up of two or more monosaccharide units linked to one another through a glycosidic bond. These are the disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, etc., and may or may not have reducing properties. No sharp line of distinction can be drawn between the oligosaccharides and the third group of carbohydrates, the polysaccharides, which represent large aggregates of monosaccharide units (starch, cellulose, pectin, etc.). The main function of carbohydrates upon ingestion by an animal organism is that of a fuel. They are metabolized to other products with the release of carbon dioxide, water, and energy. In addition, certain products of carbohydrate metabolism aid in the breakdown of many food stuffs, acting as catalysts in biological oxidations. Carbohydrates can also be used as a starting material for the biological synthesis of other types of compounds in the body, such as fatty acids and
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF FREE SUGARS IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
1
Pentoses Eight aldo-pentose sugars are known, four belonging to the -series, and four enantiomorphic compounds, belonging to the -series. Only four occur naturally, but not in any great abundance in the free state. These are -xylose, -ribose, and - and -arabinose. -xylose
Configurationally related to P-allose. Source: hydrolysis of nucleic acid. Not generally fermented by yeasts. No reports of existence in the free state. In natural products in glycosidic linkage, the furanose form persists,
This pentose sugar is configurationally related to -anomer, all -OH groups are -glucose. In the equatorial. Because of this element of conformational stability, it is the most widely distributed pentose sugar in Nature, much as -glucose is the most abundant hexose. In polymeric form, as a xylan, generally in a 4 glycosidic union, xylose is found universally in higher plants. Here it is a major component of hemicellulose material in plant cell walls. It is often found, quite naturally, as a free sugar in plants, but always as a trace, or very minor component of the free sugar extracts. The usual crystalline form of -anomer, m.p. 145, -xylose is that of the + 93.6 + 18.8 (3). The and enantiomorph, -xylose is also known as the -isomer, but is not known to occur naturally. Xylose constitutes about 70 per cent of corn-cob holocellulose. Free xylose, in trace amounts, has been reported in onion, strawberries, prunes, apples, pears, grapes, juniper berries, barley malts, brewhouse worts, maple syrup, asparagus, the white and the yolk of eggs, corn, tomatoes, apricots, bamboo shoots, potatoes, beans, alfalfa, beer, and mangoes. Xylose is not generally fermented by yeasts (and hence appears in wines). Large quantities in the diet cause cataracts in rats. It is also reported to be a minor component of citrus pectic acid and a component of the glycosidic moiety of the alkaloid tomatin found in tomatoes.
and indicate the position of the OH group on this carbon atom for the and the D or L isomers respectively.
Configurationally related to the lower 5 carbon atoms of glucose. Both - and - enantiomorphs of arabinose occur in nature, particularly the -isomer. - 14.6 -arabinose (4) has m.p. 160, and + 105. The -anomer has + 190.6 + 104.5 (3). -arabinose, prepared irom -glucosamine has m.p. 153, - 104.6. -Arabinose occurs as a glycosidic component of hemicellulose, gum, and pectin.
2
Arabinose is reported to be a free, but minor sugar component of onions, grapes, strawberries, commercial beer, corn, and alfalfa. Hexoses Of the 16 possible aldohexose sugars, only one occurs free to any extent. This is -glucose, -galactose is occasionally encountered in trace amounts, and because of its distribution in mannans, -mannose may be occasionally encountered. The -series of aldo-hexoses is not known to occur in the free state. -fructose is a ketose sugar. It is known in only one crystalline anomeric form, that of the -anomer shown. Its m.p. is 102-104C, and shows - 92.4. Hence, while 132.2 -glucose is dextrarotatory, and is also known as dextrose, -fructose is levorota-tory, and is also known as levulose. -fructose is widely distributed in Nature, either as the free sugar, or in glycosidic combination, as in the disaccharide sucrose. It is the sweetest sugar known. As might be noted, the most prevalent hexose to occur in nature, both in free-form and in glycosidic union, -glucose is very closely related to the most prevalent pentose, -xylose. Both anomeric forms are known in the crystalline state. -glucose has m.p. 146C and -glucose has + 1 1 2 + 52. m.p. 148-150C and + 18 + 52. It is the central carbohydrate. The reserve food starch is a polymer of the -anomer, and the plant structural material cellulose is a polymer of the -anomer. In commerce, -glucose is known as dextrose.
