Documents Found!
As seen in
Less Work, Better Grades
Join
Course Hero
Access
best resources
Ace
your classes
Ace your courses with Course Hero!

Submit your homework question or assignment here:
352 Tutors are online
 
We are so confident that you will love our service, we will answer your first homework question for FREE!
*  Attach Assignment (optional):
 
Our current time in (CST) is
 
Study Smarter, Score Higher
View This Document For FREE!
 
Document Content (unformatted)
Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, homework solutions, papers, exam answer keys and textbook solutions.
III. 2/3/09 Radical Revolution A. Political Groups B. The Culture of the Revolution C. Regicide D. Terror E. Thermidor Two Revolutions 1789 Liberal and 1792 Radical/Republican Economic and political liberalism What is the relationship between the two revolutions? Liberal revolution opened the door, but kept the king s position 1792 fulfilled the hopes of 1789 or was a complete 180 of 1789 Political Groups The militia on the streets have power There are clubs, the earliest form of political parties, where intellectuals get together These meeting places become known to have a certain political ideal or another The Jacobins were actually a club, a series of meeting places in Paris where people went to talk politics King wants France to lose war so that he can regain control; believes armies of Prussia, Austria, and England will bring him back to his crown because they are monarchies and want to maintain the system of monarchies in Europe This leads to discontent and rejection of the king; crowds drive him away and the Legislative Assembly vote to arrest the king Legislative Assembly disbands because the system in was held in was proved inadequate; elections are held with universal manhood suffrage This revolutionary phase deals with equality; the first was equality of rights; now the social classes need to be equalized So there are people protesting for equality at the Convention The sans-culottes are artisans, people who live in towns and cities, urban craftsmen and women ; blacksmith, metal, wood, manufacture They call for direct democracy as opposed to representative government They also push for a maximum or ceiling on food so everyone gets it Before this, the church was relied on to help the needy; now the state has that responsibility right and left : people who sat on right, wanted to keep things the same; on the left if people wanted change Mountain and Gironde get contentious at Louis XVI s trial The Culture of the Revolution Revolutionary virtue and a purity of the soul Revolution more than change of political systems but a way of judging people: are you truly committed to the Republican? was Simplicity favored and acting like they were special was contemptible Regicide Is Louis XVI guilty of conspiring against the people and threatening the security of the state, basically treason Death sentence at a very close vote Why the death sentence?: king is a citizen, but also a symbol; a sign to everyone not to get in their way, they did it to a king, they can easily do it to a peasant; he belies all the values that the revolution is fighting for; as a means to tell Austria that French are not scared; there is no space for the king in the society that the revolution has created; it is a new era It was somewhat difficult because he was young, 36, and the symbolism of the king made citizens feel like he was a surrogate father Guillotine was seen as the quickest and most painless means to kill someone; not blood thirst Terror Spring 1793, revolutionary tribunal created: deal with those opposed to the values of the revolution or who plot to bring back the monarchy The Committee of Public Safety created and sought to enforce above Violence was normal and was essential to protect liberty; there s no time for dissent or multiplicity of view October 1793, the Reign of Terror begins, Marie Antoinette is guillotined In a 9 month period, 30,000 people executed Gironde becomes labeled as counterrevolutionary and victims of the terror Peasants who were still loyal to the church were a major opposition to the revolutionaries Many were drowned in the Loire River because the guillotine took too long Infernal columns of republican troops scoured the countryside, burning villages and fields, and killing civilians indiscriminately to end rural resistance Total loss of life in the region, where fighting continued for several years after the fall of Robespierre, may have exceeded 100,000 To the revolutionaries, they were doing something of great historical importance For Robespierre, terror was justice and protected the cause he deeply believed in Popular movement weakened by the draft, the People s Army, to fight the war Thermidor (Summer) End of July 1794 Robespierre is beheaded
Find millions of documents here - Study Guides, Homework Solutions, Papers, Exam Answer Keys and more. Course Hero has millions of course related materials that will enable you to learn better, faster and get an A in all your courses.
Below is a small sample set of documents:

