examination Practice for the first hourly in BISC/PSYC 230. The following T/F and fill-in questions have been used in the past in this course. The answer is given before the question. Answers are provided for many but not all of the questions. Please don't ask for the missing answers; there is a great deal of data that indicate that students learn better (actually, much better) when they find answers for themselves. T Many Greeks believed in "Anamism," which held that the actions of the mind were a manifestation of a special form of motion. T The Greek emphasis on motion was responsible for the view that the heart was the seat of the soul, for the pumping action of this organ is critical to our continued existence. Descarte advanced the concept that all of our mental faculties can be explained with machine-like principles. Who is credited with the invention of the microscope? a. Gall b. Descartes c. Galvani d. Newton e. van Leewenhoek Galvani Who is credited with providing the earliest proof that nerves activate muscles by a process that is electrical in nature? (use alternatives above) Gall Which person is known as a founder of the field of phrenology? (use alternatives above) Who is credited with identifying a brain area which results in a receptive aphasia when damaged? a. Muller b. Broca c. Wernicke d. Helmholtz e. Penfield Muller Who developed the concept of "specific nerve energies?" (use alternatives above)
F The concept of specific nerve energies argues that we can know about the nature of a stimulus because each nerve sends a special temporal code of spikes that specifies the stimulus. Cajal Which individual used the Golgi stain to provide the critical evidence that neurons are distinct cells. a. van Leewenhoek b. Cajal c. Berger d. Sherrington e. Helmholtz Berger Who is credited with inventing electroencephalography, aka EEG. (use alternatives above) The skin senses of touch, pressure, temperature and pain are collectively known as "kinesthesis." T A dermatome is a zone of the skin that is served by a specific nerve that enters the spinal cord at a specific vertebra.
T
Dermatomes form rings around the torso, but run down the arm as long strips. The primary somatosensory cortex , aka S1, is located in the brain behind the central gyrus.
F The body surface is topographically mapped onto S1, meaning that the amount of cortex devoted to each region of the body is proportional to the size of that region. There is a map of the body surface in the human brain, but the smooth primitive brains of lower mammals, e.g., rats, does not have such maps. T Tactile information from the right side of the body is carried to S1 on the left side of the brain, and vice versa. In other words, there is "contralateral" mapping of the body to the two halves of the brain. Which structure should not be included as part of the cerebrum? a. frontal b. cerebellum c. parietal d. temporal e. occipital A bundle of nerve fibers is called a "nerve" when it is outside the central nervous system, but those same fibers will be designated as a "tract" once the bundle enters the central nervous system. thalamus Which structure functions like a switchboard, relaying several modalities of sensory information to the cortex, and providing for interchange of information between various cortical areas? a. brain stem b. basal ganglia c. thalamus d. corpus callosum e. pineal body F Primary motor cortex M1 is in parietal cortex directly behind the S1 map.
F Unlike the somatosensory map in S1, the M1 map is ipsilateral, meaning that M1 on the right side controls the right side of the body, and the left side controls the left. T Association cortex was initially conceived those of zones that were neither sensory or motor, but instead provided links (associations) that allowed the perceptions to specify the appropriate actions. It was also assumed that memories were stored in association cortex. T Over time, more and more of cortex has been shown to be involved in sensory processing and motor control, leaving much less cortex available as the locus of memory storage. F The question of where memories might be stored has been remedied by research showing that the hypothalamus is a major storage site. caudal Which anatomical term designates the tail end of an animal, or the back of the brain of humans? a) dorsal b. ventral c. caudal d. rostral sagittal If we divide the brain into two symmetrical halves, i.e., left and right sides, what kind of sectioning plane (cut) was used to make this division? a. horizontal b. sagittal c. coronal d. frontal e. transverse
T The ridges of cortex are formally known as gyri (singular gyrus), and the valleys are known as sulci (singular sulcus). "Electrotonic" is the preferred term for an electrical influence that is conveyed through a water (and ion) medium. T The level at which a depolarization will result in a dramatic increase in sodium permeability is described as the "threshold" for an action potential. A depolarization is said to be "all or none" if it is completely proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. F An action potential is only partly generated by an increase in sodium permeability. Shortly after the spike begins, there is also an increase in potassium permeability that has the effect of increasing the amplitude of the depolarization. The electrotonic influence of a sodium permeability change can become a spreading wave by opening electrically sensitive sodium channels in neighboring regions of the membrane. T An action potential that begins at one end of an axon will generally travel down the full length of the axon without growing weaker. This is one of the meanings of the term "all or none." The major method used by vertebrates to get action potential to travel fast is to use axons that have a very large diameter. __a__ a. b. c. d. __a__ a. b. c. d. __a__ a. b. c. d. 1. After a meal that was rich in the amino acid tyrosine, which neurotransmitter level would be increased the most? dopamine endorphin serotonin nitric oxide 2. A normal, healthy animal never contracts the flexor muscles and the extensor muscles of the same leg at the same time. Why not? When the interneuron sends excitatory messages to one, inhibitory messages go to the other. They are mechanically connected in a way that makes it impossible for both to contract at the same time. Such coordination is learned through prenatal movement. Both muscles are controlled by branches of the same axon. 3. Which of the following would produce spatial summation? Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time. Start action potentials at both ends of one axon at the same time. Do not allow a flexor muscle to relax before stimulating it again. Present a rapid sequence of weak stimuli.
__d__ a. b. c. d. ____ a. b. c. d.
8. The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential is that The magnitude of the action potential decreases as it travels along the axon EPSPs occur without sodium ions entering the cell Action potentials are always hyperpolarizations EPSPs are subthreshold events that decay over time and space 9. On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred? the electron microscope single-neuron recordings behavioral observations PET scans
Define each of the following with a word or brief phrase (3 pts each). a. antagonist
b. organic compound
c. protein