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Dr. 1) Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist. Developmental 2) Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of: continuity or stages 3) If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a: teratogen. 4) When touched on the cheek, infants reflexively: open their mouths. 5) Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the: placenta. 6) From 2 weeks to 2 months after conception, the human organism is known as a(n): embryo. 7) When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the: rooting reflex 8) Human personality shows the greatest stability during: adulthood 9) For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n): teratogen 10)By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers': body odors 11)The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as: a critical period 12)"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style authoritarian 13)A child's realization that others may have beliefs which the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of: a theory of mind 14)Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a: concept of conservation 15)Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of secure attachment 16)Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' states of mind is most characteristic of: autism. 17)During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a: sense of object permanence 18)Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of: insecure attachment 19)After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of: accommodation 20)Compared to the children with authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are: more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence. 21)Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? male facial hair 22)Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing: role confusion 23)A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a: rite of passage 24)Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality postconventional 25)Compared to a century ago, menarche occurs ________ in life and adult independence begins ________ in life. earlier; later 26)"If you're really concerned about the rights and dignity of women," Yigal asked his older brother, "how can you justify buying pornographic magazines?" Yigal's question indicates that he is in the ________ stage of development. formal operational 27)The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by: Erikson's psychosocial development theory 28)Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________. secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics 29)Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality. Preconventional 30)Adolescence is typically a time of: diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence. 31)On which of the following tasks is a 20-year-old most likely to outperform a 70-yearold? recalling previously presented nonsense syllables 32)The age at which people are expected to leave home, get a job, and marry has changed dramatically in Wallonia over the past 50 years. Developmentalists would say that the country's ________ has been altered. social clock 33)According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to integrity. 34)When progressing through their adult lives, women demonstrate a slower reduction in ________ than do men. brain weight 35)Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during: early adulthood. 36)Menopause involves a decline in: fertility. 37)As adults age, they show the greatest declines in: fluid intelligence and in the memory capacities needed to recall recently presented information. 38)Kathryn and Rafael's third and last child is leaving home for college next year. Their empty nest is likely to be a(n) ________ place. Happy 39)According to Erikson, the elderly can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of: integrity. 40)Compared to young adults, in older adults the amygdala shows: diminishing activity in response to negative events 41)Experiencing sudden pain is to _______ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ________. sensation; perception 42)Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for: parallel processing 43)If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This best illustrates: that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness. 44)If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: sensory adaptation 45)Visual information is processed by ganglion cells: after it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells. 46)The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining a characteristic of: afterimages 47)Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates: top-down processing 48)Under very dim levels of illumination: rods are more light sensitive than cones. 49)The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates: Weber's law. 50)The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without: conscious awareness 51)The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the: iris. 52)Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's: audition. 53)The rubber-hand illusion best illustrates sensory interaction 54)According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the: activation of specific nerve fibers in your spinal cord. 55)Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home? olfactory receptors 56)Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the: cerebellum. 57)The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the importance of: sensory interaction. 58)The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifies: kinesthesis. 59)Frequency is to pitch as amplitude is to: loudness. 60)The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the: oval window 61)The somatosensory cortex is activated by ________ sensations. Touch 62)The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer is: interposition 63)The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually bright when it is high in the sky. 64)The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of: proximity. 65)The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants. depth perception 66)The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates: perceptual constancy. 67)Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates: color constancy 68)Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as: interposition. 69)Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by: Gestalt psychologists. 70)The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as: retinal disparity. 71)A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates: shape constancy 72)People perceive an adult-child pair as looking more alike when told they are parent and child. This best illustrates the impact of: perceptual set. 73)Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of: precognition. 74)Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by: cultural experience. 75)Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of: perceptual adaptation. 76)ATM machines are more complex than VCRs but are easier to operate thanks to the efforts of: human factors psychologists 77). After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: perceptual set. 78)Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias our perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact of: top-down processing. 79)After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates: perceptual adaptation. 80)Shauna claims that she knows at any given moment exactly what important political figures are thinking. Shauna is claiming to possess the power of: telepathy. 81)Human factors psychologists are most likely to be involved in: exploring how machines can be optimally designed to fit human abilities. 82)Freud suggested that adults with a passive and submissive personality marked by a childlike dependency demonstrate signs of: an oral fixation 83)Jaydon doesn't realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both his family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a: weak ego 84)In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test. Projective 85)Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning. the collective unconscious 86)Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of: unconscious processes. 87)According to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of: psychosexual development 88)Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n): weak superego 89)Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of: displacement. 1) Zygote- the fertilized egg 2) Embryo- the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. 