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101 Psychology Module 1- The History and Scope of Psychology Psychology- the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Behavior is anything an organism does (recordable and observable info) Mental processes- internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, dreams etc...) Socrates and Plato and Descartes mind and body are separate; knowledge is born within us John Locke- tabula rasa helped to form empiricism (knowledge originates in experience and science should rely on observation and experimentation Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener self-reflective introspection (looking into oneself) CU Functionalist- William James; encouraged explorations of down-to-earth emotions, memories, will power, habits and stream of consciousness [Mary Calkins] Humanist Psychology- response to Freudian psychology and behaviorism (science is rooted in observation) 1960's= Cognitive revolution: importance of considering internal thought processes Cognitive neuroscience- study of the interaction of thought processes and brain function Nature vs. Nurture- big debate among theorists and philosophers Natural Selection- Darwin; evolution Biopsychosocial approach- considers the influences of biological, psychological and social-cultural factors Psychologists and Basic Research- aims to increase the scientific knowledge base Biological Psychologists- brain and mind Developmental Psychologists- changing abilities from womb to tomb Cognitive Psychologists- experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems Personality Psychologists- investigating persistent traits Social Psychologists- how we view and affect one another Applied Research- scientific study that aims to solve practical problems Counseling Psychology- assists people with problems in living Clinical Psychology- studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Psychiatry- branch of medicine that deals with psychological disorders Module 2- Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Hindsight bias- "I knew it all along" Common sense is after the fact Psychology is run by overconfidence-thinking we know more than we actually do we tend to be more confident than correct Psychologists approach the world of behavior with a curious skepticism Scientific Method 1. Theory- explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events (simplifies things) 2. Hypotheses- testable predictions which give future research 3. Research and Observations- as a check on biases, psychologists report research with operational definitions that allow anyone to replicate observations are **psychologists concerned less with certain behaviors than general principles that explain those certain behaviors *Ethics surrounding human and animal testing for psychology* Muzaref Sherif- one of the first researchers to study social influence in ambiguous situations when the situation is ambiguous, people are likely to conform Module 3- Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions Case Study- psychologists study one individual in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all also show us what can happen Survey- look at cases in depth; asks people to report behaviors and/or opinions does censorship affect this? False consensus effect- tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors Population- all the cases in a group from which samples can be drawn for a study (except for national studies this does not refer to a country's whole population) Random Sample- a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion Naturalistic Observation- observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation Correlation- a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other (corr. Coefficient goes from -1 to +1) Scatterplot- cluster of dots slope of line= direction of the relationship between two variables amount of dots= strength of correlation Illusory Correlation- a perceived nonexistent correlation (something we believe that in turn we recall and notice later on) Experiment- research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to show effects on behavior or mental capacities Double-blind Procedure- both research participants and research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received treatment Placebo effect- experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by administration of inert substance or condition (an active agent) Experimental condition- condition of an experiment that exposes participants to treatment (to one version of the independent variable) Control Condition- conditions of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental conditions and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment Random Assignment- assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance (minimizes preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups) Statistical Significance- a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

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