Reports of the occurrence of free mannose occurring in Nature are scarce. The sugar is the 2-epimer of - and the -anomers are -glucose. Both the known. The former has 29.3 14.2. The latter has 14.2. The m.p. are 133C and - 17.0 132C respectively. The -anomer is the only known monosaccharide which has a distinctly bitter taste. -galactose is epimeric with -glucose at the fourth carb on ato m. Both t h e and -an o me r s are known. It has m.p. 167C. Thefor the 80.2. Thefor the -anomer is + 150.7 80.2. -anomer is 52.8 Occasionally, -galactose is found in trace amounts in the free state. More often, it is found in glycosidic union. With glucose, galactose makes up lactose, the reducing disaccharide of mammalian milk. In plants, it is part of the molecule of the sugars known as the raffinase series of oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides Sucrose Sucrose occurs almost universally throughout the plant kingdom. Commercially it is obtained from sugar cane, sugar beets, and other sources. Therefore, it is often called cane sugar or beet sugar. Sucrose forms an important constituent of the human diet, both directly and in combination in various commercially prepared foodstuffs. Structurally, in addition to glucose, it contains a fructofuranose unit and the given chemical name is -fructofuranoside. -glucopyrosyl
3
170C and + 148. Hydrolysis by acid or invertase cleaves it to a trisaccharide (manninotriose) and -fructose in equimolar amounts.
Both potential aldehyde and ketone groups are blocked by the manner of linkage; hence, sucrose is non-reducing and does not undergo mutarotation. Its + 66.5 and m.p. is 186C. Upon hydrolysis by acids and by enzymes, sucrose gives rise to a molecule each of glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose is called "inversion" and the product is called "invert sugar" because the optical rotation changes from dextro- to levo- due to the high levorotatory power of the -fructose. Raffinose Raffinose is the most abundant trisaccharide found in Nature and occurs almost as widely in the plant world as sucrose. Raffinose crystals possess m.p. 78 + 105.2. In addition to sucrose, it conand tains a galactopyranose unit. Upon complete acid hydrolysis, it gives one mole each of -glucose, -fructose, and -galactose. Mild acid hydrolysis affects only one linkage, and melibiose and -fructose are produced.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Source of Materials Plant materials belonging to a certain botanical genus were selected for the sample according to their botanical family and species. Most raw material was grown locally at the Northeastern Regional Plant Introduction Station at Geneva during the 1966, 1967, and 1968 crop seasons using normal cultural practice. When it appeared that maturity within a variety or species might be important, sequential harvests were used. Some food materials were also obtained from other sources. Analytical Procedures Extraction and Purification of Samples Selected samples were sliced or dried and 50.0 g of raw material was placed in a 400 ml Mason jar and covered with 300 ml of boiling 80% ethanol. After simmering for several hours in a steam bath, the jars were sealed, then stored at room temperature. For the analyses, each sample was homogenized in a Waring blendor for 3-5 minutes at high speed and then filtered through a Buchner funnel using a vacuum source. The residue in the funnel was extracted twice again, using 150 ml of 80% ethanol each time. The extracts were then combined and volume reduced in a rotating evaporator. This served to remove the alcohol. The extracts were then purified further by passing first through a column of Dowex 50 resin in the H+ form and then through a column of Dowex 3 resin in form. The extracts were then combined and concentrated in the rotating evaporator until the extract contained sugars at the range of between 0.5 and 3.0%, as indicated by refractive index measurements. Paper Chromatography Reagents Chromatographic Solvents: Acid solvent: Butanol-Acetic acid-Water, 4:1:5 v/v mixture. Neutral solvent: Butanol-Ethanol-Water, 40:11:19 v/v mixture. Spray Reagents: Silver nitrate spray reagent: In 20 ml of acetone, 0.1 ml of saturated silver nitrate was added. Sodium hydroxide spray agent: Mixed 5 ml of 50% sodium hydroxide solution with 100 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol.
