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chap04 UMBC CS 331
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  • Title: chap04
  • Type: Notes
  • School: UMBC
  • Course: CS 331
  • Term: Spring

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331, CS Principles of Programming Languages Chapter 4 Types: Data Representation Data Representation Issues Storage Management automatic, static Scope Internal vs. External Type Concepts Instances of a type individual constants, variables, expressions Basic types built into a language, e.g. float and int in C instances of basic types are also known as firstclass objects User-defined types defined using type expressions involving existing types Basic and User-defined Types In most modern languages, basic types include integer, real, character, and Boolean Most PLs have two mechanisms for userdefined types, namely array and record Internal vs. External Representations Integers in C are not the same as integers in arithmetic word length introduces issues related to overflow e.g. -32767..32768 so some operations don t act as they should Floats and doubles are not the same as real numbers (or rationals!) conversion to binary introduces small errors Storage Classes Typically, automatic variables are associated with a given block allocated (and initialized) when block is entered known only within that block freed when block is exited Compare to static variables, which are associated with a given block, but are allocated and initialized only once User-directed Allocation In C, we have malloc and free memory leaks can be a problem uninitialized or invalid pointers can be problems In C++ we have constructors and destructors In Pascal and Modula, we have new() and dispose() In Lisp and Java, garbage collection is used Data Aggregates Arrays are homogeneous all the elements are of the same type Records (known as structs in C) are heterogeneous components may be of different types Sets are available in languages like Pascal and Modula Type expressions are used to define these Storage Allocation for Arrays Typically, array elements occupy a contiguous block of memory hence C s use of subscript 0 For multi-dimensional arrays, there are two schemes row-major: the rightmost subscript varies fastest column-major: the leftmost subscript varies Records An example in C struct date { int day; int month; int year; } DoB, DoD; In Modula, it would be TYPE date = RECORD day, month, year: CARDINAL END; VAR DoB, DoD: date; linuxbeta.gl.umbc.edu> cat -n recordeg.mod 1 MODULE recordeg; 2 3 FROM InOut IMPORT WriteLn, WriteCard; 4 5 TYPE date = RECORD 6 day, month, year: CARDINAL 7 END; 8 VAR DoB, DoD: date; 9 10 BEGIN 11 DoB.year := 1808; 12 DoD.year := 1865; 13 WriteCard(DoB.year,10); 14 WriteCard(DoD.year,10); 15 WriteLn; 16 END recordeg. linuxbeta.gl.umbc.edu> source modulasetup linuxbeta.gl.umbc.edu> gpmodula recordeg.mod linuxbeta.gl.umbc.edu> build recordeg linuxbeta.gl.umbc.edu> recordeg 1808 linuxbeta.gl.umbc.edu> 1865 Varying Records in C Note that foo.data.I or foo.data.F are defined, but not both Allows data of different types to share storage Polymorphic data types! type enum field_type {integer, real}; struct { ft field_type; union { int I; float F; } data; } foo; if (foo.data.ft == integer) printf( %d , foo.data.I); else if (foo.data.ft == real) printf( %f , foo.data.F); else printf( error ); Varying Records in Modula TYPE field_type = {integer, real}; TYPE foo_type = RECORD CASE ft: field_type OF I: INTEGER; F: REAL; END; (* of CASE *) END; (* of RECORD *) VAR foo: foo_type; IF (foo.ft = integer) WriteInt(foo.I) ELSE IF (foo.ft = real) WriteReal(foo.F) ELSE WriteString( error ); Sets as Types There are situations where sets come in handy when only certain data values are allowed, e.g. program options or file permissions, and no existing subrange type is appropriate [Mon..Sun] is not a set (Sethi book has a mistake on p. 123) Example: Sets in Modula or Pascal Operations of membership (IN), union (+), intersection (*), and set difference (-) are common Commonly implemented as bit strings TYPE colors = (white,yellow,blue,green,cyan,black,red); (* note that white < yellow < blue < < red *) VAR CRT1, CRT2: SET OF colors; VAR testColor: colors; CRT1 := {cyan,yellow,green}; CRT2 := {red,green,blue}; IF (testColor IN CRT1) THEN WriteLn; Type Coercion PLs differ in their approach to type coercion coercion refers to automatic conversion from one type to another if a PL is strongly typed, then coercion is restricted and/or explicit if a PL is weakly typed, then coercion is taken care of by the compiler, which might cause errors in recent years, the trend is towards strong typing Determining an Object s Type For static or automatic objects it s easy static float x; int y; For other objects it can be hard if (x) float *f = new float[250]; else char *f = new char[1000]; /* other statements */ /* the following statement must have a semantic error, but at compile time C++ can t tell which one is wrong since it can t know x in advance */ cout << sqrt(f[0]) << strlen(f); Static and Dynamic Checking Type checking is needed to make sure operations are well-defined on the objects to which they re being applied Static type-checking is done once, typically at compile-time Dynamic type-checking is done whenever an operation is applied to an object whose type could not be determined in advance How is Dynamic Type-Checking Done? When an object is created, a tag is attached to that object to indicate its type When that object is involved in some operation, the tag is checked to make sure that the operation is defined on such objects A hassle in terms of storage and execution time Smalltalk and other O-O PLs do this, but not C++

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Path: UMBC >> CS >> 331 Spring, 1999

