examination Practice for the second hourly in BISC/PSYC 230. The following T/F and fill-in questions have been used in the past in this course. The answers are given at the end of the exam text. Answers are provided for many but not all of the questions. Please don't ask for the missing answers; there is a great deal of data that indicate that students learn better (actually, much better) when they find answers for themselves. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. T F Von Frey was wrong about free nerve endings being exclusively for pain perception. But it does appear that about 1/3 of these endings are for pain. T F Pain messages from the body to the brain are thought to travel through the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. T F Individuals who have suffered amputation of limbs often suffer from a condition called "hallucinatory pain syndrome." T F Melzack & Wall reviewed case studies indicating that one can relieve the chronic pain in amputated limbs by cutting the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. T F M&W proposed that other skin sensations, particularly light touch, can serve to suppress transmission of pain information. They called the neural substrates for this process a "pain gate." T F Pain gates have been found in the brain stem and in the thalamus, and electrical stimulation of these sites can reduce the suffering from painful stimulation in animals and humans. T F Enkephalin is a pituitary hormone that functions as a morphine-like analgesic.
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T F From birth, some individuals have no sensitivity to pain stimuli. Because they are oblivious to injury, they most often die from engaging in dangerous activities that result in lethal damage to their bodies or brain. T F Yogi have developed the ability to control a number of autonomic functions, such as heart rate, skin temperature, and bleeding. Greene speculated that their ability to ignore pain might be related to their control over the autonomic nervous system. T F It is now known that "c" fibers pass into the sympathetic chain, which could be a source of sensory input to the autonomic control systems of the brain. T T F F Low testosterone levels are the major cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). The thalamus is the major brain region involved in the control of sexual drives.
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T F Stimulation of dopamine release in the preoptic area can increase sexual drive and trigger sexual activity. T F There is evidence that the anterior cingulate cortex has a role in the experience of sexual gratification in men and women alike.
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T F The "limbic system" was initially a particular set of anatomical structures, but the term is now used to refer to any forebrain structures that are involved in the experience of emotion. T F The Kluver-Bucy syndrome that resulted from bilateral temporal lobe removal was characterized by animals that were fierce and difficult to handle. T F The hippocampus is part of the circuit that Papez described, and was damaged by Kluver & Bucy's temporal lobotomies. For this reason we now believe that the hippocampus has a major role in the control and experience of emotion. T F Damage to the amygdala (which is buried in the temporal lobe) can result in major changes in aggression, social dominance, and sexual activity. T F The amygdala is anatomically linked to the primary visual cortex, and cutting these connections results in visual agnosia, i.e., not being able to identify objects or determine what kind of emotional response is appropriate. T F There is evidence that the frontal lobes have an influence on emotional tone, and play a role in judging what is socially appropriate conduct. The specialized cells in the hypothalamus that release hormones are called a. hormone-releasing neurons. b. neurosecretory cells. c. hypothalamic-releasing neurons. d. receptors. Which structure is known as the body's "master gland"? a. The hypothalamus. b. The pituitary. c. The thalamus. d. The pineal. Neurotransmitter action can be terminated by a. enzymatic destruction of the molecule. b. reuptake into the presynaptic terminal. c. diffusion of the transmitter molecule away from the receptor. d. all of the above. The long-term fuel reservoir is filled with a. triglycerides. b. glycogen. c. glycerol. d. glucose. The _______ division of the nervous system contains neurons that control heart and smooth muscles. a. central c. autonomic b. peripheral d. somatic
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An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly is called a. tolerance. b. sensitization. c. addictiveness. d. the therapeutic index. Which of the following is NOT true with regard to placebos? a. Doctors use placebos to placate their patients. b. Placebo treatments have no effect. c. Placebo treatments can alter behavioral function. d. Placebo treatments involve the administration of an innocuous substance. Which of the following is a health hazard of obesity? a. Acne. b. Diabetes. c. Hypotension. d. Cancer. A drug that impairs the effects of a neurotransmitter at the level of the is synapse called a. an agonist. b. a ligand. c. an antagonist. d. atropine. Evaporation produces loss of water from the ____ fluid compartment. a. intracellular b. intravascular c. interstitial d. All of the above alternatives are correct. We eat food so that we can a. maintain our own organs. b. obtain energy. c. keep warm. d. All of the other alternatives are correct. To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of correctional mechanisms: one that controls ingestion and excretion of ________ and the other controls ingestion and excretion of ___________. a. sodium ions; glucose b. water; sodium ions c. glucose; proteins d. potassium ions; sodium ions Acetylcholine has an ________ effect on skeletal muscle and an _________ effect on cardiac muscle. a. excitatory; inhibitory b. excitatory; excitatory c. inhibitory; excitatory d. inhibitory; inhibitory
