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1.1. 1.Period Periods at the end of sentences Place a period at the end of a complete sentence if it is not a direct question or an exclamatory statement Example: Mississippi opponents of the Confederate-themed state flag wonder, Where does the state s pride in its heritage end and its respect for those offended begin? (Direct Question) asks a question outright Mississippi opponents of the Confederate-themed state flag wonder where the state s pride in its heritage ends and its respect for those offended begins. (Indirect Question) report the asking of a question 1.2. Periods with quotation marks and parentheses When a quotation falls at the end of a sentence, place the period inside the closing quotation marks Example: Although he devoted decades to a wide range of artistic and political projects, Allen Ginsberg is best known as the author of the poem Howl. When a parenthetical phrase falls at the end of a sentence, place the period outside the closing parenthesis Example: Mrs. Chen, a grandmother in Seneca Falls, is training for her first 10K race (6.2 miles). When parentheses enclose a whole sentence, place the period inside the closing parenthesis Example: True to their quirky success, ABBA found a receptive audience in Australia before Americans embraced them. (Australia, in fact, carries the distinction of being the first country to place ABBA at the top of the music charts.) 1.3. Periods with abbreviations Many abbreviations require periods; however, there are a few set rules. Examples: John F. Kennedy, Mr., Wed., a.m. Postal abbreviations for states and most abbreviations of organizations do not require periods Example: UT for Utah or CA for California and D&C for Dolce and Gabana or even BYU for Brigham Young University When an abbreviation falls at the end of a sentence, do not add a second period to conclude the sentence. Example: Her flight arrives at 2:30 p.m. 1.4. Periods as decimal points Decimal points are periods that separate integers from tenths, hundreds, and so on. Example: $6.4 million and $6,400,000 2.Exclamation Points 2.1. Exclamation points to convey strong emotion Functions of ! Conclude sentences Tell the reader how a sentence should sound Indicate strong emotion When used occasionally, ! can be invigorating When over used, ! become grating When trying to convey heightened emotion, use 1. Strong words 2. Careful phrasing 3. Use ! sparingly in formal writing ! are rarely appropriate in academic and professional prose 2.2. Exclamation points with emphatic interjections ! can convey a sense of urgency with brief interjections Interjections can be incorporated into sentences or stand on their own Example: Run! They re about to close the doors to the jetway. 2.3. Exclamation points with quotation marks If a quotation falls at the end of an exclamatory statement, place the ! outside the closing quotation mark. The Example: singer forgot the words of America the Beautiful ! When quoting an exclamatory statement at the end of a sentence that is not itself exclamatory, place the exclamation point inside the closing quotation mark Example: Jerry thought his car would be washed away in the flood, but Anna jumped into action, declaring, Not if I can help it! When the quotation of an exclamatory statement does not fall at the end of a sentence, place the exclamation point inside the closing quotation mark and place a period at the end of the sentence Someone yelled Loser! when the candidate walked on stage. 3.Question Marks 3.1. Question marks with direct questions Place ? at the end of a direct question ? s give readers a cue to read the end of the sentence with rising inflection Example of indirect question Brother Bowman asked my friend if she would like to give a talk next Sunday. Example of direct question Joe asked his father, What time do you come home from work today? 3.2. Question marks with quotations Same as with exclamation points. 3.3. Question marks to indicate uncertainty about dates or numbers Place a question mark in parentheses after date or number whose accuracy is in question Example: After his escape from slavery, Frederick Douglass (1817?95) went on to become a great orator and statesman. 4.Commas 4.1. Commas separate introductory words phrases and elements Introductory elements usually need to be set off by , Introductory words or phrases signal a shift in ideas Common introductory elements Conjunctive adverbs: however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus Introductory phrases: of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition When a conjunctive adverb or introductory phrase begins a sentence, the comma follows For example: Therefore, the suspect could not have been at the scene of the crime. Above all, remember to wash up after you cook. When a conjunctive adverb comes in the middle of a sentence, put a comma before and after the c.a. For example: If you really want to prevent your pipes from freezing, however, you should insulate them before winter comes. Occasionally the conjunctive adverb or phrase blends into a sentence so smoothly that a pause would sound awkward A comma signals voice intonation, so it is often used after an introductory phrase or clause of six or more words. Shorter phrase/clauses may have a comma or not, depending on preference or clarity. 4.2. Comas separate items in series It is acceptable to leave out the comma before the and in a series if it doesn t cause confusion. The important thing is to be consistent. More formal, academic writing tends to leave the comma in while more general writing tends to leave the comma out. For example: He made his bed 4.3. Periods with abbreviations 4.4. Periods as decimal points

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