-Galactopyranosyl-(1 6)nosyl-(l 2) -fructofuranoside
-glucopyra-
Treatment with invertase also affords -fructose and melibiose whereas -galactosidase, an enzyme which specifically breaks the -galactoside link, leads to -galactose and sucrose. Stachyose Stachyose occurs in the roots of many plant species and is associated with sucrose and raffinose. It is the best known sugar of its class, the classical tetra-saccharide. The best source of stachyose is the rhizome of stachys tuberifera (Japanese artichoke). In addition to raffinose, it contains another galactopyranose unit which is called -galactopyranosyl-(l 6)-O6)-O-glucopyrano-galactopyranosyl-(l syl(1 2)-fructofuranoside. Its m.p. is 167
Sugar Reagents: Reagent A: Dissolve 25 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, 25 g of Rochelle salt, 20 g of sodium bicarbonate, and 200 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate in about 800 ml of water and dilute to 1:1. Reagent B: Prepare 15% cupric sulfate containing 1 to 2 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid per 100 ml. Arsenomolybdate Reagent (Nelson's Reagent): Dissolve 25 g of ammonium molybdate in 450 ml of distilled water, add 21 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, 3 g of sodium orthoarsenate heptahydrate dissolved in 25 ml of water, mix and incubate at 37 C for 24 hours. Invertase Solution: Dissolve 0.1 g of invertase (Melibiase free, Nutritional Biochemicals Co., Cleveland, Ohio) in 10 ml of water. Prepared fresh. Determination of Individual Sugar Quantitative determination of individual free sugar by paper chromatography was conducted according to the methods of Shallenberger and Moores (1) and Shallenberger and Moyer (2). Five ml samples of purified extract containing 5 to 30 of sugar were spotted 3 cm apart on Whatman No. 1 filter paper, 57 X 46 cm. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, raffi-nose, and stachyose were spotted in concentration of 50 for location purpose and for use as standards. Their Rg values in acidic and neutral solvents are shown in Table 1.
circumscribed with a pencil, and the circles or rectangles of paper were cut into blood sugar tubes graduated at 1 to 5, 10, 15, and 25 ml. A circle of paper about 30 mm in diameter containing no sugar was cut into a tube and was used for calculating absorbance interference. Three ml of water was added to each tube. After the sugars were eluted, 1 drop of 1% invertase solution was added to the tubes containing sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose, and they were allowed to stand overnight. Tubes containing reducing sugars were analyzed immediately after the elution. One ml of copper reagent (made by mixing 25 parts of sugar reagent A to 1 part of sugar reagent B) was added to each tube and it was placed in a boiling water bath for 45 minutes. The test tubes were then cooled in cold water, and 1 ml of arsenomolybdate reagent was added. After the contents of the tubes were reacted with Nelson's reagent, the solutions were diluted to 10 ml and finally decanted through a plug of glass wool. The absorbance was determined with a Beckman Model B spectrophotom-eter at 500 by setting the blank determination to 100% transmittance. The concentration of sugar was calculated by the following equations:
A: absorbance of the sugar of unknown concentration corrected for the paper present, c: concentration the of standard sugar, a: absorbance of the standard corrected.
P: area of the paper containing the sugar of unknown concentration p: area of the standard size piece of paper b: absorbance of the standard size piece of paper.
The papers were equilibrated with the solvent in the chamber and then developed for 72 hours by the descending technique. The chromatograms were dried at room temperature and then spray reagents were applied for location of the sugar on the survey strips. Location of the sugars on the unsprayed chromatograms is facilitated by calculating the Rf or Rg value for each sugar. The areas containing the sugars were
Oa: oligosaccharide absorbance corrected for filter paper. Gc: concentration of a nonchromatographed glucose standard. Ga: absorbance of a nonchromatographed glucose standard. Gb: the slope of the nonchromatographed glucose standard curve, 225. Ob: the slope of the oligosaccharide curve: 200 for sucrose 140 for raffinose 87 for stachyose Measurement of Optical Rotation Polarimetric measurement is the most widely used method in the analysis of sugar. In order to confirm
5
the results of chemical analysis for individual sugar, optical rotation was measured on each sugar extract with Rudolph Polarimeter Model 80 equipped with an oscillating polarizer and a photoelectric read-out attachment at 20C. The observed value was compared with the calculated value and found in good agreement at a correlation coefficient of 0.98, as shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1.Regression of observed optical rotation of plant extracts upon the optical rotation calculated from individual sugar found in the extracts.
