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97-1522 CLNS CLEO 97-27 Observation of Exclusive Two-body B Decays to Kaons and Pions (November 17, 1997) Abstract We have studied two-body charmless hadronic decays of B mesons into the nal states , K , and KK. Using 3.3 million B B pairs collected with the CLEO-II detector, we have made the rst observation of the decays B 0 K + , B + K 0 + , and the sum of B + + 0 and B + K + 0 decays (an average over charge-conjugate states is always implied). We place upper limits on branching fractions for the remaining decay modes. PACS numbers:13.25.Hw,14.40.Nd Typeset using REVTEX 1 R. Godang,1 K. Kinoshita,1 I. C. Lai,1 P. Pomianowski,1 S. Schrenk,1 G. Bonvicini,2 D. Cinabro,2 R. Greene,2 L. P. Perera,2 G. J. Zhou,2 M. Chadha,3 S. Chan,3 G. Eigen,3 J. S. Miller,3 C. O Grady,3 M. Schmidtler,3 J. Urheim,3 A. J. Weinstein,3 F. W rthwein,3 u D. W. Bliss,4 G. Masek,4 H. P. Paar,4 S. Prell,4 V. Sharma,4 D. M. Asner,5 J. Gronberg,5 T. S. Hill,5 D. J. Lange,5 R. J. Morrison,5 H. N. Nelson,5 T. K. Nelson,5 D. Roberts,5 A. Ryd,5 R. Balest,6 B. H. Behrens,6 W. T. Ford,6 H. Park,6 J. Roy,6 J. G. Smith,6 J. P. Alexander,7 R. Baker,7 C. Bebek,7 B. E. Berger,7 K. Berkelman,7 K. Bloom,7 V. Boisvert,7 D. G. Cassel,7 D. S. Crowcroft,7 M. Dickson,7 S. von Dombrowski,7 P. S. Drell,7 K. M. Ecklund,7 R. Ehrlich,7 A. D. Foland,7 P. Gaidarev,7 R. S. Galik,7 L. Gibbons,7 B. Gittelman,7 S. W. Gray,7 D. L. Hartill,7 B. K. Heltsley,7 P. I. Hopman,7 J. Kandaswamy,7 P. C. Kim,7 D. L. Kreinick,7 T. Lee,7 Y. Liu,7 N. B. Mistry,7 C. R. Ng,7 E. Nordberg,7 M. Ogg,7,1 J. R. Patterson,7 D. Peterson,7 D. Riley,7 A. So er,7 B. Valant-Spaight,7 C. Ward,7 M. Athanas,8 P. Avery,8 C. D. Jones,8 M. Lohner,8 S. Patton,8 C. Prescott,8 J. Yelton,8 J. Zheng,8 G. Brandenburg,9 R. A. Briere,9 A. Ershov,9 Y. S. Gao,9 D. Y.-J. Kim,9 R. Wilson,9 H. Yamamoto,9 T. E. Browder,10 Y. Li,10 J. L. Rodriguez,10 T. Bergfeld,11 B. I. Eisenstein,11 J. Ernst,11 G. E. Gladding,11 G. D. Gollin,11 R. M. Hans,11 E. Johnson,11 I. Karliner,11 M. A. Marsh,11 M. Palmer,11 M. Selen,11 J. J. Thaler,11 K. W. Edwards,12 A. Bellerive,13 R. Janicek,13 D. B. MacFarlane,13 P. M. Patel,13 A. J. Sado ,14 R. Ammar,15 P. Baringer,15 A. Bean,15 D. Besson,15 D. Coppage,15 C. Darling,15 R. Davis,15 S. Kotov,15 I. Kravchenko,15 N. Kwak,15 L. Zhou,15 S. Anderson,16 Y. Kubota,16 S. J. Lee,16 J. J. O Neill,16 R. Poling,16 T. Riehle,16 A. Smith,16 M. S. Alam,17 S. B. Athar,17 Z. Ling,17 A. H. Mahmood,17 S. Timm,17 F. Wappler,17 A. Anastassov,18 J. E. Duboscq,18 D. Fujino,18,2 K. K. Gan,18 T. Hart,18 K. Honscheid,18 H. Kagan,18 R. Kass,18 J. Lee,18 M. B. Spencer,18 M. Sung,18 A. Undrus,18,3 R. Wanke,18 A. Wolf,18 M. M. Zoeller,18 B. Nemati,19 S. J. Richichi,19 W. R. Ross,19 H. Severini,19 P. Skubic,19 M. Bishai,20 J. Fast,20 J. W. Hinson,20 N. Menon,20 D. H. Miller,20 E. I. Shibata,20 I. P. J. Shipsey,20 M. Yurko,20 S. Glenn,21 S. D. Johnson,21 Y. Kwon,21,4 S. Roberts,21 E. H. Thorndike,21 C. P. Jessop,22 K. Lingel,22 H. Marsiske,22 M. L. Perl,22 V. Savinov,22 D. Ugolini,22 R. Wang,22 X. Zhou,22 T. E. Coan,23 V. Fadeyev,23 I. Korolkov,23 Y. Maravin,23 I. Narsky,23 V. Shelkov,23 J. Staeck,23 R. Stroynowski,23 I. Volobouev,23 J. Ye,23 M. Artuso,24 F. Azfar,24 A. E mov,24 M. Goldberg,24 D. He,24 S. Kopp,24 G. C. Moneti,24 R. Mountain,24 S. Schuh,24 T. Skwarnicki,24 S. Stone,24 G. Viehhauser,24 X. Xing,24 J. Bartelt,25 S. E. Csorna,25 V. Jain,25,5 K. W. McLean,25 and S. Marka25 1 Permanent 2 Permanent 3 Permanent 4 Permanent 5 Permanent address: University of Texas, Austin TX 78712 address: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551. address: BINP, RU-630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. address: Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973. 