3) Fetus- the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. 4) Teratogens- agent, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. 5) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)- physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman s heavy drinking, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. 6) Maturation- biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. 7) Cognition- all the mental activities with associated thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. 8) Schema- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. 9) Assimilation- interpreting on s new experience in terms of on s existing schemas. 10)Accommodation- adapting one s current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information. 11)Sensorimotor stage- in Piaget s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. 12)Object permanence- the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. 13)Preoperational stage- in Piaget s theory, the stage(from about 2 to 6 or 7 years old) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. 14)Conservation- the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. 15)Egocentrism- in Piaget s theory, the preoperational child s difficulty taking another s point of view. 16)Theory of mind- people s ideas about their own and others mental statesabout their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behavior these might predict. 17)Autism- a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others states of mind. 18)Concrete operational stage- in Piaget s theory, the stage of cognitive development(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. 19)Formal operations stage- in Piaget s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. 20)Stranger anxiety- the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. 21)Attachment- an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on serparation. 22)Critical period- an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. 23)Imprinting- the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical perod very early in life. 24)Basic trust- according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. 25)Adolescence- the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. 26)Puberty- the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. 27)Primary sex characteristics- the body structures (ovaries,testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. 28)Secondary sex charactersitcs- nonreproductive sezual charactersistics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. 29)Menarche- the first menstrual period. 30)Identity-one s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. 31)Intimacy- in Erikson s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. 32)Crystallized intelligence- one s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. 33)Fluid intelligence- one s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. 34)Social clock- the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. 35)Psychophysics- the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. 36)Absolute threshold- the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. 37)Subliminal- below one s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. 38)Priming- the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one s perception, memory, or response. 39)Difference threshold- the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. 40)Weber s law- the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage(rather than a constant amount). 41)Sensory adaptation- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. 42)Wavelength- the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary next. Eletromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. 43)Hue- the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. 44)Intensity- the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave s amplitude. 45)Retina- the light sensitive inner suface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. 46)Accommodation- the process by which the eye s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. 47)Rods- retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don t respond. 48)Cones- retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. 49)Optic nerve- the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 50)Blind spot- the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there. 51)Fovea- the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye s cones cluster. 52)Feature detectors- nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. 53)Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory- the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, on to green, one to blue 54)Opponent-process theory the theory that opposing retinal processes(redgreen, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. 55)Frequency- the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). 56)Pitch- a tone s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. 57)Middle ear- the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea s oval window. 58)Cochlea- a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. 59)Inner ear- the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 60)Gate control theory- the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signal or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened byt the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. 61)Sensory interaction- the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. 62)Gestalt- an organized whole. Gestalt psyuchologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. 63)Figure- ground- the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). 64)Grouping- the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. 65)Depth Perception- the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance. 66)Visual cliff- a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. 67)Binocular cues- depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depnd on the use of two eyes. 68)Retinal disparity- a binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer object. 69)Monocular cues- depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. 70)Perceptual Constancy- perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, shape, size, or lightness) even as illumination and retinal images change. 71)Color constancy- perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. 72)Perceptual adaptation- in vision, the abitlity to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. 73)Perceptual set- a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. 74)Free association- in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in whih the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. 75)Psychoanalysis- Freud s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. 76)Unconscious-according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. 77)Id- contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. 78)Ego- the largely conscious, executive part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. 79)Superego- the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. 80)Psychosexual stages- the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id s pleasureseeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. 81)Oedipus complex- according to Freud, a boy s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. 82)Identification- the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent s values into their developing superegos. 83)Fixation- according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. 84)Defense mechanisms- in psychoanalytic theory, the ego s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. 85)Repression- in psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anziety retreats to a more infantile psychosezual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. 86)Reaction formation- psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, peole may express feelings that re the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. 87)Projection- psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. 88)Rationalization- defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions. 89)Displacement- psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. 90)Collective unconscious- Carl Jung s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history. 91)Projective test- a personality test, such as the Rorchach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one s inner dynamics. 92)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a projective test in which mpeople express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. 93)Rorschach inkblot test- the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

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