REFERENCES
1. Shallenberger, R. S. and R. G. Moores. ! 1957. Analytical Chem. 29:27-28. 2. Shallenberger, R. S. and J. C. Moyer. 1961. J. of Agr. and Food Chem. 9:137-140. 3. Bates, F. J. and Associates. 1942. Polarimetry. Saccharimetry and the Sugars. National Bureau of Standards Circular 440. 4. Pigman, W. 1957. The Carbohydrates. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health. The authors are grateful to Dr. A. Hill for valuable advice on sugar analysis and to A. Mozingo and K. Konkle for laboratory assistance.
DISTRIBUTION OF FREE SUGARS IN VEGETABLES
% Fresh Basis
Code
No
Total Common Name Scientific Name Variety UC 309 Perry's Detroit Dark Red Ruby Queen (size 3) Primo Spartan Early Waltham 29 Jade Cross Long Island Improved Catskill Strain Early Head Glory 61
Red
Unidentified Unidentified Glucose 1.02 0.82 0.08 0.28 0.60 0.86 0.74 0.52 0.80 1.40 1.62 2.06 1.72 0.82 0.92 0.74 0.92 0.82 1.06 0.62 0.81 0.36 0.68 0.44 0.82 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.50 1.36 1.66 0.07 0.16 0.30 0.24 Fructose Sucrose 1.40 1.20 0.12 0.20 0.52 0.87 0.62 0.60 0.90 1.14 1.06 1.74 1.40 0.64 0.94 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.98 0.50 0.74 0.36 0.64 0.30 0.82 0.97 0.80 0.86 0.38 1.36 1.70 0.16 0.32 0.24 0.17 0.30 0.26 6.64 5.58 0.40 0.50 0.36 0.40 0.42 0.26 0.02 0.50 0.16 4.24 4.50 3.68 4.54 1.02 0.54 0.46 0.24 0.28 0.42 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.04 1.46 0.08 0.42 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.08 Raffinose Stachyose Sugar #1 0.02(N0.36) 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.04 0.18 0.22 0.10(N 0.34) 0.06(N0.22) 0.06(N0.34) 0.10(N0.35) 0.20(N 0.35) 0.10(N0.08) 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.08(N 0.34) 0.03(N0.56) Sugar #2
Solids 8.99 9.30 11.17 11.20 12.28 11.08 12.51 11.72 11.19 5.97 6.62 9.06 7.42 5.04 12.42 12.49 11.45 11.64 7.92 8.49 7.75 8.37 8.67 7.84 4.40 3.50 3.56 2.36 14.17 7.68 9.29 5.60 6.15 10.61 8.86
1 Asparagus 2 3 Beet 4 5 Broccoli 6
Asparagus officinalis L. Mary Washington Beta vulgaris Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
7
8 Brussel sprout 9 Brassica oleracea var.
gemmifera 10 Cabbage
11 12 Brassica oleracea var. capitata Linn.
