The Re-Arch: Initiative for Renewable Energy in Architecture
Renewable Energy in Commercial Buildings
Design Guidelines for Integrating Renewable Energy in Commercial Buildings
By Loren Abraham, AIA, LEED AP
Part VII RENEWABLE ENERGY CASE STUDIES
Federal Express Facility Video U.S. Department of Energy Building Database Minnesota Renewable Energy Success Stories NREL Case Studies Innovative BiPV Examples
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Video: Federal Express Shipping Facility
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U.S. Department of Energy Building Database
Goto the DOE High Performance Building Database
4 Times Square The Conde Nast 20 River Terrace The Solaire Alfred A. Arug Courthouse Science Museum of Minnesota
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The Conde Nast Building at Four Times Square
Overview: Location: New York, NY Building type(s): Commercial office, Retail New construction 1,600,000 sq. feet (149,000 sq. meters) Project scope: 48-story building Completed January 2000 Total project cost (land excluded): $270,000,000
Photo credits: Kiss + Cathcart Architects
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The Conde Nast Building at 4 Times Square
Energy Design Computer simulation tools used in order to optimally design HVAC and building envelope. Urban orientation rather than solar orientation generated the building form. The DOE-2 model calculated amount of energy consumed by floor or group of floors
Photo credits: Kiss + Cathcart Architects
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The Conde Nast Building
at Four Times Square
Two 200 kW fuel cells are located in the 4th floor Integrated "thin-film" photovoltaics were used in spandrel glass on the south and east facades of the top 9 floors.
Fuel Total Purchased Grand Total Cost TBA TBA
View of the Photovoltaic Spandrel Glass on the South facing side of the building. Photo credit: Kiss + Cathcart Architects
Total Annual Building Energy Consumption MMBtu 102,000 102,000 kBtu/ft2 63.8 63.8 $/ft2 TBA TBA
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The Conde Nast Building at Four Times Square
Direct-fired natural-gas absorption chiller/heaters Individual floor-by-floor fan units operate only when occupied. Energy-efficient, fiber-optic outdoor signage atop building. Occupancy sensors and highperformance fixtures reduce building's energy use.
Photo credit: Kiss + Cathcart Architects
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20 River Terrace The Solaire
Overview Location: New York, NY Building type(s): Multi-unit residential New construction 357,000 sq. feet (33,100 sq. meters) Project scope: 27-story building Completed August 2003 The project was delayed due to its proximity to the World Trade Center site. Rating: LEED-NC, v2 Gold
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20 River Terrace The Solaire
Area Map Cost Data: Total project cost (land excluded): $114,500,000 Property cost: $20,000,000 Soft cost: $34 per sq foot professional fee: $12 per sq foot management fee: $8 per sq foot finance: $13 per sq foot Hard cost: $248 per sq foot construction: $247 per sq foot PV System: $375,000 ($1 per sf)
Floor Plans
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Environmental Aspects
Green Roof require 50% less potable water than a conventional, residential high-rise building. Rainwater Harvesting water used in cooling towers Multi-level humidification and ventilation systems supply filtered fresh air to each residential unit.
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20 River Terrace The Solaire
Environmental Aspects
designed to consume 35% less energy reduce peak demand for electricity by 65%, an integrated array of photovoltaic panels generates 5% of the building's energy at peak load Daylighting was maximized High-performance casement windows programmable digital thermostats, Energy Star Appliances occupancy sensors and daylight sensors
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Energy Performance
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Design Guidelines for Integrating Renewable Energy in Commercial Buildings
Science House at the Science Museum of Minnesota
The Science House is located along the Mississippi River in downtown St. Paul,Minnesota. The building was designed to be a net Energy+ Building. The structure behind the Science House is the Science Museum of Minnesota. The sloped roofing consists of BiPV thin film Amorphous Silicon standing seam metal roofing.