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Drugs that inhibit the destruction of dopamine would be expected to a. elevate ACh levels within muscles. b. reduce serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft. c. reduce NE levels within blood. d. increase DA levels within neurons and blood. Which of the following supports a hereditary basis for obesity? a. The body weights of a sample were highly correlated with that of their adopted parents. b. Twin studies document that 15% of body weight differences are genetic. c. Fraternal twins are more similar in body weight than identical twins. d. The body weights of a sample were highly correlated with that of their biological parents but not their adopted parents. Why might curare be given during surgery? a. It is a powerful anesthetic. b. It paralyzes skeletal muscles. c. It acts as a sedative. d. It lowers blood pressure. Which of the following behavioral functions have been linked to acetylcholine neurons in brain? a. Learning. b. REM Sleep. c. Hippocampal function and memory. d. All of the above are correct. Which of the following is a process that is NOT helpful for maintaining a constant internal environment? a. Set points. b. Positive feedback loops. c. Correctional mechanisms. d. Negative feedback loops. All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus EXCEPT a. releasing hormones that control the posterior pituitary. b. controlling the autonomic nervous system. c. organizing behaviors related to species survival. d. relaying sensory information to the cortex. A fall in blood flow to the kidneys causes the presence in the blood stream of a. glycogen. b. glucagon. c. angiotensin. d. insulin. The branch of the nervous system that receives sensory information and controls muscle movements is the ____________ nervous system. a. central b. autonomic c. somatic d. sensory-motor
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The short-term fuel reservoir is filled with a. glucagon. b. glycogen. c. glycerol. d. glucose. In a regulatory system, which of the following is the characteristic to be regulated? a. System variable. b. Set point. c. Detector. d. Correctional mechanism. The hormone that facilitates conversion of glucose into glycogen is called a. insulin. b. glucagon. c. glycerol. d. cholecystokinin. Which of the following is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? a. Norepinephrine. b. GABA. c. Dopamine. d. Glutamic acid. The long-term signals that control hunger arise from a. the liver and stomach. b. glucose levels in the brain. c. glucose levels in the blood. d. fat stores. A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered is the a. therapeutic index. b. dose-response curve. c. affinity ratio. d. sublingual binding curve. Early investigators believed that the lateral hypothalamus was a a. "satiety" center. b. "feeding" center. c. a part of the circuit that controlled thirst. d. involved in the control of autonomic function. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are two types of _______ receptors. a. tobacco b. mushroom c. acetylcholine d. monoamine
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Define each of the following with a phrase or brief sentence. Please confine your answer to the space provided, which is adequate for an excellent answer. a. leptin
b. hypovolemia
c. ADH
d. homeostasis
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What is not a characteristic of REM sleep? a. low voltage fast activity in the EEG b. eye movements and large voltage fluctuations in the EOG c. large slow waves in the EEG d. very low or absent muscular activity e. dreams What neurotransmitter, used by neurons in VLPO of the hypothalamus, is most likely involved in generation of SWS? a. histamine b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. hypocretin e. GABA
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Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. T F F 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. T 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
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T F
T T
F
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b d c
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b c
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d b b
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c c a
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b b c
leptin: hormone released from fat cells that acts in the brain to inhibit hunger. hypovolemia ADH: homeostasis: mechanisms of the body to maintain a constant internal environment.
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e