13
14 Chinese cabbage Brassica pekinensis 15 Carrot Daucus carota 16 17 18 19 Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 20 21 22 Celery Apium graveolens 23 24 25 Cucumber Cucumis sativus 26 Cucumber 27 28 29 Dandelion Taraxacum offwinale 30 Eggplant Solarium melongena var. esculentum 31 32 Endive Cichorum endivia Linn. Cichorum endivia Linn. 33 Escarole 34 Kale Brassica oleracea var. acephala 35
Special Golden Acre Michihli Danvers 126 Imperator 408 Nantes Long Strain Red Core Chantenay Agway Early Snow Ball Seneca Snow Ball Super Snow Ball Early Fortune Tall Green Light Tall Utah 52-70 Ashley Crusader Spartan Dawn SMR 18 Wild Black Beauty Black Magic Green Curled Florida Deep Heart Curled Halftall Green Scotch Vates
0.08(N 0.34) 0.02(N 0.34)
0.02(N0.15) 0.02(N0.11) 0.12(N0.28) 0.11(N 0.34)
0.06(N 0.35)
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Kohlrabi Leek Lettuce
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes Allium porrum Linn. Lactuca sativa
Early White Vienna Beyersdorf Special Large American Flag Grand Rapids Waldmann's Strain Paris Island Cos Pennlake White Boston
7.55 13.67 10.23 5.06 6.55 4.14 4.14 25.48
1.34 0.88 1.08 0.17 0.32 0.22 0.30 2.56 1.60 1.84 1.80 1.82 1.03 2.08 2.10 1.76 2.34 0.56 0.08 0.12 0.18 1.06 0.76 0.88 0.06 0.96 0.10 1.32 0.14 0.22 0.94 0.30 1.14 0.08 0.82 1.84 1.54
1.24 1.56 1.38 0.24 0.64 0.54 0.40 2.62 1.90 2.16 3.50 3.58 1.06 1.26 0.94 1.18 1.00 0.76 0.24 0.86 0.92 0.82 0.01 1.16 0.12 1.48 0.12 0.12 0.98 0.14 1.22 0.10 0.90 1.66 1.20
0.58 1.44 0.68 0.10 0.12 0.06 0.12 5.86 2.36 4.76 3.72 0.97 0.75 1.00 0.94 0.84 0.80 0.86 0.26 0.14 2.98 0.06 0.20 0.06 0.04 1.72 0.10 1.88 0.16 0.24 2.56 0.12 1.32 0.20 0.96 1.80 0.80
0.96(N0.10) 0.12 0.12 0.56 0.07 (N 0.24) 0.03(N0.52)
0.24(N0.13)
Melon (Honeydew) (Musk)
Cucumis melo Cucumis melo var. reticulatus Citrullus vulgaris Hibiscus esculentus L. Allium cepa
0.06(N0.37) 0.14(N0.10) 0.06(N0.34) 0.04(N 0.35)
(Water) Okra Onion
Green Onion Parsley Parsnip Pepper Potato
Allium cepa Petroselinum hortense Pastinaca sativa Capsicum frutescens
Solatium tuberosum
Pumpkin
Cucurbit a pepo
Decconinck Bender Saticoy Hybrid Grey Belle Sugar Baby Emerald Autumn Splendor Hybrid Iowa 44 Premier Hybrid Southport White Globe Evergreen White Bunching Peerless Perfection Harris Model Early Galwonder Pimento Staddons Selection Katahdin (stored) * Kennebec (stored) * New York 3 Norgold Russet (stored) * Peconic (stored) * Russet Burbank (stored) * Small sugar Young's Beauty
8.73 12.94 10.59 8.54 10.70 11.68 12.47 10.27 11.82 9.59 11.37 11.18 20.99 5.93 6.93 5.77 19.27 19.87 24.41 19.21 20.36 21.71 8.33 5.92
1.06 1.06 0.66 0.42 0.04
1.16 0.98 0.32 0.24 0.06 0.01
1.30 (N 0.10) 0.46(N 0.35)
1.24CN0.21)
0.06 0.05 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.02 (N 0.44) 0.10(N0.35) 0.02(N0.36)
0.08 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.06 0.16 0.10(N 0.28) 0.02 (gala) 0.01 (gala)
