History American 9/4/07
Republicans dominated south for many years Reconstruction 1865-1867 Radical Reconstruction o Republican dominated o Stricter than Lincoln and Johnson's version o Wanted states to create new constitution with the 13-15th amendment Military Reconstruction o 5 military zones Democratic states: TX, AR, MO, MS, AL, GA, TN, KY, IN, WV, VA, NC, NY, RI, NJ o Republican candidate: Rutherford Hayes o Democratic candidate: Samuel Tilden Compromise of 1877 ends republican dominance in south o Republicans Hayes confirmed as president o Democrats Cabinet position equal power in govt. Rail Road Reconstruction Consequences of reconstruction o Ku Klux Klan o Angry Scar- Democratic Civil War Signaled the rise and power of congress o Congress o Bloody Shirt- Republican Civil War The blame of democrats by republicans for the revolution. A tool used by republicans that had the blood of veterans of the war o Lincoln believed that the south just needed to be rehabilitated o 1877-1896 era of very meek, mild presidents o Republicans identified with reconstruction The Gilded Age, 1877-1900 o "Dazzling on the surface, base metal below" o Corporate and business opportunity o Exploitation o Material values o Industrial Revolution o Corruption General Political Trends o Time of intense corruption
Ulysses S. Grants pres. o Devoid of political issues o High Tariff policy To protect native goods To raise money! o Democrats and republicans competed for power Control shifted 5 times, an almost unheard of rate o Parties agreed on major issues o Politics avoided social issues o Social Darwinism Survival of the fittest. (root, hog, and die) o Government laissez-faire (let it alone, let it be.) market o Patronage To give political employments to the loyal that helped one get into office. Presidents, 1868-1892 o Bland o Ineffectual o Veterans o Congress o Best and Brightest Grant, 1868 Didn't want the presidency Honest yet corrupt Veteran Republican Hays, 1876 Republican Veteran Reformist part of the spoils system Garfield, 1881 Republican Veteran Assassinated President for a couple of months Arthur Republican Strengthened the Navy Cleveland, 1884 Democrat Reformer spoils system, Pullman strike, interstate commerce act Split his party in 2 due to wanting to lower the national tariff
Harrison, 1888 Republican Wanted higher tariffs Cleveland, 1892 o Most were republican o Reminder to the U.S. that reconstruction has happened o Best and the brightest were actually off making money, not running for president Ulysses S. Grant, Republican: 1868-1876 o Good man, honest o Incapable o Disliked job o Economic/social problems o Corruption o Reconstruction Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican: 1877-1880 o Veteran o Three-time Ohio Governor o Reform candidate o Tea-totaler o Caretaker o Indecisive James A. Garfield, Republican: 1881 o Ohio o Veteran o Compromise candidate o Able and intelligent o Charles J. Guiteau - assassinated Chester A. Arthur, Republican: 1881 o Vermont o Phi Beta Kappa o NY Customs House o Hack politician o Competent o Excelled o Patronage Reform o Strengthened navy Tariff Issue o Cleveland- rates were too high (treasury surplus extant) o Democrats- low tariff supporters o Fuel for Republicans to attack Cleveland
o Split Democrats o Grover Cleveland wanted to lower the Tariff 1984 Election o Blaine Not a veteran Congressman-Maine Republican Charismatic Hard money is good for the investors (people with money) 1888 Election o Grover Cleveland, Democrat, Low Tariff, Marriage 168 votes o Benjamin Harrison, Republican, Grandson, High tariff, $3 million, 223 votes Clara Barton- started the red cross Industrial Age o Railroad Industry Subsidized: land & bonds o The Pacific Railway Act, 1862 Connects South to the West Railroads build: Northern Pacific Santa Fe Southern Pacific o All hired to build the railway Great Northern (didn't participate) o Funded their own construction (rarity) The government passed bonds that supported the railroad 1913 Lubbock was in the central time zone. 1/23 Impact o First "big business" o Foundation for industrial revolution. o Transport speed o Professional management class o Labor o New business organizations 1-30 New business organizations o Pools o Trusts o Holding companies o Purpose: dominate market; make profits