Description: Procedure Activations Chapter 5 CS 331 Procedures: Basic Terminology Procedures take zero or more arguments, and then do something e.g printf(Hello), exit, Functions take zero or more arguments, and return a value of a given type e.g. sqrt(2.),...
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 601 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CS >> 201 Fall, 2000
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Path: UMBC >> CS >> 1 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CS >> 1 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CS >> 1 Fall, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Chapter2:EntityRelationshipModel s EntitySets s RelationshipSets s DesignIssues s MappingConstraints s Keys s ERDiagram s ExtendedERFeatures s DesignofanERDatabaseSchema s ReductionofanERSchematoTables DatabaseSystemConcepts 2.1 Silberschatz,Korth...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
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ch16.ppt
Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Exercises 31 employee (person-name, street, city) works (person-name, company-name, salary) company (company-name, city) manages (person-name, manager-name) Figure 3.39. Relational database for Exercises 3.5, 3.8 and 3.10. 3.4 In Chapter 2, we saw ...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Database Homework #2 Solutions Consider the following six relations for an order processing database application in a company: Customer (Cust#, Cname, City) Order(Order#, Odate, Cust#, Ord_Amt) Order_Item(Order#, Item#, Qty) Item(Item#, Unit_Price) S...
hw3-solution.txt
Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Possible Solutions for Hw3 * See the clarification for e and g a. List the Order# and Ship_date for all orders shipped from Warehouse# \"W2\". select Order#, Ship_date from Shipment where Warehouse# = \'W2\' b. List the Warehouse information from which t...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Exercises 43 person (driver-id, name, address) car (license, model, year) accident (report-number, date, location) owns (driver-id, license) participated (driver-id, car, report-number, damage-amount) Figure 4.12. Insurance database. insert into a...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: CMSC 461 Project Description and Requirements Hospital Database Application System description: You are to implement a database application to support the basic functions of a hospital: Patients are admitted to the hospital and assigned beds, and dis...
hw4_answerkey.txt
Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: HW4 Answer Key 1. Exercise 7.2: List all functional dependencies satisfied by the relation of Figure 7.18. Answer: Non-trivial functional dependencies: A -> B C -> B 2. Exrercise 7.6: Compute the closure of the following set F of functional dependenc...
ch2.ppt
Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Chapter2:EntityRelationshipModel s EntitySets s RelationshipSets s DesignIssues s MappingConstraints s Keys s ERDiagram s ExtendedERFeatures s DesignofanERDatabaseSchema s ReductionofanERSchematoTables DatabaseSystemConcepts 2.1 Silberschatz,Korth...
ch7.ppt
Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Chapter7:RelationalDatabaseDesign Chapter7:RelationalDatabaseDesign s FirstNormalForm s PitfallsinRelationalDatabaseDesign s FunctionalDependencies s Decomposition s BoyceCoddNormalForm s ThirdNormalForm s MultivaluedDependenciesandFourthNormalForm ...
Presentation1.ppt
Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Univ. Registrar Banking application Bookstore The following ER diagrams are from Ullmans text website http:/www-db.stanford.edu/~ullman/fcdb TV Series Database Music collection Photo Shop Literature search ...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: CMSC461 Project: Car Dealership You are to design and develop an RDBMS-based software system to support a car dealership. The system must support both sales and servicing departments of the dealership. You must track, among other details, the make an...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Homework 4 due April 27 beginning of class. All homework unless otherwise noted must be done independently. No late homework accepted. Chapter 7 Exercise 7.2 Exercise 7.4 Exercise 7.6 Exercise 7.11 Exercise 7.12 Are there any inferred func...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: Final Review Topics Chapter 4 SQL, Chapter 7 Relational-Database Design, Chapter 11 Storage and File Structure, Chapter 12 Indexing and Hashing, Chapter 15 Transactions, Chapter 16 Concurrency Control SQL Emphasis on Aggregate Functions, Nest...
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Path: UMBC >> CS >> 421 Fall, 1999
Description: Software skills evaluation Name (PRINT CLEARLY): _ UMBC email address: Date: _ _ Please complete the following questions as accurately as you can. 1. Are you mainly a PC user or a Mac user or a UNIX workstation user? Use the chart below to rate...
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Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 1 Fall, 2008
Description: CMSC 461: Database Management Systems Jan 30, 2007 Course Outline Instructor: Parag Namjoshi 1 Contact Information Instructor Parag Namjoshi nam1@cs.umbc.edu Oce Hours ITE 215 TA Sandor Dornbush sandor1@umbc.edu Oce Hours ITE 332 Wed 3:30-5:30 p...
outline.pdf
Path: UMBC >> CMSC >> 461 Spring, 2008
Description: CMSC 461: Database Management Systems Jan 30, 2007 Course Outline Instructor: Parag Namjoshi 1 Contact Information Instructor Parag Namjoshi nam1@cs.umbc.edu Oce Hours ITE 215 TA Sandor Dornbush sandor1@umbc.edu Oce Hours ITE 332 Wed 3:30-5:30 p...
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Path: UMBC >> CSEE >> 681 Fall, 2006
Description: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Sookyoung Lee Agenda Problems of traditional IP routing Motivations for MPLS Objectives of MPLS What is MPLS? Label, FEC, LIB, LER, LSR, and LSP How MPLS works? LDP, CR-LEP, TE-RSVP Main capabilities ...

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