Migration ~Diaspora- ~Settlment Pattern- Lesser Antilles Shaped by plantation agricultural and subsistence farming House yards-subsistence, matriarchal, extended families ~Caribbean Cities Since 1960; rural-to-urban migration, 60% urban population Colonial influence in urban structure and architecture READ: "Cityscapes" pp196-97 ~Havana- most important port city in region, natural deep water harbor, 2.2 million people, socialist mode ~Santa Domingo, Dominican Republic Largest Caribbean city, 2.7 million Oldest continually occupied European city in the Americas 1496 World Heritage Site because of Columbus Site of the first cathedral, hospital customs house and university in the Americas ~Empirical examples of Communism Socialist realism: ex, art on billboard Gov't suppression of religion: cathedral used as museum Gov't apartments: adequate? "Drains your soul" Standard of living: modest, stuck in 1950's "tourist apartheid" fear of ideas Apartheid- gov't required separation of racial or ethnic groups ~Barbuda Guest Lecture Decendents of African slaves Fear "colonialism" from own gov't in Antigua Common property Religion important Sand mining Chain and circular migration. Colonialism establishes preferred migration pathways "Life is not always a beach in the Caribbean"
~The Maroons Communities of runaway slaves Assimilated in Jamaica, but still exist in Suriname and French Guina Survival of African traditions Pressure to modernize: Land conflict between Maroons and private/state interests Chinese Logging Languages Spanish- 24 million French- 8 million English- 6 million Dutch- million
Blended Languages Music and Carnival Music: Caribbean's best known product African rythms with European melody Steel pan drums Political and social protests Bob Marley, wildly popular in Africa Carnival: national street parties with roots in Mardi Gras but celebrated in summer
~General Dominated by Pacific Ocean Australia New Zealand, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia Shared indigenous and colonial history International Date Line- 24 hour time separation ~Environmental Issues Non-native species invasion Deforestation Desertification and water supply in Australia Mining Global Warming- low islands subject to rising waters ~Physical Setting Many isolated tropical islands One southern Hemisphere continent with a desert One interior glaciated country Varied but dominated by desert interior New ZealandExtraordinary flora and fauna because of island isolation- 85% are not found anywhere else in the world Two large islands and many small ones Volcanic peaks and geothermal features Fjordland National Park Atoll- volcano rises and erupts in and ocean, cools and coral grows, volcanic peak erodes away, but reef continues to grow, volcano erodes to below the water leaving a coral reef in a lagoon ~Climate Varied : Tropical humid Desert Highland
~Population 33 million people in region 20 million in Australia- Sydney 4 million 4 million in New Zealand Most Australians along coastline and New Zealanders live on north island In Oceania most population is not urban *** Carrying Capacity*** water and food etc. amount of people a place can support due to availability of
~Settlement patterns: Historical From mainland asia moved southeast Indigenous people Australia: Aborigine Sydney Largest city in Oceania, large port ~Heart of Polynesia Settlement around a harbor Slower paced lifestyle Thatched roof buildings Traditional "longhouses"- built on stilts ~Agriculture Livestock Cattle and dairy farming Sheep (New Zealand) Wheat Viticulture: grapes ~Different from Caribbean European influence is predominantly British and French Indigenous culture still vibrant and influential ~Geopolitical framework European colonization in 1800s Sovereignty redistribution after Spanish American war, WWI, WWII Australia and New Zealand exert major influence France still involved ~Economy driven by Australia and New Zealand *Milford Track- New Zealand* ~Australia and Oceania Issues Indigenous peoples' land claims
Invasive species Australian water supply Small islands: Water supply Extractive economics- taking things that are non-renewable and leaving the hole or lack of materials there. Recycling and trash disposal- little or no room for landfills, burn trash or throw it into the lagoon or ocean. Sewage is a problem as well. Global warming **** Australia and Oceania landmarks**** Uluru- Ayers Rock Newman, Australia- Iron ore mine The Great Barrier Reef- largest coral reef in the world Nauru- an island, phosphate mining, destroyed their surface to get the minerals Bikini- an atoll island, site of many U.S. nuclear weapons tests Bora Bora- an atoll island, volcanic core can still be seen