o Negative: stifled competition o "I can hire one-half of the working class to kill the other half."-Jay Gould Cornelius Vanderbilt o "Law! What do I care about law? Ain't I got the power!" New Business Protocols o Stock watering o Rebates/kickbacks discounts to shippers to work with one railroad company o Inflated stocks o Sole vendor o Payoffs and free tickets to politicians o Impact: Consumers paid high prices Late 19th century (late 1800's) o Steel Framing Railroad Regulation o Grange-patrons of Husbandry started as a place for people to get together socially, then began to put pressure on state gov't. to regulate railroads due to inflation price. o 1877, Munn vs. Illinois Said that railroads had to be regulated for the public interest.- states could only regulate in their state o 1886 Wabash Case (Wabash, st. Louis and pacific railway vs. Illinois ) declared that states don't have right to regulate railway traffic, only the fed. Gov't. did Interstate commerce Act, 1887 o First large scale attempt to regulate business in this country o Interstate Commerce Commission not very effective at first o Fair rates o Pools and rebates - prohibited o Published rates o Discrimination o Stabilization,; 1st large-scale business regulation Panic, 1893 Bankrupt, recession o 1894 25% of railroads had collapsed o Wall Street o J.P. Morgan Bought all railroads that were bankrupt and rebuilt the shaky ones A man always has two reasons for doing anything--a good reason and the real reason. o Belle de Costa Greene J.P. Morgan's handpicked personal librarian Harvard graduate African American
Wall Street Control o Voting trust o Fixed costs and debts o New stock o Stabilized rates o Eliminated destructive rebates and competition o Horizontal combination o Significance: self-regulation John D. Rockefeller o Vertical integration o 1882 standard oil trust o Trust = monopoly o 1897 retired at $1 billion Robber Barons o Rockefeller; Carnegie; Stanford; Gould; Swift o Survival of the fittest o Available capital- key banks o Efficient use of resources o Extraordinarily wealthy Economic Boom 1865-1900 o Positive Columbian exposition, 1493, worlds fair Chicago- "white City" economic hub for central U.S. Access to the great lakes and multiple rivers Nicknamed "second city" Epitomizes the U.S. growth of the time Start skyscrapers NY key entry port to U.S. o Negative Rich v. workers Impact of Boom o Working conditions o Worker strikes Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 o "Restraint of trade" o Tells America that the federal government will regulate businesses that are found to be in restraint of trade. o Those business that operate on such an advanced scale that they may be found guilty of tampering with economic growth o John Sherman, Ohio o They will use the 14th amendment
Guarantees equality for all Lost on some people Southerners o Focused against unions o Wasn't fully enforced until teens o Federal gov't. trying to promote positive business growth U.S. As Industrial Goliath o 1850-1910 rural/agrarian industrial Pillars of Industrialization o Resources o Markets o Labor Steel Industry o Andrew Carnegie Represented the steel industry Steel framing Washington Monument Brooklyn Bridge NY Elevated o Carnegie Steel Sold, 1901 Gave money away Went back to Scotland Wanted to be involved in literature Bought by J.P. Morgan $500 million o U.S. Steel, 1901 $1.4 Billion first on planet 160,000 employees 9 million tons 3/5 steel in America 200 companies Standard Oil o John D. Rockefeller o Titusville, 1859 o 1863 o Principles -V+V volume and velocity o "The good Lord gave me money" o Intense competitor o Control refining Labor Movement o Destroy o Use