USC >> HIST >> 104 (Spring, 2009)
2/10/09 Industrialization and Its Consequences I. British Industrialization: Key industries II. Social Consequences a. Demographic Change b. Class Formation III. Gender and the Family in the Era of Industrialization a. Separate Spheres b. The Bourgeo...
USC >> HIST >> 104 (Spring, 2009)
2/17/09 I. II. Marx and Scientific Socialism Marxism and European Politics a. Social and Political Change in 19th century Europe b. Socialist Politics The Communist Manifesto Single-text to layout many viewpoints of other socialisms, communisms Ex...
USC >> HIST >> 104 (Spring, 2009)
2/24/09 Battleship of Potemkin, 1925, Serge Eisenstein Events depicted refer to battleship that has undergone a mutiny They dock at Odessa and then czars troop appears Cossacks: warrior clan, off-set, used by czar as a mercenary force Battleship ...
USC >> HIST >> 104 (Spring, 2009)
03/03/09 MIDTERM: 3/12 Thurs I. Bolsheviks in Power a. The Civil War and War Communism b. NEP and Revolutionary Culture c. Stalin d. First Five-Year Plan e. The Purges Assessing the Revolution a. Stalins Relationship to 1917 b. When did the Revolutio...
USC >> HIST >> 104 (Spring, 2009)
03/10/09 Science, Race and Nation I. Nations and Nationalism: Europe in the Nineteenth Century a. Constructing Nation States b. Bourgeois Europe c. Second Industrial Revolution (review) II. Science, Race and Empire Lecture: Doheny Intellectual Common...
USC >> HIST >> 104 (Spring, 2009)
03/26/09 Decolonization and Colonial Resistance I. Decolonization: An Overview a. 1945-70s was the height of decolonization b. Imperialism didnt end because people felt bad about it c. WWII became an effort about saving the world from fascism d. Euro...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
BISC 220L Albert Herrera, lecturer William McClure, lecturer Gorjana Bezmalinovich, lab director Teaching assistants Supplemental Instruction leaders Mechanics of the course Lecture is important Use of Blackboard Streaming video copies of e...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Water. Ch. 3. Two major concepts: Physical properties: Polarity, H bonds Surface tension (cohesion) Thermodynamics heat of vaporization specific heat: calorie Modulate atmospheric conditions Ice floats Solvent; concentration Thermodynamics Energy...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Chapter 4 C, H, O, and N can combine in many ways Vitalism Hydrocarbons Isomers Structural, geometric, enantiomeric Rings (often not isomers at all) Functional groups contribute to the molecular diversity of life 6 groups are of primary value ...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Chapter 5: biomolecules 5 major classes Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids Small molecules Formation of polymers Polymers Monomers; dimers, etc. Condensation reactions (in biochemistry) coupling (synthesis) by dehydration can be ...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Chapter 6. The structure of the cell. Smallest living unit. Generates own energy. Takes in nutrients, gives off wastes. Compartmentalized. Defined by membranes, intracellular organelles. Maintains genetic information. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
0 On to chapter 7: Membranes Phospholipid bilayer Fluid mosaic model Lateral diffusion Associated proteins Osmosis Transport across membranes Passive Active 0 0 0 ...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
CHAPTER8:METABOLISM The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways Organisms transform energy The energy transformations of life are subject to two laws of thermodynamics Organisms live at the expense of free energy ATP powers cellul...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
0 Chapter 9: Respiration Redox reactions Glycolysis Glucose to pyruvate Oxidative phosphorylation Acetyl-CoA to CO2 & H2O Proton gradients as a form of energy Alternative pathways Regulation Inorganic (directly electrons): Oxidation comes...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
0 0 Photosynthesis Light energy into synthesis of glucose Two phases: Light reactions Lysis of water Electron transport NADPH Oxidative phosphorylation ATP Dark reactions NADPH & ATP drive CO2 Alternative pathways glucose 0 0 0 0 0 ...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Cell Communication Cell surface receptors G-linked proteins Tyrosine kinase receptors Intracellular actions Second messengers Cyclic AMP Calcium ions Lipophilic agents (steroid hormones, others) Amplification Calcium can also be a second...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Mitosis: cell division Growth Development Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Reproduction (in prokaryotes) Division Six major phases Cell cycle Prokaryotes Ctyokinesis Regulation of division And on to cancer, and then meiosis ...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Regulation of cell division: growth factors Cancer Incorrect regulation of division and growth. Malignant Tumor Development Figure 18.2 Tumors Benign Remain in one location Single, well defined mass May be surrounded by connective tissue Ca...
USC >> BISC >> 220 (Spring, 2009)
Meiosis: reduction division Diploid haploid Two divisions Great genetic diversity Segregation of chromosomes Crossing over ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
August 2004 NREL/CP-520-36323 Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy Applied to CdTe/CdS Solar Cells H.R. Moutinho, R.G. Dhere, C.-S. Jiang, M.M. Al-Jassim, and L.L. Kazmerski Prepared for the 19th European PV Solar Energy Conference and Exhibit...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 86, 034106 2005 A mechanical microscope: High-speed atomic force microscopy A. D. L. Humphris,a M. J. Miles, and J. K. Hobbsb University of Bristol, H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United King...
Cornell >> PSYCH >> 101 (Spring, 2008)
APPENDIX A Dimensions Microscopes are designed to create highly magnied views of very, very small objects. It is often helpful to have an idea of the sizes of the objects viewed with the microscope compared to the sizes of known objects. Dimensions...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
APPENDIX B Scanner Qualications Certication of an AFM scanner to assure that it meets specications requires that several tests be made. This document oers the test protocol used for assuring that a scanner meets its specications. An example of a sp...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
