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111 Biology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 4. 1. 3. 3. 3. 1. 1. 1. 2. 4. 1. 4. 10. 1. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 1. 2. 4. 3. 3. 1. 2. The Immune System Correct. The bump is due to fluid accumulation. The redness and heat occurs due to increased circulation to the area. The tenderness is due to tissue damage and to edema. Correct. The histamine causes increased capillary permeability, and fluid leaks into the area. No, although the increased capillary permeability facilitates migration by macrophages. Correct, increased red blood cell production is not included. Correct. They are proliferating to fight the infection. Correct. A typical K ppfer cell can destroy 100 bacteria/second. Correct. Natural killer cells fight intracellular infections or cancer. No, this sounds like the job of a macrophage or neutrophil. Correct. They lyse cells to kill off intracellular invaders like viruses. Correct. In contrast, the nonspecific immune responses are equally effective against any invader. Correct. They are the first antigen-displaying cells of the immune response. Their role is to activate helper T cells. No. Interleukin 2 is secreted, but by helper T cells. It helps to activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. No. Cytokines activate some immune system cells, but they don t directly harm pathogens. Correct...after they convert to plasma cells. No. Monocytes, not neutrophils, convert to macrophages. Correct. This was given away by the fact that macrophages are the only phagocytic cell listed, so only they could digest bacteria and display antigens. Correct. These steps do not depend on any particular antigen or antibody. Correct. Correct. HIV attacks the helper T cells. Correct. After displaying the pathogen antigen, the macrophage secretes interleukin 1 to stimulate the helper T cells. Correct. Membrane attack complexes come from complement that has been activated by bridging between two antibodies. Correct. It clings to the target cells and pours poisons onto it. Correct. Interferon is released by virus-infected cells, and helps nearby cells resist virus attack. No. That would erase all immunity to that pathogen. Correct. The concentration of antibody soars to 100x the level it reached in the primary response, and it attains its peak than faster in the primary response. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 1. 2. 21. 22. 1. 3. 1. 2. 3. 3. Correct. There are many stories of husbands and wives who remain healthy for years, but then as soon as one dies, the other soon sickens and dies. Also, cancer treatment puts a heavy emphasis on maintaining a positive attitude in the patient. There is a medical rationale for this...patients with positive attitudes have better immune systems. No, although this probably happens in many cases. Correct. The MHC markers identify the cells as self. No, plasma cells create humoral immune response. Correct. And memory cells may remain ready to respond to the infection for about 10 years. No. Interleukins is secreted even in primary responses. No. Monocytes are phagocytic. B-cells (lymphocytes) secrete antibodies. Correct. Histamines (also important in the nonspecific immune response) cause vasodilation and increase capillary permeability. Hence, fluid weeps from the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. Correct. The helper T-cells are so critical to both humoral and cell-mediated immunity when the helper T-cells are disabled, both of these defenses are destroyed. Correct. All the other methods would harm the host as badly as they harm the virus. Correct. As one book puts it, to accelerate cell division, you have to both step on the gas and not step on the brake. That is, you must turn on cell division and turn off the numerous protective genes that would stop a defective cell from dividing. No. Antibodies are pretty useless against cancers and virus infections because these infections are intracellular. No, although partially correct. Only cancers induced by viruses (about 20%) are attacked by cytotoxic T-cells. Correct. No. Helper T cells activate other immune cells. They don't attack anything. No. The animal that makes the antibodies is irrelevant. Correct. The more similar the epitopes to sheep, the stronger the agglutination reaction will be. No. The agglutination of goat red blood cells occurs because sheep and goat have similar epitopes. The more similar they are, the less sheep would tend to mount a strong immune reaction. 23. 24. 25. 26. 2. 1. 4. 27. 1. 2. 3. 4. 28. 1. 2. 3.

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