A fair wage, a fair work day, safe working conditions Golden Law of Wages argued for a radical notion giving workers extra time allowed them to become consumers. Labor Problems o Disunited o Public opinion o Govt. favored owners Pinkerton o Thugs paid to break strike lines o Helped scabs o Wore nice suits Farm Problems o Weather o Tariff policy o Tenant farming o Deflation Grange o Oliver Kelly o Wanted to ease debt load because of deflation o Create the Farmers Union Want the gov't. to build holding areas where they can store crops so the market isn't saturated o Ocala Demands 1890 Sub-treasury Silver - coining Tariffs Natl. banks Income tax US senators RR regulation Initiative and referendum Push for state legislature to give vote for people Up Hill Fight for Labor, 1891-1900 o 23,000 strikes, 6.6 million workers; cost $45 million o Lost 50% of labor strikes Westward Expansion, 1860-90 Mining Cattle Farming Cleanse yourself with a fresh start, freedom
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Started with business men wanting to commercialize the Santa Fe trail in the 1920's o Manifest Destiny o Trans Mississippi, ended up finding gold, led to 50,000 people finding gold 1849 Obstacles o Natives o Buffalo o No law and order or civilization o Weather o Technology was the catapult that brought people further west, Train, telegraph, pistol, repeating rifle B-B-B o Bullets, bottles, bacteria o Civil War o Concentration o Warfare- all ended badly for Native Americans o Red R. War 1874 o Sioux War, 1876 o Nez Perce, 1877 o Apache, 1880's last organized resistance Colonel Ranald McKenzie guy that silenced the plains and Texas border Remolino Raid, 1873 Palo Duro 1874 Cheyenne/ Sioux, 1876 o Custer, 1876 Dressed very flashy Him and 250 men encountered a camp of 200,000 Sioux and Comanche Indians Got smashed to pieces at Little Big Horn Buffalo o 15 Million of buffalo on the plains-1865 o Brought hunters to kill them for pelts and some meat o 1,000 1885 o Natives lost their lively hood, forced to reservations Native Americans were Americanized Policy o 1867 Concentration, grouping them together, cheaper than sending out troops from the war department to kill them. o Native American Lands became public domain o Native Americans were considered "In the way"
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So they were forced into concentrations o Quahana Parker one of the last great chiefs. Eventually became Americanized, no Teepee's, built a large house. 1871 Congressional Act. "Independent domestic nations." Humanitarian movement 1880's o Helen Hunt Jackson Wrote a book about the crimes happening to Native Americans o Missionaries Ushered in Christianity, encouraged to give up panthianism Trying to go to the reservations to educate the Native Americans, to help make sure that the food and clothes were arriving at the reservations. Dawes Severalty, 1887 o 138,000,000 acres o " Native Americans will become land owners" o Dividing up the tribe lands on reservations to individual parcels o Many signed over their land w/o knowing what they were doing Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 o 48,000,000 acres Ghost Dance o Religious protocol and ritualistic dance supposed to cause the earth to rise up and swallow the white man o Wovoka o Outlawed 1884 o Seen as type of rebellion o Lakota Sioux o Sitting Bull arrested o Wounded Knee, 1890 Wounded Knee, 1890 o 290 Sioux dead o 29 soldiers killed o 23 Medals of Honor o Last battle o End of the frontier
End of the Frontier o Frederick Jackson Turner o Frontier Thesis Fur Trade o Led an isolated life o Did not have the frontier to themselves very long
o Miners o o o
Replaced by Miners