2 Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 2 Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 3 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 4 University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 5 University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 6 University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390 7 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 8 University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 9 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 10 University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 11 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801 12 Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 and the Institute of Particle Physics, Canada 13 McGill University, Montr al, Qu bec, Canada H3A 2T8 e e and the Institute of Particle Physics, Canada 14 Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York 14850 15 University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 16 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 17 State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222 18 Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 19 University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 20 Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 21 University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 22 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309 23 Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275 24 Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244 25 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 The phenomenon of CP violation, so far observed only in the neutral kaon system, can be accommodated by a complex phase in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark-mixing matrix [1]. Whether this phase is the correct, or only, source of CP violation awaits experimental con rmation. B meson decays, in particular charmless B meson decays, will play an important role in verifying this picture. The decay B 0 + , dominated by the b u tree diagram (Fig. 1(a)), can be used to measure CP violation due to B 0 B 0 mixing at both asymmetric B factories and hadron colliders. However, theoretical uncertainties due to the presence of the b dg penguin diagram (Fig. 1(b)) make it di cult to extract the angle of the unitarity triangle from B 0 + alone. Additional measurements of B + + 0 , B 0 0 0 , and the use of isospin symmetry may resolve these uncertainties [2]. B K decays are dominated by the b sg gluonic penguin diagram, with additional contributions from b u tree and color-allowed electroweak penguin (Fig. 1(d)) processes. Interference between the penguin and spectator amplitudes can lead to direct CP violation, which would manifest itself as a rate asymmetry for decays of B and B mesons. Recently, the ratio R = B(B K )/B(B K 0 ), was shown [3] to constrain , the phase of Vub . Several methods of measuring using only decay rates of B K , processes were also proposed [4]. This is particularly important, as is the least known parameter of the unitarity triangle and 1 Virginia 3 3460997-007 u I I b I I I W t, c, u g I I I W b +0 B ,B u, d (a) I d, s u d, s q +0 B ,B u, d I I u, d q u, d (b) q +0 B ,B u, d FIG. 1. The dominant decay processes are expected to be (a) external W-emission, (b) gluonic penguin, (c) internal W-emission, (d) external electroweak penguin. is likely to remain the most di cult to determine experimentally. This Letter describes the rst measurement of exclusive charmless hadronic B decays. Previous measurements existed only for the sum of several two-body nal states [5,6]. The data set used in this analysis was collected with the CLEO-II detector [7] at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR). It consists of 3.14 fb 1 taken at the (4S) (on-resonance) and 1.62 fb 1 taken below B B threshold. The on-resonance sample contains 3.3 million B B pairs. The below-threshold sample is used for continuum background studies. Charged tracks are required to pass track quality cuts based on the average hit residual and the impact parameters in both the r and r z planes. Pairs of tracks with vertices displaced 0 by at least 3 mm from the primary interaction point are taken as KS candidates. We require the 0 + invariant mass to be within 10 MeV, two standard deviations ( ), of the KS mass. Isolated showers with energies greater than 30 MeV in the central region of the CsI calorimeter and greater than 50 MeV elsewhere, are de ned to be photons. Pairs of photons with an invariant mass within 20 MeV ( 2 ) of the nominal 0 mass are kinematically tted with the mass constrained to the 0 mass. To reduce combinatoric backgrounds we require the lateral shapes of the showers to be consistent with those from photons, and that | cos | < 0.97, where is the angle between the direction of ight of the 0 and the photons in the 0 rest frame. Charged particles are identi ed as kaons or pions using dE/dx. Electrons are rejected based on dE/dx and the ratio of the track momentum to the associated shower energy in the CsI calorimeter. We reject muons by requiring that the tracks do not penetrate the steel absorber to a depth greater than ve nuclear interaction lengths. We have studied the dE/dx separation between kaons and pions for momenta p 2.6 GeV/c in data using D + -tagged D0 K + decays; we nd a separation of (1.7 0.1) . 2 We calculate a beam-constrained B mass M = Eb p2 , where pB is the B candidate moB mentum and Eb is the beam energy. The resolution in M ranges from 2.5 to 3.0 MeV/c 2 , where the larger resolution corresponds to decay modes with 0 s. We de ne E = E1 + E2 Eb , where E1 and E2 are the energies of the daughters of the B meson candidate. The resolution on E is 0 mode-dependent and ranges from 26 MeV for KS + to +82/ 162 MeV for 0 0 . The latter resolution is asymmetric because of energy loss out of the back of the CsI crystals. The energy constraint also helps to distinguish between modes of the same topology. For example, E for I b W u u Z, I I I I I q d, s u, d b +0 B ,B u, d t, c, u W I I I d, s u, d I I (c) (d) 4 TABLE I. Experimental results and theoretical predictions [10]. Branching fractions (B) and 90% C.L. upper limits are given in 10 5 units. Quoted signi cance of the t results is statistical only. The errors on B are statistical, t systematics, and e ciency systematics respectively. Mode + + 0 0 0 K + K + 0 K 0 + K 0 0 K +K K +K 0 K 0K 0 h+ 0 NS 9.9+6.0 5.1 11.3+6.3 5.2 +2.7 2.7 1.7 21.6+6.8 6.0 +5.3 8.7 4.2 9.2+4.3 3.8 4.1+3.1 2.4 0.0+1.3 0.0 +3.8 0.6 0.6 0 20.0+6.8 5.9 Sig. 2.2 2.8 2.4 5.6 2.7 3.2 2.2 0.0 0.2 5.5 44 3 E(%) < 1.5 < 2.0 < 0.93 1.5+0.5 0.4 2.3+1.1 1.0 < 1.6 < 4.1 0.1 0.1 B Theory B 0.8 2.6 0.4 2.0 0.006 0.1 0.7 2.4 0.3 1.3 0.8 1.5 0.3 0.8 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.12 29 3 37 3 12 1 8 37 1 3 44 3 0.3 0.2 12 1 5 1 44 3 < 0.43 < 2.1 < 1.7 1.6+0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 37 3 B 0 K + , calculated assuming B 0 + , has a distribution that is centered at 42 MeV, giving a separation of 1.6 between B 0 K + and B 0 + . We accept events with M within 5.2 5.3 GeV/c2 and | E| < 200(300) MeV for decay modes without (with) a 0 in the nal state. This ducial region includes the signal region, and a sideband for background determination. We have studied backgrounds from b c decays and other b u and b s decays and nd that all are negligible for the analyses presented here. The main background arises from e+ e q q (where q = u, d, s, c). Such events typically exhibit a two-jet structure and can produce high momentum back-to-back tracks in the ducial region. To reduce contamination from these events, we calculate the angle S between the sphericity axis of the candidate tracks and showers and the sphericity axis of the rest of the event. The distribution of cos S is strongly peaked at 1 for q q events and is nearly at for B B events. We require | cos S | < 0.8 which eliminates 83% of the background. Using a detailed GEANT-based Monte-Carlo simulation [8] we determine overall detection e ciencies (E) of 5 44%, as listed in Table I. E ciencies contain branching fractions 0 for K 0 KS + and 0 where applicable. We estimate a systematic error on the e ciency using independent data samples. Additional discrimination between signal and q q background is provided by a Fisher discrimi nant technique as described in detail in Ref. [5]. The Fisher discriminant is a linear combination F N i yi where the coe cients i are chosen to maximize the separation between the signal i=1 and background Monte-Carlo samples. The 11 inputs, yi , are | cos cand | (the cosine of the angle between the candidate sphericity axis and beam axis), the ratio of Fox-Wolfram moments H2 /H0 [9], and nine variables that measure the scalar sum of the momenta of tracks and showers from the rest of the event in nine angular bins, each of 10 , centered about the candidate s sphericity axis. For all modes except B 0 K 0 K 0 we perform unbinned maximum-likelihood (ML) ts using E, M , F, | cos B | (the angle between the B meson momentum and beam axis), and dE/dx 5 (where applicable) as input information for each candidate event to determine the signal yields. 