Communication 200 Study Guide Exam 2 Chapter 4. Trait Approaches 1. 2. Describe the three steps of the Classical Conditioning Model (Pavlov). Provide a communication example using this model. Describe the essential aspects of the Operant Conditioning Model (Skinner). Provide a communication example using this model. What is the major difference between the Classical and Operant models? How do these models differ from the theories presented in the chapter? Describe the Contextual, Trait and State views of behavior. What is the Cross Situational Consistency issue? What are the major positions on the cross situational consistency issue? What are the four types of Communication Apprehension (CA)? What are the manifestations of CA? What are the consequences of having high CA? What does Norton s model of Communicator Style focus upon? One aspect of Communicator Style is Communicator Image. Describe the major traits reflecting Communicator Image. What is Self Disclosure (SD)? What is reciprocity and how does it relate to SD? What is the role of SD in relational development; i.e., the progression from stranger to friend to intimate? What are the dimensions of SD? Name and describe the three types of speakers identified in Hart s Rhetorical Sensitivity Theory. Name and describe the three components of Communication Competence (Spitzberg s Theory of Communication Competence). 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is Interaction Involvement? What are its main characteristics? Describe Aggression Traits Theory (Infante). What are the characteristics of an Assertive Communicator? an Argumentative Communicator? a Hostile Communicator? an Aggressive Communicator? What are some consequences of aggressive communication? What are some possible causes of aggressive communication? 11. What are characteristics of an Affirming Communication Style during an argument? Chapter 5. Persuasion Approaches 1. 2. What are attitudes, beliefs and values? Personality traits and persuasion: What trait was Hovland trying to find? Did he find it? Define and present the research findings regarding self esteem, dogmatism, machiavellianism, cognitive complexity, and need for social approval. How are fear appeals used? Explain the Curvilinear Hypothesis. Explain the Drive to Reduce Fear, Level of Resistance, Parallel Response, Protection Motivation and Threat Control explanations of fear appeals. (The last five explanations are in the text.) Define evidence. What persuasive effect does evidence alone have? What are the effects of evidence and source credibility, delivery, and prior familiarity? What are the major factors of source credibility? What are scales that measure the major factors of credibility? What are secondary factors of credibility? Describe the Functional and Constructivist Models of Credibility. What is dissonance (Festinger)? What two factors determine the amount of dissonance a person will experience? Give examples. What is the major 3. 4. 5. 6. theoretic proposition of Dissonance Theory? When listening to a message that produces dissonance, what are the three ways a receiver can maintain his/her position on an issue and simultaneously lower his/her dissonance? What is counterattitudinal advocacy? What were the researchers who were engaged in counterattitudinal advocacy research trying to determine? In counter attitudinal advocacy, what is the relationship of the amount of reward to the amount of dissonance a person will experience? Under which reward condition will the greatest amount of attitude change occur? Give an example. 7. In Sherif s Social Judgment Theory, describe the components of his method of measuring attitude; e.g., the most acceptable position and three latitudes. What is ego involvement? How can a researcher identify a person with high ego involvement? low ego involvement? What is the major theoretic proposition of the theory? What is the discrepancy issue? What is assimilation? contrast? How can one change the attitude of a highly ego involved listener? What issue is Fishbein addressing in his Theory of Planned Behavior? Why is this issue important? What are the variables of the theory? Describe how the variables are related. What is the major contribution of the theory? What are the two major processing routes people use, according to Elaboration Likelihood Theory (Petty & Caccioppo)? What are the characteristics of these two processing routes? What are the factors that determine what route a listener will use? What are the research findings about attitude change for listeners using the two processing routes? 8. 9. 10. Define the major concepts in Rokeach s Theory of Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values. Why is the theory a cognitive consistency theory (Hint: What s the relationship between beliefs, attitudes, and values)? What is the attitude behavior discrepancy issue? Why is it an issue? In order to predict a person s behavior toward an attitude object, what two factors must be known? Give an example. Why does Rokeach criticize the tendency of communication theorists to focus their research on processes of changing a listener s attitudes? What are values? What are the major categories of values? Give examples. How can one affect someone s values? 11. What are the five major categories of compliance gaining described by Marwell and Schmitt? How do sources select compliance gaining strategies according to Hunter & Boster? What kind of strategies do sources normally select? What are the shortcomings of the compliance gaining research? NOTE: The Study Guide questions are designed to help you prepare for the exam. They do not include every question that might be asked on the exam. You are responsible for all of your notes, not just the Study Guide questions. Regarding the text, you are responsible for those sections that deal with content covered in the lecture notes. Parts of the text that are not covered in the lecture notes will not be included on the exam. When content of the text differs from or contradicts content in the lecture notes, the lecture notes are considered to be correct. There will be questions from the text that are not in the Lecture Notes.