1849, gold discovered in California. 1859 Pike's Peak; Carson 1873 Big Bonanza, sea of gold 40 ft wide o 1874 Black Hills o 1890's Alaska o Hard Rock miners, starts mining big business Developed the urban experience Ranching Frontier o Replaced buffalo o Cowboys and cowgirls working people o Cattle cheap in the post civil war period Cattle Drives, 1865-1885 o West had grass- public land o Texas had longhorns exception to the south depression b/c of civil war o Eastern demand-$50 o Railroads Open Range Ranching o 1866-1890 o Open grass land to graze cattle o Late 1880's shift to traditional ranching Homesteaders were moving into the frontier built house out of sod 1886-1887 three northerners blew in and drop temp of central plains to -12 degrees plus wind-chill. Ended free grazing period. Charles Goodnight o Texas ranger Trails o Sedalia o Chishold=Abilene and Ellsworth o Western Dodge city o Goodnight-Loving- NM, Denver, and WY End of open range o 1886-87 harsh winter o 1886 drought o Killed 70% of cattle o Depression o Fencing o Herd reduction J.A. Ranch, a ranch that did not fold to XIT
Homestead Act, 1862 o 160 Acres; $10, 5 years 70% failed Timber culture Act, 1873 o 160 to plant trees Desert Land ct, 1877 o 640; $1.25; irrigate Land Fraud End of the Trail o Fredrick Jackson Turner o Frontier thesis o Columbian Exposition 400 yr. celebration in Chicago of Columbus' discovery 1893 o James Earle Fraser, 1893 Wizard of Oz William McKinley- The Wizard o 25th President of the United States 1897-1901 o Republican candidate o Front porch campaign o Won by popular majority and 271 to 176 in the electoral vote Farm Problems o Weather o Tariff policy o Tenant farming o Deflation Farmers' Alliance o Originally the Grange o Northern and Southern alliance o From Lampasas o Subtreasury Plan Plan for farmers to store their crop until he market balanced and could make profit 1892 Election o James Weaver populist party Silver o Sherman silver purchase, 1890 o Repealed 1893 o Depression 1896 Election o McKinley, Republican Inflation o 1865 buying power
$100=$100 o 1880 $100=$115 American Foreign Policy 1867-1920 o Latin America o Pacific o Far East New Manifest Destiny o Overseas o Alfred Mahan--"The Thayer Interest of America in Sea Power" Imperialists -- War dogs o Beveridge o Lodge Senator from mass. o Roosevelt Speak softly and carry a big stick Built battleships, the great white fleet, paraded around the world Latin America o 1889 Trade Conference o 1895 Monroe o 1895 Venezuela v. Britain U.S. intervened totting the Monroe doctrine Britain negotiated Made U.S. look good o U.S. tried to organize Latin American Nations trade with each other o James Blain wanted to sell the goods from America to Latin American Nations Mainly benefit the U.S. Idea got stuffed! WHAPSSSHHHH! Cuba o U.S. interceded in 1898 Pushed forward by imperialists o Revolt 1895 o Valeriano Wyler o Yellow journalism: Hearst; Pulitzer o Enrique De Lome Spanish foreign minister o U.S.S. Maine blew up in Spanish harbor Causes war declaration Spanish-American War o April 11, 1898 o Teller Amendment o Splendid Little War
Treaty of Paris, 1898 o Cuba Platt Amendment: 1901 Diplomacy and finances Intervention Naval bases o Puerto Rico o Guam o Philippines--$20 million o Hawaii o Samoa Progressivism, 1900-1917 o Populist roots o Business growth o Efficiency making efficient use of human effort and cities o Combinations o Trouble Disparity between rich and poor Exploitation of labor Squalid urban living conditions Misuse of natural resources Reform blocked by traditional view Middle class White collar Two path morality-social justice; political reform Efficiency(Taylor) Pragmatism(Dewey) Business as parasite(Veblen) theory of leisure class Rural to urban Muckrakers- baker, Steffens, Sinclair, Tarbell Social and political form Philippines o 1900 Military o 1902 Unincorporated territory US Commission o 1916 Jones Act 2 house leg Reorganized govt. Independence granted if stable o Insurrection o 1902 o 1916