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Site Plan for the Science House at the Science Museum
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The Science House at the Science Museum of Minnesota
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The Science House at the Science Museum of Minnesota
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Design Guidelines for Integrating Renewable Energy in Commercial Buildings
Other Minnesota Commercial Building Renewable Energy Success Stories
The Green Institute Flannery Construction Como Park Conservatory Audobon Center in the Northwoods Skally Management Venberg Solar Shop Intelligent Nutrients Izzys Ice Cream Parlour RENew Northfield Carleton College Wind Turbine Macalaster Wind Turbine
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Green Institute
2801 21st Avenue South Minneapolis, MN
Overview
34 kW photovoltaic array Approx. PV Cost: $150,000 Geothermal heat pump Use of extensive passive solar strategies Solar tracking skylights Extensive use of recycled and salvaged building materials Rainwater catchment system Green Roof
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Flannery Construction
2801 21st Avenue South Minneapolis, MN
Overview
1,120 sf of solar thermal panels on 2 story commercial building Application: solar assisted in-floor hydronic heating loop and SDHW Est. Cost: $ 130,000
Photo credits:
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Como Park Conservatory
St. Paul, MN
System Components 20,000 square feet of custom PV laminated Glass 11.5 kW total power output Glass Fabricator: Atlantis Est. Cost: $ 150,000
Photo credits:
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Audubon Center of the Northwoods
54165 Audubon Drive Sandstone, MN
Overview
3 sets of 16 solar electric panels on trackers totaling 8.4 kW PV 2 (4' x 10') flat-panel solar collectors Closed, vertical-loop geothermal heat pumps with thirty 208-foot-deep wells Hummingbird wind generator - 5 kW Recreational vehicle converted to run on used vegetable oil (bio-diesel)
Photo credits:
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Skally Management
622 Grand Avenue St. Paul, MN
Overview
8 roof-mounted 4' x10' solar thermal panels on low-rise multifamily residential building Application: SDHW Cost: $25,000 2 120-gallon storage tanks with 1 flat-plate heat exchanger Controller turns the system on automatically
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Photo credits:
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Venberg Solar Shop
1101 15th Avenue SE Minneapolis, MN
System Components 4 (6.5 x 4') solar thermal panels Photovoltaic-powered pump Apricus 22 evacuated tube array Rainwater catchment Radiant in-floor heating Seasonal solar domestic hot water 75% salvaged/recycled materials daylighting Living roof
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Intelligent Nutrients
983 East Hennepin Avenue Minneapolis, MN
1.1 kW PV Solar electric shingles Sunny Boy 1100U inverter Transmission line to utility grid
Izzy's Ice Cream Caf
2034 Marshall Avenue St. Paul, MN
200 43-watt B.P. PV panels (8.6 kW) Outback inverter 3 controllers
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RENew Northfield and Carleton College Wind Turbine
1.65 mW Wind Turbine 280 foot tower
Macalaster College Wind Turbine
55 kW Wind Turbine 90 foot tower
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NREL Renewable Energy Case Studies
Chesapeake Bay Foundation Philip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis, Maryland Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College
Zion National Park Visitor Center Complex, Springdale, Utah. BigHorn Home Improvement Center, Silverthorne, Colorado Cambria Office Building, Ebensburg, Pennsylvania NREL Thermal Test Facility (TTF), Golden, Colorado
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The Chesapeake Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center
Overview Location: Annapolis, MD Building type: Commercial office, Interpretive Center, New construction 32,000 sq. feet (2,970 sq. meters) Project scope: 2-story building Suburban setting Completed December 2000 Rating: U.S. Green Building Council LEEDNC, v1.0--Level: Platinum Owner: The Chesapeake Bay Foundation is an environmental advocacy, restoration, and education organization.
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The CBF headquarters uses only 10% as much water as a comparable building. Rainwater storage tanks are shown in this photo. Photo by Prakash Patel, courtesy of SmithGroup
The exterior of the CBF headquarters is shown in this photograph from the southwest. Photo by Prakash Patel, courtesy of SmithGroup
The Chesapeake Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center
The Chesapeake Bay Foundation Headquarters building is recognized as one of the "greenest" buildings ever constructed. It was the first building to receive a Platinum rating through the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Rating System, version 1.0.