0 0 Five di erent ts are performed, one for each topology (h+ h , h+ 0 , 0 0 , h+ KS , and KS 0 , h referring to a charged kaon or pion). In each of these ts the likelihood of the event is parameterized by the sum of probabilities for all relevant signal and background hypotheses, with relative weights determined by maximizing likelihood function (L). The probability of a particular hypothesis is calculated as a product of the probability density functions (PDF s) for each of the input variables. The PDF s of the input variables are parameterized by a Gaussian, a bifurcated Gaussian, or a sum of two bifurcated Gaussians, except for | cos B | (1 | cos B |2 for signal, constant for background), background E (straight line), and background M (f (M ) M 1 x2 exp[ (1 x2 )]; x = M/Eb ) [11]. The parameters for the PDF s are determined from independent data and high-statistics MonteCarlo samples. We estimate a systematic error on the tted yield by varying the PDF s used in the t. The error is dominated by the limited statistics in the independent data samples we used to determine the PDF s. Further details about the likelihood t can be found in Ref. [5]. Figure 2 shows contour plots of 2 ln L for the ML ts to the signal yields (N ). The curves represent the n contours (n = 1 5), which correspond to the increase in 2 ln L by n2 . The dashed curve marks the 3 contour. The statistical signi cance of a given signal yield is determined by repeating the t with the signal yield xed to be zero and recording the change in 2 ln L. To further illustrate the ts, Fig. 3 shows M ( E) projections for events in a signal region de ned by | E| < 2 E ( |M 5.28| < 2 M ). We also make a cut on F which keeps 67% of the signal and rejects 80% of the background. For Fig. 3(a), events are sorted by dE/dx according to the most likely hypothesis. For Fig. 3(c), 3 consistency with the pion hypothesis is required. Overlaid on these plots are the projections of the PDF s used in the t, normalized according to the t results multiplied by the e ciency of the additional cuts ( 60 70% for the signal and 2 10% for the background). The central values of the signal yields from the ts (NS ) are given in Table I. We nd statistically signi cant signals for the decays B 0 K + and B + K 0 + . The latter mode constitutes the rst unambiguous observation of a gluonic penguin decay. The former mode may have a sizeable contribution from the color-allowed b u tree-level spectator diagram in addition to the dominant gluonic penguin amplitude. We also observe a signi cant signal in the sum of decays B + K + 0 and B + + 0 . As a cross-check, we perform a counting analysis in the modes B 0 K + , B + K 0 + , and B + h+ 0 . We calculate the probability of the background uctuation to produce the excess of events shown in Fig. 3 to be 2.0 10 7 for the K + mode, 1.6 10 3 for the h+ 0 mode, and 2.5 10 4 for the K 0 + mode. The statistical signi cance of the tted yields in the modes + , + 0 , 0 0 , K + 0 , and K 0 0 ranges from 2.2 to 2.8 . We consider these to be not statistically signi cant and calculate 90% con dence level (C.L.) upper limit yields by integrating the likelihood function N UL Lmax (N )dN 0 Lmax (N )dN 0 = 0.90 (1) where Lmax (N ) is the maximum L at xed N to conservatively account for possible correlations among the free parameters in the t. We then increase upper limit yields by their systematic errors and reduce detection e ciencies by their systematic errors to calculate branching fraction upper limits given in Table I. 0 We search for the decay B 0 K 0 K 0 via K 0 , K 0 KS + . Since the background for this decay is quite low, the complication of a ML t is not necessary and a simple counting 6 40 30 N + I 3461097-013 (a) 5 4 3 20 10 X 2 1 0 40 30 N + 0 10 (b) 3 20 1 10 X 2 0 20 10 (c) 20 N+ 0 K I 16 0+ K S I 3 2 1 X 12 8 4 0 N 4 8 N KK S 12 0+ FIG. 2. Contours of the 2 ln L for the ML ts to (a) NK and N + for B 0 K + and B 0 + ; (b) NK 0 and N 0 for B + K + 0 and B + + 0 ; (c) NK 0 K and NK 0 for S S B + K 0 K + and B + K 0 + . 