o 1934 independence in 10 years Latin America o Roosevelt o Military reform o Big Stick o Canal o Hay Pauncefote, 1901 o Spooner Act, 1902 Hay-Bunau Varilla o Perpetual lease o Intervention o $10 million; $240,000 a year. o 1904, 1907--1914 $375 million Monroe Doctrine o Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 o Dollar Diplomacy, 1909 o Lodge Corollary o China U.S. occupation of Latin America o Police Western Hemisphere o Cuba 1917, 1898-1901, 1906-1909, 1912 o Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 1903, leased o Canal Zone, Panama 1903, leased o Nicaragua 1912-1925, 1927-1933 o Vera Cruz, Mexico 1914, leased o Haiti 1915-1934 o Mexico Expedition 1916-1917, perishing o Dominican republic 1916-1924 o Honduras 1924-1925 Mexico o Wilson o Tampico, 1914 o Vera Cruz o Pancho villa Progressivism, 1900-1917 o Populist roots o Business growth o Efficiency o Combinations o Trouble Disparity between rich & poor
Exploitation of labor Squalid urban living conditions Misuse of natural resources Reform blocked by traditional view o Middle class o White collar o Two path morality-social justice; political reform o Efficiency o Pragmatism o Business as parasite o Rural to urban o Muckrakers- Baker, Steffens, Sinclair, Tarbell o Social and Political Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1908 o Personality o Progressivism, cautious o Labor o Trustbuster Northern securities Elkins act, 1903 Hepbum act, 1906 o Health Meat inspection Pure food & drug o Conservation Forest reserve act, 1891 Gifford Pinchot Reclamation act, 1902 William Howard Taft, 1908-1912 o Tariff reduction- Payne Aldrich, 1909 o Pinchot-Ballinger crisis o Trustbuster 90-43 Standard Oil, 1911 o Postal Savings o Parcel Post o 18th amendment, 1909 o 17th amendment, 1912 Election of 1912 o Taft 23% o Woodrow Wilson 42%
o Roosevelt 27% Woodrow Wilson 1912-1920 o New Jersey o New Freedom o Underwood Simmons Tariff 1913 o Federal Trade Commission, 1914 o Clayton Act 1914 o Workmen's Comp o Child Labor o Adamson Act, 1916 o Warehouse Act o 1917 - declares war o 1918 war ends American Neutrality--Wilson o Problems of being a neutral Neutral items? o Continued trade as before- cash & carry o Bryan refused to loan money o Wilson eventually overruled, 1915 o By 1917 1915 Blockade Germany & U-Boats 1915 Lusitania sunk o Germans torpedo it o Rival to the Titanic April 1916. Wilson Ultimatum May 1916 Germany Backs off 1916 Election- Wilson keeps us out of war Jan. 1917-unrestricted U-Boat Warfare Zimmerman Note, Mar. 1917 Russia's Collapse-Mar. 1917 War Declaration-April, 1917 o Goals-1. Protection of maritime/neutral rights o Goals 2- Make world safe for Democracy Funding war: raise bonds & taxes Regulation: business, industry, labor, food, propaganda 1917 Anti-German Hysteria 1917 U.S. enters the war on triple Entente, under command of General Black Jack Xenophobia: Reds 1917 Espionage Act: $10K; 20 years jail for hindering draft & bond sales 1918 Sedition Act: outlawed criticism of US govt Selective Service Act, 1917
o 18-45 must register o 2 million inducted o 18 months U.S. had an army of 4million 1918- Germans surrendered Balance of Power o Central Powers Germany Austria Ottoman empire o Triple Entente England Russia France Peace o Paris Peace conference o League of nations o Wilson's 14 points o Spoils o Mandate o Treaty of Versailles o US disillusioned o Wilson a fallen hero o Wilson v. Senate the constitution o Protected U.S. sovereignty worried about U.S. obligations to aid nations victimized by aggression o On balance, reservations posed no real problem- they would be forgotten 1920 Election Harding o Business emphasis o Corruption o Republican dominance o Isolationism v. internationalism o Secretary of state of Charles Evans Hughes League of Nations U.S. Loans--$10 billion War Reparations --$33 billion--German Pacific Arms Race Washington Conference o Naval limitation treaty, 1922- 10 yr moratorium; tonnage reduction, 5,5,3 o Four power pad-US, Britain, France & Japan. Non -fortification Pacific o Nine Power Pact=Open Door Kellogg-Briand, 1928
