Exam Final Psych 101
Chapter 13
Health Psychology
Stressors
--a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses, and behavioral tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources needed to cope with them
--demanding or threatening situations
Stress
--addresses factors that influences well-being and illness, as well as measures that can be taken to promote health and prevent illness --has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components
Stress Response
Health Psychology
Stressors
--a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses, and behavioral tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources needed to cope with them
--demanding or threatening situations
Stress
--addresses factors that influences well-being and illness, as well as measures that can be taken to promote health and prevent illness --has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components
Stress Response
Primary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal Consequences Personal Meaning
what the outcome might imply about us interpreting the situation as either benign, neutral/irrelevant, or threatening in terms of its demands and its significance for your well-being seriousness and the likeliehood they will occur of not coping successfully
appraisal of the resources available to cope with it; the resources you have to deal with it
Primary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal Consequences Personal Meaning
what the outcome might imply about us interpreting the situation as either benign, neutral/irrelevant, or threatening in terms of its demands and its significance for your well-being seriousness and the likeliehood they will occur of not coping successfully
appraisal of the resources available to cope with it; the resources you have to deal with it
Hans Seyle
1976 a pioneer in studying the body's response to stress. Described a physiological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors
General adaptation syndrome
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Alarm
body's resources are mobilized by the continued outpouring of stress hormones by the endocrine system, particularly adrenal glands last long time. If too long exhaustion response to a physical or psychological stressor, organisms exhibit an immediate increase in physiological arousal as the body mobilizes itself to respond to the threat increased vulnerability to disease and sometimes death. Selye--whichever body system is the weakest (cardiovascularl, respiratory, gastrointestinal) will be most affected
Resistance
Exhaustion
Alarm
body's resources are mobilized by the continued outpouring of stress hormones by the endocrine system, particularly adrenal glands last long time. If too long exhaustion response to a physical or psychological stressor, organisms exhibit an immediate increase in physiological arousal as the body mobilizes itself to respond to the threat increased vulnerability to disease and sometimes death. Selye--whichever body system is the weakest (cardiovascularl, respiratory, gastrointestinal) will be most affected
Resistance
Exhaustion
(click for answers)
Describe three ways that theorists have defined the term stress
Stimulus--make statements of things that are stressing us Response--cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components presence of negative emotions Person-situation interaction--ongoing transaction between the organism and environment
Know the cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components to the stress response
Cognitive--primary appraisal, secondary, consequences, personal meaning Physiological--related to your basic beliefs about yourself and the world Behavioral--task-irrelevant responses, disorganization, self-destructive
What four types of responses occur in response to a stressor?
Muscle tension Elevated heart rate Shortness of breath Increased susceptibility to illness
(click for answers)
Contrast primary and secondary appraisal
Primary--interpreting situation--how threatening it is to you Secondary--appraise your ability to cope with stressor
Know the links between stress and illness
Traumatic life event can worsen an already existing medical condition. Stress hormones affect the activity of the heart and excessive secretions can damage the lining of the antenes. Also contribute to the fatty blockages in arteries that cause heart attacks/strokes
Know the links between stress and aging
Stress causes shorter telomers and lower levels of the enzyme telomerase. Chronically elevated levels of stress hormones such as cortisol damage the telomers and lower telomerase levels thereby speeding the aging process
How do various kinds of stressors affect immune functioning?
Exam periods=less effective immune system. Fibers extending from the brain into lymph tissues can release a wide variety of chemicals that bind to receptors on white blood cells influencing immune system. Cortisol and epinephrine bind to cells in immune system
Vulnerability factors Type A behavior pattern
Hardiness Protective factors
Increase people's susceptibility to stressful events
Environmental or personal resources that help people cope more effectively with stressful events People who tend to live under great pressure and demand much of themselves and others 3 beliefs, comprising a stressprotective factor--commitment, control, challenge
Vulnerability factors Type A behavior pattern
Hardiness Protective factors
Increase people's susceptibility to stressful events
Environmental or personal resources that help people cope more effectively with stressful events People who tend to live under great pressure and demand much of themselves and others 3 beliefs, comprising a stressprotective factor--commitment, control, challenge
Optimism
Pessimism
Lowered risk of anxiety and depression when they confront stressful events
Type of stress hormone, secretion increases immune system functioning. Physical exercise creates this, which promotes stress resistance Stress hormone; reduces immune system functioning and helps create fatty deposits in the arteries that lead to heart disease (bodily breakdown)
Higher stress, helpless in face of stress and bad at adjusting
Catecholamine
Cortisol Coping Self-Efficacy
The belief that we can perform the behaviors necessary to cope successfully
Optimism
Pessimism
Lowered risk of anxiety and depression when they confront stressful events
Type of stress hormone, secretion increases immune system functioning. Physical exercise creates this, which promotes stress resistance Stress hormone; reduces immune system functioning and helps create fatty deposits in the arteries that lead to heart disease (bodily breakdown)
Higher stress, helpless in face of stress and bad at adjusting
Catecholamine
Cortisol Coping Self-Efficacy
The belief that we can perform the behaviors necessary to cope successfully
In what ways can social support protect against stressful events?
