Chapter 3/10/08 7 Infancy: Social & Emotional Development This chapter includes: early socialization in infancy, attachment theory, parent-infant relationship, social deprivation, child abuse and neglect, autism, personality. Attachment: This is also known as affection. this is an affectional bond between indiv characterized by a seeking of closeness or contact and a show of distress upon separation. Attachment refers to ___emotional___________________ ties betw two individuals, and enhances survival of human. When contact can not be maintained with the caregiver, infants demonstrate ___________separation anxiety____________________. Attachment is a two way street. It is one of the key issues in the social and personality developmt of the infant. Children come into this world fully _depdendent___________________ on others for their survival and well being. ___________Separation anxiety_______________: Infants attach themselves to the caregivers. When they cannot maintain contact, they show behaviors of _____separation anxiety ______________________. They thrash about, fuss, cry, whine. This is the fear of being separated ______________________ from the caregiver. Indiscriminate attachment is the display of attachment behaviors toward any person.
Patterns of Attachment:
Mary Ainsworth developed ___the strange situation method__ is a way of measuring the development of __attachment__________________________. An infant is taken into a lab by a parent, and the infant is observed though a one way mirror while a series of _______________parent child________________ separations and reunions occur. _______________________secure attachment_______________ - This is a type of attachment characterized by _________mild distress___________________ at leavetakings, seeking nearness to an attachment figure, and being soothed by the figure. The infant is upset by parents ___departure_________________________, but easily comforted by their return. Three categories of insecure attachment: _________avoidant___________________ attachment This is a type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indiff to the ________leavetakings____________________ of and reunions with the caregiver. The children are least distressed by the mothers _____departure___________, and ____________ignore______________ the mother upon her return. ______ambivalent resistent____________________________________ attachment children show severe distress when mother __leaves_________________ and _________________ambivalence______________ upon her return, clinging and pushing away the mother. It is a type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at the
leave-takings of and ____ambivalent ____________________ behavior at reunions with the caregiver. Infants are most upset when parents leave and show mixed emotions during reunions. _________________disorganized/disoriented_______________________________ attachment - children seem dazed, _____disoriented_________________, _______________________, contradictory behaviors towards the caregiver. Infants who are securely attached tend to be more sociable, relate better to other children, and more likely to use their mothers as a secure base to explore their surroundings. Mothers tend to be more reliable, predictable, and sensitive in their care giving. Based on this method, Ainsworth described parent child patterns of attachment.
Stages of Attachment:
________________________initial preattachment_______________________ phase lasts from birth to 3 months. Infants show indiscriminate affection during this phase. This is the __first________ phase in the formation of bonds of attachment. _______attachment in the making phase______________________________________ phase - occurs when infants are 3 6 months. This is the ______2nd_______________ phase in the development of attachment. Infants demonstrate preference for familiar figures. ______clear-cut attachment phase____________________________________ phase begins at 6 mos. This _3rd___ stage is characterized by intensified dependence on primary caregiver.
Social Deprivation
Studies of children reared in institutions where they receive little social stimulation from caregivers are limited in that they are ___correlational_________________________. In other words, family factors that led to the childrens placement in institutions may have contributed to their ________________developmental_______________________ problems. Experiments have been undertaken with ______rhesus monkeys____________________________, and the results are consistent with those of the correlational studies of children. _______monkeys________________ experiment The Harlows conducted classic experiments. They found that _rhesus__________________ infants reared in a most solitary confinement later avoided contact with other ______monkeys_____________, and did not engage in playful chasing, romping, nor attempt to fend off attacks from other _____monkeys__________. Instead, they cowered in the presence of others and failed to respond to them. They sat in the corner, clutching themselves and rocking back and forth. However, if young deprived ____monkeys_______________________ are placed with younger ______monkeys_______________, they eventually expanded contact with
them. Gains were made in their social and emotional developmt, and the same thing can occur with socially withdrawn children, when placed with younger playmates. Institutionalized children with little social and physical stimulation encounter developmental problems and become withdrawn and depressed. They are less interested in the world and become inactive. Bottom line children have much capacity to recover from early social deprivation if they receive individual attention and environmental stimulation.
Child Abuse & Neglect
Nearly __3_____ million American children are reportedly neglected or abused each year, and about 1 in 6 of these children get serious injury. Researchers believe there is more abuse because 50%_________% of abuse cases go unreported. What kinds of abuse do we see? It includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and educational neglect. Schools have prevention programs teaching the children the diff betw acceptable touching and bad touching, and provided strategies if they encounter a ____molester_______________ (ex run away), and encourage children to disclose abuse to a parent. Abused children show a range of negative outcomes including high incidence of personal, social problems, and psy disorders. They are less securely attached to parents, less intimate with peers, and more aggressive or angry with other children. Causes of Child Abuse includes situational stress, history of child abuse, lack of coping and problem solving skills, deficiency in child rearing skills, unrealistic expectations of a child, and substance abuse. What are child abuse prevention techniques? strengthening parenting skills, making home visits to high risk groups, providing info and help lines.