o London Naval Conference, 1930 -6 year ext World Disarmament Conference, 1933 London Naval Conference, 1936 US Naval Expansion Act, 1938 Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Republican Laissez-faire Business favoritism Prosperity Red Scare, 1919-1920 o A. Mitchell Palmer o Ship or Shoot o Sacco-Vanzetti Case, 1921, 1927 Klu Klux Klan o Anti-foreign, anti-catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, antiinternationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery Xenophobia o New immigration o Immigration restriction act, 1921-3% o National origins act, 1924-2% Anti-Black o Migration north; 500,000 WWI; 800,000 1920s Prohibition, 18th Amendment, 1919 o Volstead Act-manufacture, sale, transportation o Rural, religious, conservative o Enforcement problems Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925 19th amendment o Flapper Harding o Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State o Herbert Hoover Secretary of Commerce o Andrew W. Mellon = Treasury o Henry Wallace agriculture Corruption o Attorney general Henry Daugherty o Thomas Miller Alien Property o Albert B. Fall interior o Charles R. Forbes Veterans Bureau
o Teapot Dome: Harry Sinclair, E. L. Doheny; Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby Coolidge o Do-nothing o Tax-reduction o Laissez-faire o Vetoed help for farmers, veterans o 1924 re-elected Hoover o Republicans took credit for prosperity o Conservatism & prosperity, and support of prohibition o Landslide election o 444 v 87 Hoover, 1928-32 Spending Spree 1929 summer-warning signs o Farm prices all-time low o Business sales slowed o Foreign trade slowing o Some speculators started pulling out o Oct 29 stock collapsed o Industrial stocks dropped from $366 to $96 o RRs $136 to $22 o Public utilities $142 to $28 High rate of business failures & unemployment o 1932 32,000 businesses failed o 5,000 banks failed o Unemployment rose: 3 million in 1930 to 13 million in 1932 o Farm income dropped from $7 billion, 1929 to $2 billion, 1932 o Natl. income dropped from $85 billion to $37 billion Mal-distribution of income Over-production of industry Installment buying Easy credit Speculation o Margins buying of stock Debts called in Weather conditions Dust bowl WWI Veterans bonus Hoover's response o Tried; but not enough
o Did some wrong things o Speeches o Conferences o No direct action o Individual efforts o Tax cuts o Credit for business and farmers o Bought farm surplus o Public works $2.5 billion o 1932 RFC o FED to put more money in circulation o Not enough; too late 1932 election Republican o Hoover Democrat o Smith, NY o Garner, Tex o Roosevelt, NY Roosevelt's plan o Energetic o Generalities o Vague reference to "new deal" o Govt planning o Govt regulation of public utilities o Enhance federal govt power o Repeal of prohibition Election results o FDR-472 electoral votes; 57% or popular o Hoover=92 electoral votes; 40% of popular New Deal "War Powers" Social, economic, and political issues Relief/Recovery, 1933-35 Reform, 1935-38 Govt control of economy--progressivism Focus on citizens=democratic John Maynard Keynes=pump priming 100 days o Bank holiday march 6-15
100 days o Inflation act, may 1933 o Reciprocity trade agreements act 1934 o 20th amendment- reset inauguration to January o 21st amendment- repealed prohibition o Beer-wine act march 22, 1933 o Civilian conservation corps (RELIEF), march 1933 o Public Works Administration, June 1933 o Civil works administration o Works progress admin o National youth admin o Federal emergency relief admin o Federal farm loan act o Agricultural adjustment act Tennessee valley Authority -100 days (REFORM) 1933 Social Security Act (REFORM) august 1935 Wagner Act, July 1935 o National labor relations board created Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 o Wage increase 25 cents to 40 cents per hour o Hour per week decrease: 44 hours to 40 hour week o Improved working conditions o Child labor regulated or forbidden International crises Germany Russia Italy o Ethiopia, 1935 Japan o 1910 Korea o 1919 Marianas islands o 1920s, 1931 Manchuria o 1933 League Isolationist/ Neutral o Neutrality acts, 1935, 1936 o Arms embargo o Loans prohibited Germany o Hitler & Nazi Party, 1933 o Treaty of Versailles, 1935