0.04(N 0.34) 0.02(N 0.34)
73 Radish 74 75 Rhubarb 76 77 Rutabaga 78 Spinach 79 80 81 Spinach 82 Squash
Raphanus sativus Linn. White Icicle
Champion Rheum rhaponticum L. Chipman's Canada Red Victoria Brassica napobrassica American Purple Top Yellow Spinacia oleracea Chesapeake Hybrid Packer Hybrid Virginia Savoy New Zealand
4.40 5.46 5.71 6.69 10.97 8.25 8.55 7.31 4.42 6.76 5.12 4.78 11.64 16.54 10.75 13.38 20.06 23.13 21.47 22.08 26.63 22.77 9.20 22.53 4.86 4.67 5.04 6.18 5.42 5.58 6.16 5.01 5.20 7.40
0.84 1.34 0.46 0.38 1.66 0.12 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.70 1.02 0.58 1.18 1.05 0.60 1.02 0.20 0.40 0.52 0.20 0.15 0.54 0.17 0.33 1.25 1.08 0.88 1.20 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.00 1.04 1.50
0.30 0.74 0.44 0.34 1.42 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.82 1.14 0.50 1.52 1.15 0.76 1.20 0.20 0.42 0.56 0.15 0.11 0.40 0.09 0.30 1.48 1.46 1.08 1.34 1.47 1.46 1.35 1.22 1.30 1.18
0.22 0.10 0.07 0.72 0.10 0.08 0.04 (Maltose)
(New Zealand) Tetragonia expansa (Summer)
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Cucurbita pepo
0.02 0.16 0.10 0.02 1.42 0.66 3.60 0.74 2.72 2.62 3.10 2.96 2.76 4.00 0.06 3.37 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.42 0.01 (gal) 0.01 (N 0.29) 0.01 0.06(gal) 0.04(N0.35) 0.06(N 0.35) 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.14 0.20 0.03(gal) 0.05(gal) 0.03(gal)
(Winter)
Sweet Corn
Swiss Chard Sweet Potato Tomato
Crookneck F-l Hybrid Ambassador Seneca Zucchini Cucurbita maxima Butternut Green Hubbard Mammoth Table Queen Red or Golden Hubbard ea mays Linn. F. M. Cross Seneca Arrow Seneca Chief Seneca Explore Seneca 60-V Tastyvee Beta vulgaris var. cicla Fordhook Giant
Ipomoea batatas Poir Lycopersicon esculentum
0.04(N 0.34)
0.04(N0.50) 1.32(N0.48)
98 99 100 101 102 (Paste) 103 104 105 106 Turnip
Brassica rapa
Fireball Galaxy Heinz 1548 New Yorker Rocket Belerina Harvester Bouncer Roma V. F. Purple Top White Globe
*Stored potatoes at 35F for 4> month. In parenthesis shows the preliminary identification, gal = galactose, and Rg value in neutral solvents (N).
DISTRIBUTION OF FREE SUGARS IN FRUITS
% Fresh basis
Code
No. Common Name 1 Apple 2 3 4 5 6 7 Apricot 8 9 Blackberry 10 11 Blueberry 12 13 Currant 14 15 16 17 Gooseberry 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Total Scientific Name
Pyrus Malus
Unidentified Glucose 0.72 1.08 0.98 1.32 1.30 1.64 1.86 1.60 2.18 2.78 3.92 3.60 2.92 3.60 3.64 3.14 3.20 3.60 3.08 6.94 7.28 5.54 7.68 6.36 3.78 5.90 0.72 1.08 1.26 0.66 0.82 1.00 1.08 0.76 3.35 4.64 2.48 2.40 4.56 5.17 4.68 2.88 4.49 Fructose 6.50 5.28 7.10 6.12 5.20 6.04 0.92 1.63 1.76 2.54 4.04 3.60 3.18 3.98 4.12 3.44 3.80 3.96 3.94 6.78 7.60 8.48 8.50 6.34 3.70 5.94 1.10 1.40 1.40 0.80 1.20 7.88 6.22 6.20 1.48 2.40 0.72 1.58 4.84 3.32 3.44 2.63 3.74 Sucrose 4.44 3.84 3.80 3.00 3.96 3.64 5.82 5.86 0.60 0.58 0.24 0.14 0.82 0.54 1.26 1.16 0.92 1.70 1.02 1.26 2.72 2.10 2.90 1.90 0.32 1.74 5.84 9.94 7.12 4.92 6.80 1.28 2.46 1.10 5.48 5.68 3.68 3.68 1.90 1.02 0.58 Maltose 0.08 0.38 Sugar #1 0.18* 0.32*