Enhances the immune system Experience a greater sense of identity and meaning in their lives Reduce loneliness Increase sense of control over stressors Apply social pressure to prevent people from coping with stressors in maladaptive ways
Know the difference between Type A behavior pattern and Type B behavior pattern.
Type A--high levels of competitiveness and ambition which can foster aggressiveness and hostility encounter many stressful situations, have reduced social support Type B--opposite, pattern of patience, serenity, and lack of time urgency
Describe the role of stress hormones in well-being
Exercise so you have more cateholamine; this is a much better way to respond to stress compared to cortisol
How do hardiness, coping self-efficacy, optimism-pessimism, and spiritual beliefs affect stress outcomes?
Hardiness--if you feel in control of your life, don't show increases in future illness when stress increased vs low in perceived control did CSE--feelings of this may fortify our bodies as well as our minds against stressful events O/P--optimistic belief felt less helpless in the fall of stress and adjusted better to negative life events than did pessimists Spiritual--help people cope more effectively with losses, illnesses, and personal setbacks. BUT they can increase the negative impact of other stressors such as martial problems and abuse by inducing guilt or placing internal pressures individuals on to remain in the stressful relationship
Cognitive restructuring
Attempt to confront and directly deal with the demands of the situation or to change the situation so that it is no longer stressful (studying for a test class to improve time management) Attempt to manage the emotional responses that result from it
Seeking social support
Emotion-focused coping
Turning to others for assistance and emotional support in times of stress To systematically detect, challenge, and replace these irrational ideas
Problem-focused coping
Cognitive restructuring
Attempt to confront and directly deal with the demands of the situation or to change the situation so that it is no longer stressful (studying for a test class to improve time management) Attempt to manage the emotional responses that result from it
Seeking social support
Emotion-focused coping
Turning to others for assistance and emotional support in times of stress To systematically detect, challenge, and replace these irrational ideas
Problem-focused coping
Self-instructional training
People learn to talk to themselves and guide their behavior in ways that help them cope more effectively
Cognitive relaxation
Provides a means of voluntarily reducing or preventing high levels of arousal
Somatic relaxation training
A peaceful, mind-clearing state
Self-instructional training
People learn to talk to themselves and guide their behavior in ways that help them cope more effectively
Cognitive relaxation
Provides a means of voluntarily reducing or preventing high levels of arousal
Somatic relaxation training
A peaceful, mind-clearing state
Know the major classes of coping strategies
Biological, psychological, environmental
How do trauma disclosure and emotional constraint affect well-being?
TD--exposure allows extinction to occur, thus reducing the stimuli's emotional impact EC--can cause cancer. Needs to balance when to and not to discuss stress
How does gender affect the use of particular coping strategies?
Men--problem-focused coping use first Women--seek social support, use emotion-focused coping
Be familiar with the different stress-management and coping-skills training procedures that are used to control cognitive and physiological stress responses.
Cognitive coping skills--cognitive restructuring, self-instructional training Relaxation techniques--somatic-relaxation training, cognitive relaxation
Placebos
Endogenous (internally produced) morphines
Gate Control Theory
Physiologically inert substances that have no medical value but are thought by the patient to be helpful
A reduction in or absence of perceived pain that occurs when under stressful conditions
Stress-induced Analgesia
Endorphins
The experience of pain results from the opening and closing of gating mechanisms in the nervous system
Placebos
Endogenous (internally produced) morphines
Gate Control Theory
Physiologically inert substances that have no medical value but are thought by the patient to be helpful
A reduction in or absence of perceived pain that occurs when under stressful conditions
Stress-induced Analgesia
Endorphins
The experience of pain results from the opening and closing of gating mechanisms in the nervous system
How does gate control theory explain pain perception and control?