o Militarization o Rhineland, 1935 o Spanish Civil War, 1936 Spanish Civil War o Fascists v. democratic govt o Nazis aided fascists o U.S. Neutral o "Cash & Carry", 1937 Japan o Invasion of China, 1937 o WWII begins in Far East o Panay Incident o Nanking o US revoked 1911 Commercial Treaty, Jul 1939 Impact of FDR re-election o mandate for more military aid o lend-lease act, march 1942 -- $7 billion any defense article lent or leased to friendly govts. Transported in foreign vessels Repaired and armed in U.S. ports End of isolation An open declaration of economic war against the axis Germany begins sub warfare on US shipping FDR o Escort foreign ships, July 1941 o Arming of merchant ships- voided neutrality act, 1939 o Froze Nazi assets o Germany attacks Russia, June 22, 1941 o Atlantic conference Atlantic conference o FDR & Churchill o Atlantic Charter o Cooperation o Europe First o 14 points Truman o FDR dies April 12, 1945 o Yalta agreements democracy for Poland Elections in Eastern Block Germany Divided
USSR to join in Pacific War o Atlantic Charter Dropped 2 atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima, and one a Nagasaki Enterprise earned 20 battle stars. The most for any U.S. warship in WW 2. She was the only ship outside of the British Royal Navy to earn... Battle of the Philippine Sea o June 19-20, 1944 o Over 600 enemy planes shot down o Called the Turkey shoot because there were so many planes that were shot down o May 7, 1945 Germany Surrenders o August 14, 2007 Japan Surrenders Truman FDR dies April 12, 1945 Yalta Agreements o Democracy for Poland o Elections in Eastern Block o Germany Divided o USSR to join in Pacific War UN San Francisco, April, 1945 50 nations 2/3's approval for membership Senate approved the U.S. with a vote of 89-2 Secretary-General General Assembly Security Council 5 permanent 6 rotating (2 year terms) o Investigate o Recommend o Military action Unanimous vote US International Involvement UN Bretton Woods, 1944 o IMF o World Bank
Nuclear Disarmament Post War Settlement Germany o De-Nazification o De-militarization o De-industrialization o Democratization Occupation of Germany o De-militarization o De-industrialization o Democratization U.S. Relief and Loans USSR Difficulty o USSR demands for territory and war payments o Violated Yalta Agreement o Violated Atlantic Charter o USSR becomes COLD WAR enemy US Response to Cold War Maintain the army. Set up the 2nd peace time draft National Security Act, 1947 o Department of Defense o National Security Council o Created Joint Chiefs of Staff Atomic Energy Act, 1946 Containment o George F. Kennan Ethel and Julius Rosenberg o Soviet Spies who gave the secrets of the Nuclear bombs away Containment Truman Doctrine o $400 million o Misery and Want Greece, Turkey, 1947 Marshall Plan, 1947 Marshall Plan Financial, Technical aid $4 billion
$12 billion 64 % industrial increase USSR Response Warsaw Alliance, 1947 Soviet attempt to seize Berlin June 1948. West Germany June 23, 1948. Soviets blockade Berlin. May 11, 1949 Berlin Airlift 277,00 flights- 1 plane landing and taking off every 3 minutes 4,500 tons of supplies/day, 2 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization o 14 nations o Contain Russia o Attack on one;an attack on all. o Eisenhower o SHAPE 1950 USSR Expansion stopped 1955 Warsaw Pact Communist China, 1949 1949, Communist forces and Mao ZeDong seize China. Defeat Nationalist forces o US would not commit forces o US felt war was only means, but unwilling o US would not even commit to defend Nationalists on Formosa o US refused to recognize Red China 1949 National Security Council Paper #58 o Communists were intent on world domination-i.e. domino theory o US must patrol the world, and in order to do this: The US must re-arm o Korea--Major test of containment