Unidentified Sugar #2 0.60(A 0.76) 0.72(A 0.77)
Variety Cox Rome Farmer Spy Golden Delicious Mclntosh Rhode Island Greening Vance Delicious Alfred Curtis Darrow Hedrick Blue Crop Rancocas Red Lake (Red) Wilder (Red) Consort (Black) White Imperial (White) Downing (White) Poorman (Red) Welcome (Red) Concord Delaware Himrod New York Muscat Riesling Seibel 1000 Seibel 5898 Babygold Champion Elberta Red Haven Red Skin Bartlett Bosc Clapp's Favorite Green Gage Italian Prune Stanley Cuthbert Huron Early Richmond English Morello Meteor Montmorency
Solids 14.46 15.19 18.83 15.00 14.44 17.84 13.86 15.02 14.89 15.66 15.68 16.11 15.96 14.71 22.53 17.50 14.74 15.95 13.74 16.401 22.401 17.501 20.201' 21.701 15.801 16.401 12.60 14.92 14.51 9.27 12.68 12.47 14.74 13.53 14.71 23.24 15.97 20.67 28.22 15.28 13.77 14.89 16.26
Prunus Armeniaca Rubus sp. Vaccinium corymbosum Ribes sativum Ribes nigrum Ribes sativum Ribes grossularia-R. hirtellum hybrids
0.06 0.96 0.36 0.12 0.04 2.54
Grape
Vitis Labruscana
Vitis vinifera
0.10 2.62 0.98 2.98 3.08 2.82 0.68 0.04 0.52 0.02 0.48 0.10 0.36 0.46
0.42** 3.04** 0.96** 1.32** 3.62** 0.74** 0.90** 0.12* 0.08 (A 0.79) 0.18(A 0.73) 0.18 (A 0.74) 0.36(A 1.06)
Peach
Prunus Persica
Pear
Pyrus communis
0.18* 0.04* 0.40*
Plum
Prunus domestica
Raspberry (Red) Rubus idaeus Rubus occidentalis (Black) Prunus cerasus Sour Cherry
0.16(A 0.54) 0.40 (A 0.21)
44 Sweet Cherry
Prunus avium
45
46 47 48 49 Strawberry 50 Fragaria chiloensis var. ananasso
Black Tartarian Emperor Francis Napoleon Schmidt Windsor Earlidawn Sparkle
26.91 22.30 22.49 20.31 19.93 8.42 10.48
16.14 6.98 6.14 6.32 6.86 1.98 2.20
8.64 10.22 6.14 5.94 5.98 2.28 2.52
0.44 0.64 0.50 1.56
0.24 0.20
0.16 0.14
Solids expressed as soluble solids. Values in parenthesis are the Rg values in the acid solvent (A). Preliminary results indicate a pentose. Preliminary results indicate a trisaccharide.
DISTRIBUTION OF FREE SUGARS IN FOODS OF THE LEGUMINOSAE FAMILY % Fresh Basis Cod
No. Common Name 1 Dry Bean 2 Fava Bean
Total Scientific Name
Phaseolus vulgaris Viciajaba Phaseolus lunatus
Unidentified Glucose Fructose 0.18 0.10 0.06 0.12 0.10 Sucrose Ramnose 2.40 3.36 2.68 2.74 2.88 2.78 1.86 1.19 2.55 2.26 0.28 2.73 0.32 0.26 0.40 0.12 0.34 0.06 0.10 0.30 0.78 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.32 0.34 3.00 0.80 0.66 0.56* 0.12* .0.32* 0.40 0.65 0.32* 0.26* 0.56 0.52 0.14 0.14 0.07 0.40* 0.14* 0.18* Stachyose 3.40 0.70 0.22 0.94 0.26 0.72 1.75 3.06 0.60 3.44 0.28 0.30 0.28 0.08 0.38 0.05 1.02 0.18 0.24 0.40 (N 0.26) 0.42(N 0.30) 0.02(N 0.35) 0.06(N 0.32) 0.04 (gala) 0.05 (gala) 0.20(N 0.36) 0.06(N 0.34) 0.02 (gala) 0.08(N 0.42) 0.24(N 0.35) 0.02(N 0.36) 0.04(N 0.34) 0.03(N 0.37) 0.08(N 0.35) 0.16(N0.36) 0.74(N 0.37) 0.16(N 0.37) Sugar #1