Glial cells are involved in the creation and maintenance of pathological pain. Pain amplified by cytokines
How do endorphins influence pain perception and physical well being?
Endorphins make us feel good, helps with pain but chronically high levels of endorphin release block up activity of immune system cells the that recognize and kill tumor cells (stress=cancer)
How do cultural factors influence pain experience and behavior?
Our interpretation of pain impulses sent to the brain depends in part on our experiences and beliefs of both of these factors are influenced by the culture in which we develop
How do cognitive and personality factors affect people's responses to pain stimuli?
Pain can be a way of attaining certain goals. For bitter and deprived people, pain can be a way of dramatizing their unhappiness; eliciting caring, sympathy, or guilt from others; or gaining favors. A way of escaping threatening situations
implementing change strategies
Transtheoretical model Precontemplation
recognition of problem: contemplating change identifies six major stages in the change process
Contemplation
Preparation Action
preparing to try to change behavior behavior change is being maintained problem unrecognized or unacknowledged
Maintenance
implementing change strategies
Transtheoretical model Precontemplation
recognition of problem: contemplating change identifies six major stages in the change process
Contemplation
Preparation Action
preparing to try to change behavior behavior change is being maintained problem unrecognized or unacknowledged
Maintenance
Multimodal treatment
Leads the person to his/her own conclusion by asking questions that focuses on discrepancies between the current state of affairs and the individuals' ideal self-image, desired behaviors, and desired outcomes Include biological measures, together with psychological measures (nicotine patches) Prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a problem behavior but to reduce harmful effects of that behavior when it occurs Person becomes upset and self-blaming over the lapse and views it as proof that he/she will never be strong enough to resist temptation Permanent change; no maintenance efforts required Sustained activity that elevates the heart rate and increases the body's need for oxygen
Harm reduction
Abstinence violation effect
Motivational interviewing Aerobic Exercise
Termination
Multimodal treatment
Leads the person to his/her own conclusion by asking questions that focuses on discrepancies between the current state of affairs and the individuals' ideal self-image, desired behaviors, and desired outcomes Include biological measures, together with psychological measures (nicotine patches) Prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a problem behavior but to reduce harmful effects of that behavior when it occurs Person becomes upset and self-blaming over the lapse and views it as proof that he/she will never be strong enough to resist temptation Permanent change; no maintenance efforts required Sustained activity that elevates the heart rate and increases the body's need for oxygen
Harm reduction
Abstinence violation effect
Motivational interviewing Aerobic Exercise
Termination
What is the harm reduction approach and how does it differ from an abstinence based one?
Even if a harmful behavior can't be eliminated, it is possible to modify how often and under what conditions it occurs, thereby minimizing its harmful effects on the person and society
Which factors increase and decrease relapse?
Increase--people don't develop strong coping skills. They experience low self-efficacy believing they are not strong enough to resist temptation or they allow expected positive benefits to influence their decision to perform the undesirable behavior Decrease--people with effective coping skills feel confident in their ability to handle them and are far less likely to relapse, even if they slip once in a while
What are the major goals and techniques in motivational interviewing?
Use questions to make client come to their conclusion. Don't force help upon client. Goal is client coming to own conclusion to help
What is the evidence that aerobic exercise promotes health and longevity?
followed 17000 Harvard grads into middle age revealed that death rates with to 1/3 lower among moderate exercisers than less active ones--performing at 70 to 85 percent of max heart rate for 15 min for 3 times a week reduces chances of heart disease
Describe the nature and effectiveness of behavior-change techniques used in weight control project, AIDS prevention projects, and treatments of substance abuse
Weight control--first track food intake, make healthy food more available, slow down when eating, eat only in one place, enjoy eating more AIDS prevention--basically informs people of the risks and teaches them safer behaviors Substance abuse--nature: motivational interviewing and multimodal treatments. Effect: 65% abstinent for 1 year. Long term maintenance of behavior changes often occurs in less than 30% of treated individuals