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4.3 Description of Photovoltaic System A 4.2-kW, thin-film PV system is mounted on the south side of the building. The panels are inclined at an angle of 30 and face approximately south. Three inverters feed the energy into electrical panels on the second floor (Figure 4-6.) There is no storage or net metering because loads connected to these panels immediately use all the electricity generated. The building structure and conference pavilion partially shade the PV panels during the summer, which reduces the system production (see Figure 4-7). CASE STUDY
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The Chesapeake Bay Foundations PhilipEnergy in Architecture Center Merrill Environmental Re-Arch: The Initiative for Renewable
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The Chesapeake Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center Natural Ventilation Re-Arch: The Initiative for Renewable Energy in Architecture
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The Chesapeake Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center
Energy Use
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The CBF lobby is shown in this photograph from the second floor. Prakash Patel, courtesy SmithGroup
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Re-Arch: The Chesapeake Initiative for Renewable Energy in Architecture Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center
Mechanical Systems
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The Chesapeake Bay for Renewable Energy inMerrill Environmental Center Re-Arch: The Initiative Foundations Philip Architecture
Mechanical Systems
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Monitoring and Evaluation
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Monitoring and Evaluation
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The Chesapeake Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center Performance
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The Chesapeake Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center Study
Recommendations
1. passive Design ventilation for a different air flow direction. 2. Install PV panels where they will not be shaded. 3. Use different models when designing GS loop heat exchangers. 4. Reprogram the EMS to run heat pumps based on demand. 5. Reduce receptacle loads during off hours. 6. Provide second-floor interior with high-reflectivity finish. 7. Install new lighting controls in open office and light switches in closets. 8. Monitor and design a system to minimize glare issues. 9. Revise GSHP system heat exchanger capacity & controls. 10. Refit the air system to allow economizer operation & desiccant wheel system. CASE STUDY
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The Chesapeake Bay Foundations Philip Merrill Environmental Center Study
Recommendations (cont.)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Examine exterior shading options - add shading where beneficial. Add sensors to record the temperature of fluid in the GS loop returns. Add flow sensors to record the flow rate of fluid in the GS wells. Reinstall outdoor weather station. Record data from the energy management system. Instrument domestic hot-water system. Instrument natural ventilation system. Develop monitoring to measure horizontal infrared radiation. Complete an as-built EnergyPlus model. Model natural ventilation systems further.
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Conclusions
Site energy use savings 24.5% compared to code-compliant (CC) building. Source energy savings is 22% compared to CC building. Energy cost savings 12% compared to a CC building. During cooling season, returns from GS heat exchanger are too warm. Daylight is not harvested as well as it could be on the second floor. The Merrill Center is a good candidate for follow-up research. A long-term monitoring effort can collect data for energy use and weather for evaluating energy performance. Significant differences were found between the actual energy performance and predictions made for rating purposes.
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Oberlin Center for
Environmental Learning
Overview Location: Oberlin, OH Building type: Higher education, Library, Assembly New construction 13,600 sq. feet (1,260 sq. meters) Height: 2-story building Completed January 2000
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The Lewis Center is visible in this photograph beyond the constructed wetland. The main atrium is located in the taller, left-hand section. The greenhouse and Living Machine are housed in the right-hand, glassed-in section.
The photovoltaic panels in this photograph cover 4,682 ft2 (690 panels)of the building's south-facing curved roof.
Re-Arch: The Initiative for Renewable Energy in Architecture
Oberlin Center for Environmental Learning
Environmental considerations Questions posed by David Orr:
Is it possible to power buildings using current solar income? Is it possible to create buildings that purify their own wastewater? Is it possible to build without compromising human or environmental health elsewhere or at a later time?
In this photo, biology professor David Benzing stands amidst the plants in the Living Machine which processes all wastewater from the Lewis Center sinks and toilets. Photo: Robb Williamson
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Oberlin Center for Environmental Learning
The Lewis Center is located at 122 Elm St. The building was designed to fit into the site. On the east (the left in this photograph, is residential town area, so this side of the building is primarily brick and of a relatively conservative design. The north side of the building is buffered by a productive garden as well as an immature orchard. A constructed wetland, visible on the right half of the photo, wraps around the south and east sides of the building. Oberlin College,
The auditorium, shown in this photograph, showcases a number of materials used in the Lewis Center. The chair fabric is biodegradable, the carpet is a product of service that will be cycled back into carpet as it wears out, all wood is FSC-certified, and the acoustical panels are made of agricultural waste products. Robb Williamson,
Architect: William McDonough + Partners
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Oberlin Center for Environmental Learning
The classroom shown in this photograph is located on the second floor. Large exterior and interior windows for daylighting combine with daylight-sensing fixtures to ensure ample lighting. Desks, chairs, and carpeting are made of recycled materials. Low- or no-VOC materials combine with natural ventilation to provide a healthy indoor environment. Robb Williamson
This photograph shows the Lewis Center's open atrium. FSCcertified wood can be seen in the ceiling and doors. Robb Williamson,
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Oberlin Energy Performance Evaluation
Designed to be an energy producer and a teaching aid for students. Houses classrooms, offices, and an atrium. Sustainable Features include:
Passive solar design Daylighting Natural ventilation An enhanced thermal envelope Geothermal heat pumps for heating & cooling. A roof-integrated PV system provides electricity.
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Oberlin Center for Environmental Learning Lighting and Dayli...