Variety Michelite Broad improved long pod Early Thorogreen Green Seeded Fordhook Milres S-400 Thaxter Sieva Pole Kentucky Wonder Red Kidney Earlygreen (size 2) (size 4) (size 5) Earlywax (size 2) (size 4) (size 5) Kinghorn Wax (size 2) (size 5) Romano (size 4) Tendercrop (size 2) (size 4) (size 6) White Seeded Tender Crop (size 2) (size 4) (size 5) Alaska (size 4)
Solids 16.61 28.65 25.45 27.75 22.74 29.09 24.58 10.21 8.51 9.30 10.07 4.92 5.22 5.76 4.92 5.58 8.24 8.03 8.31 8.95 9.23 9.67 10.27 28.54
3 Lima Bean
4 5
6 7
Phaseolus aureus Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus lunatus 11 Pole Snap Bean Phaseolus vulgaris 12 Red Kidney Bean Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris 13 Snap Bean 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 8 Mung Bean 9 Pea Bean 10 Pole Lima Bean
0.02 0.02 0.16 0.02
0.18 0.48 1.32 1.24 1.08 1.43 0.92 0.84 0.49 0.23 1.14 1.38 1.26 1.28 1.36 1.10 1.14
1.30 1.42 1.38 1.28 1.78 1.06 0.90 0.50 0.25 1.28 1.64 1.06 1.48 1.34 1.40 1.30 0.08
28 Pea
Pisum sativum
0.06
0.68
DISTRIBUTION OF FREE SUGARS IN FOODS OF THE LEGUMINOSAE FAMILY % Fresh Basis Code No. Common Name
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Scientific Name
Variety Allsweet (size 4) (size 5) Perfected Freezer 60 (size 3) (size 4) (size 5) Early Perfection 326 (size 3) (size 4) (size 5) Arkansas 203 B67-339 B67-340 Allsweet Fasc. 8b Freezer 37 Lincoln Anthocyanin Line Miragreen Perfection Pixie Thos. Laxton
Total Solids Glucose 23.13 25.18 20.72 21.88 21.24 21.16 23.13 25.68 39.30 14.72 11.95 0.82 0.92 0.04 0.26 0.02 0.12 0.24 0.10 0.08 2.20 2.04 0.37 0.25 0.23 0.29 0.23 0.29 0.03 0.19 0.27
Fructose 0.24 0.04 1.30 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.16
Sucrose 4.78 5.40 6.06 4.77 4.44 6.54 5.90 4.28 1.86 2.20 1.60 3.74 3.07 4.45 4.23 2.58 5.85 2.96 4.72 5.42
Rafnnose 0.10 1.60 1.04 0.08 0.24 1.22 0.32 0.10 2.12 0.63 2.76 1.39 1.33 1.97 3.35 2.19
Stachyose 0.04 0.30 1.35 0.04 1.46 0.80 1.66 7.30 0.89 10.36 9.27 6.83 8.66 8.46 9.55 10.29
Unidentified Sugar #1 1.06(N0.36)
0.91 (N 0.40) 0.72(N 0.37) 0.06(N 0.17) 0.48(N0.31) 0.10(N 0.34) 0.08(N 0.35)
37 Cow Pea Vigna sinensis 38 Edible Podded Pea Pisum sativum
39
40 Dry Pea Seed
41 42
Pisum sativum
43
44 45 46 47 48
.
Contains a trace amount of manninotriose. Parenthesis shows the Rg value in neutral solvent(N), and gala = galactose.
Editor's Note
This is a new series that replaces the former Research Circular series published by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva. It results from an intensive study made by a special committee, which recommended that all existing publication series be streamlined and modernized to better answer today's needs of both scientific and general audiences. It was thought important to identify each publication with its appropriate subject matter discipline, such as Biological Sciences, Food Sciences, or Plant Sciences, as well as with a departmental designation.