Autism Spectrum Disorders - ASDs
These are characterized by impairment in communication skills, social interactions, lack eye repetitive contact, and stereotyped behavior. They become evident at age 3 or earlier, more prevalent in boys than girls. ______aspergers __________________ disorder - characterized by social deficits and stereotyped behavior but without the significant cognitive or language delays associated with autism. ______retts__________ disorder - characterized by range of physical, behavioral, motor, and cognitive abnormalities that begins after few months of normal development. ________________childhood disintegrative___________________ disorder involves abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills that begins after 2 yrs of normal development.
Autism - characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior. Likely caused by biological factors, possibly brain abnormalities, and perhaps influenced by environmental factors. Autism is not caused by poor parenting or mercury in _______MMR________ vaccines. The primary treatment is intensive behavior modification. ___________mutism____________ - inability or refusal to speak __________echolalia_____________ - The automatic repetition of sounds or words.
Personality Development
Personality: is an individuals distinctive ways of responding to people and events. ___________self-concept__________________: a sense of self emerges gradually during infancy. Children typically show self-recognition (via the mirror test) around 18 months, and by age 2 can point to their own picture. One of the techniques used to study infants sense of self has been to watch their reactions to observing themselves in a mirror. When infants are 18 mos, they begin to show self-recognition by touching their own noses rather than reaching for the baby in the mirror. At some point, infants understand that their hand thats moving in and out of sight is their own hand. At some some point, they understand that their own bodies extend only so far. Separation-individuation: this is the childs increasing sense of becoming separate from and independent of the mother. Psychoanalyst Margaret Mahler proposed that the self concept comes through a process of separation-individuation, which lasts from about 5 mos to 3 yrs of age. ___separation___________________________involves the childs growing perception that her mother is separate from herself. _____________inviduation_________________ refers to the childs increasing sense of independence and autonomy. Temperament: this refers to individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life. Thomas and Chess, psychologists, studied the developmt of temperament, a basic core of personality with a genetic component. They classified children into 3 types of temperament: - _____easy________________: positive approaches, adapts easily to new situations (new food, new school, strangers), regular sleep and feeding schedules, cheerful - _____________difficult______________: irregular sleep and feeding schedules, slow to accept new people situations, takes long time to adjust to neew routines, responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, fussy, respond negatively. - ________slow to warm up_________________________: Falls betw the above two types. May initially seem like a difficult infant but adjusts to new situations somewhat more readily. They do not react as strongly as the difficult child with somewhat irregular patterns.
Many behavioral characteristics are used to observe temperament: activity level, distractibility, soothability, mood quality, adaptability, approach or withdrawal to new situations, to name a few. __________goodness to fit___________________________: This is an agreement betw the parents expectations of or demands on the child and the childs temperamental characteristics. If parents of a child with a difficult temperament respond patiently rather than by withdrawing, positive outcomes are likely for the child. Parents will modify expectations, attitudes and behaviors to assist the child in developing a more positive temperament. Sex Differences: All cultures make a distinction betw females and males, and how they should behave. A childs sex is a crucial factor in shaping social and emotional developmt. _______girls________ sit, crawl, walk earlier than _____boys______________. ________boys_______ more rough and tumble play. More talk and smile at ______girls______. Diff in room furnishings and infant clothing. Chapter Overview This chapter provides an overview of early socialization in infancy. The first topic covered is attachment theory and the parent-infant relationship. Antworths What is meant by Attachment? the quote no children are islands onto themselves illustrates the importance of attachment. - enduring emotional tie between one animal/person and another specific individual - Separation anxiety : experience by infant when contact can not be maintained with caregiver - Attachment is assessed by Strange Situation Patterns of Attachment Secure attachment - mildly protest mothers departure, seek interaction upon her return and are easily comforted by her Avoidance attachment - less distressed by motthers departure, ignores mother upon her return Ambivalent/resistant attachment - show severe, distress when mother leaves and ambivalence upon her return, clinging and pushing away their mother Disorrganized/disoriented attachment
- dazed, confused, or disoriented Is it better for an infant to be Securely attached to its caregiver? securely attached infants and toddlers: - happier, more sociable What did Ainsworth Learn about 5 Stages of Attachment: 3 phases of attachment: - initial-preattachment phase: birth to 3 months, indiscriminative affection - attachment-in-the-making phase: 3-6 months, preference for familiar figures - clear-cut-attachment phase: begins at 6 Causes of Child Abuse - situational stress - history of abuse, deficiency in child-rearing skills Why does child abuse run in families? - parents are role models, even abusive ones - exposure to violence may lead to violence as a norm - rationalization of hurting children Dealing with Child Abuse - Reporting child abuse ~ many states require suspicions to be reported - Preventing child abuse ~ strengthening parenting skills ~ home wisits to high, risk groups ~ providing information (i.e. child abuse hotline) What are Austism Spectrum Disorder? - Characterized by impairment ??? What is self-concept? - the sense of self: emerges gradually during infancy - development of self-concept: mirror technique- 18 months- infants demonstrate self-concept; at 30 months can point to their own picture - presence of self-awareness allows: sharing and compoperation and selfconscious emotions Psychoanalytical Views of Self-Concept - separation-individuation ~ necessary for self-concept What is meant by the temperatment of a child? - characteristic way of relating and adopting to the world, pressed very early in life ~ basic core of personality
~ has a genetic component What types of temperament do we find among children? - Thomas and Chess: three types of temperament ~ easy (40% of sample) How do girls and boys differ in their social, emotional, and other behaviors?