7 I + 5 4 30 40 4 16 20 20 N+ K I 30 40 I I 8 3461197-014 + (a) K 4 Events / 2.5 MeV 0 +0 (b) h 4 0 (c) K 4 2 0 5.22 5.24 5.26 5.28 M (GeV) 0.1 0 0.1 E (GeV) 0.2 I 0 + FIG. 3. M and E plots for (a) B 0 K + , (b) B + h+ 0 , and (c) B + K 0 + . The scaled projection of the total likelihood t (solid curve) and the continuum background component (dotted curve) are overlaid. analysis is used. Event selection is as described above, except no Fisher discriminant is used and | cos T | < 0.75 cut is applied (cos T is de ned similar to cos S , but with thrust axis used instead of sphericity). We de ne the signal region by requiring | E| < 65 MeV (2.5 ), and |M 5.28| < 0.005 GeV/c2 (2.4 ). We observe no events in the signal region and calculate a 90% C.L. branching fraction upper limit of B(B 0 K 0 K 0 ) < 1.7 10 5 . As a comparison, we relate B l and B processes within the factorization hypothesis. Using the ISGW II [12] form factors, the QCD factor a1 = 1.03 0.07 [13], and the CLEO measurement B(B 0 l+ ) = (1.8 0.4 0.3 0.2) 10 4 [14], we predict B(B 0 + ) = (1.2 0.4) 10 5 and B(B + + 0 ) = (0.6 0.2) 10 5 [15]. These predictions are consistent with our upper limits as well as central values from the t: B(B 0 + ) = (0.7 0.4) 10 5 and B(B + + 0 ) = (0.9+0.6 ) 10 5 . 0.5 In summary, we have measured branching fractions for two of the four exclusive B K decays, while only upper limits could be established for the processes B , KK. Our results therefore indicate that the b sg penguin amplitude dominates charmless hadronic B decays. We gratefully acknowledge the e ort of the CESR sta in providing us with excellent luminosity and running conditions. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Heisenberg Foundation, the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Research Corporation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the A.P. Sloan Foundation. I 8 REFERENCES [1] M. Kobayashi and K. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973). [2] M. Gronau and D. London, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3381 (1990). [3] R. Fleischer and T. Mannel, Univ. of Karlsruhe preprint TTP 97-17, hep-ph/9704423 (unpublished). [4] M. Gronau, J. L. Rosner, and D. London, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 21 (1994); R. Fleischer, Phys. Lett. B 365, 399 (1996). [5] D. M. Asner et al. (CLEO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 53, 1039 (1996). [6] D. Buskulic et al. (ALEPH Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 384, 471 (1996); W. Adam et al. (DELPHI Collaboration), Zeit. Phys. C 72, 207 (1996). [7] Y. Kubota et al. (CLEO Collaboration), Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sec. A320, 66 (1992). [8] R. Brun et al., GEANT 3.15, CERN DD/EE/84-1. [9] G. Fox and S. Wolfram, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 1581 (1978). [10] N. G. Deshpande and J. Trampetic, Phys. Rev. D 41, 895 (1990); L.-L. Chau et al., Phys. Rev. D 43, 2176 (1991); A. Deandrea et al., Phys. Lett. B 318, 549 (1993); A. Deandrea et al., Phys. Lett. B 320, 170 (1994); G. Kramer and W. F. Palmer, Phys. Rev. D 52, 6411 (1995); D. Ebert, R. N. Faustov, and V. O. Galkin, Phys. Rev. D 56, 312 (1997); D. Du and L. Guo, Zeit. Phys. C 75, 9 (1997). [11] H. Albrecht et al. (ARGUS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 241, 278 (1990); H. Albrecht et al. (ARGUS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 254, 288 (1991). [12] N. Isgur and D. Scora, Phys. Rev. D52, 2783 (1995). [13] J. Rodriguez, in Proceedings of the Conference on B Physics and CP Violation, Honolulu, 1997. [14] J. Alexander et al. (CLEO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5000 (1996). [15] The errors quoted do not include theoretical uncertainties due to the factorization hypothesis or form factors. 9

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