APPENDIX C AFM Standards and References Introduction Standards and references are required for proper operation of an AFM and to verify optimal operating conditions and calibration of the instrument. Standards are used to assure that the absolute ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
APPENDIX D Important Websites The following websites also provide information about Atomic Force Microscopy: probestore.com pacicnanotech.com nanoparticles.pacicnanotech.com afmuniversity.org 159 ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Conductive Atomic-Force Microscopy Applied to CdTe/CdS Solar Cells Purpose: Measure the current between the tip and sample surface, and obtain high resolution images of polycrystalline materials Materials: Glass/SnO2/CdS/CdTe Procedure: Scann...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
CHAPTER 1 Introduction Typically, when we think of microscopes, we think of optical or electron microscopes. Such microscopes create a magnied image of an object by focusing electromagnetic radiation, such as photons or electrons, on its surface. ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
CHAPTER 2 AFM Instrumentation An AFM is a deceptively simple instrument that requires a considerable amount of engineering construct such that the AFM is capable of measuring images with nanometer resolution. The basic components of an AFM are a c...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
CHAPTER 3 Measuring AFM Images Learning to operate an AFM well enough to get an image usually takes a few hours of instruction and practice. It takes 5 to 10 minutes to measure an image if the sample is properly prepared. However, if it is an unkn...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
CHAPTER 4 Imaging Modes The Atomic Force Microscope is a member of the family of scanning probe microscopes that includes the scanning tunneling microscope and the near eld optical microscope, see Figure 4-1. Scanning Probe Microscope Family Air, ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
CHAPTER 5 Process, Display, Analyze Software AFM images are stored in a computer as a three dimensional array of numbers. The array of numbers can be processed, displayed, analyzed and then reported by specialized image processing software. AFM ima...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
CHAPTER 6 AFM Image Artifacts All measurement instrumentation used by scientists and engineers for research, development and quality control generates results that may have artifacts. This chapter serves as a guide to identifying common artifacts t...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
CHAPTER 7 AFM Applications Because the AFM is capable of measuring nanometer scale images of insulating surfaces with little or no sample preparation, it has a vast number of applications in many areas of science and technology. This chapter serves...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Calibration of atomic-force microscope tips Jeffrey L. Hutter and John Bechhoefer Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, VSA 235, Canada (Received 29 March 1993; accepted for publication 12 April 1993) Imag...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Conductive AFM Applied to CdTe/CdS Solar Cells Apply a voltage between a tip and the sample surface, and measure the current Conventional topographic image Current image for a constant voltage I- V image of any Figure 1: Set-up for the CAFM meas...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Conductive AFM Applied to Apply a voltage between a tip and the sample surface, and measure the current Conventional topographic image Current image for a constant voltage I- V image of any Figure 1: Set-up for the CAFM measurements. The shaded ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Nanotechnology presentation Atomic Force Microscopy The atomic force microscope (AFM) or scanning force microscope (SFM) is a very high-resolution type of scanning probe microscope, with demonstrated resolution of fractions of a nanometer, more tha...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy Applied to CdTe/CdS Solar Cells: Purpose: use an AFM to apply a voltage between a conductive tip and the sample surface, and to measure the current o Learn about the electrical properties of the sample o Obtain hig...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy Applied to CdTe/CdS Solar Cells: Purpose: use an AFM to apply a voltage between a conductive tip and the sample surface, and to measure the current o Learn about the electrical properties of the sample through the ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Nanotechnology Overview WHAT IS NANO? nano prefix means one billionth Human hair ~ 50,000 nm across Smallest features on a commercial microchip are 100 nm Smallest things seeable with unaided eye are 10,000 nm Ten hydrogen atoms m...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Nanotechnology: Electronics If a device uses electricity and you can tell it what to do by programming, there is a chip inside The most sophisticated chip is a microprocessor whose transistors can perform millions of instructions per second A microp...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Nanotechnology: Electronics -II Si Technology Si is a semiconductor Electrical conductivity is between a metal conductor (Cu) and an insulator (diamond) Material whose electrical properties can be influenced in a variety of subtle ways Some...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Nanotechnology: Electronics -III Junction Transistor p-n-p junction transistor Emitter + + + + + + + + Base -+ + Collector + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + - Forward Bias - + Reverse Bias n-p-n junction transistor ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Nanotechnology Electronics IV Semiconductors Intrinsic properties occur naturally Extrinsic properties are manufactured Doping addition of foreign atoms (impurities) Donors Acceptors Temperature Pure Si Conduction Band Free Electrons Ba...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Nanotechnology: Integration I IntegratedCircuit(IC)Fabrication ICs:Electroniccomponentsfabricatedonamonolithicsubstrate transistors(electronicswitch) diodes(rectifier) capacitors resistors inductorswww.netmotion.com Siliconissubstrateinwideusecu...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Nanofabrication MOSFET http:/jas.eng.buffalo.edu/education/fab/NMOS/nmos.html Basic Fabrication Steps Oxidation Photolithography Etching Ion Implantation Metallization Thermal Oxidation SiO2 Insulation layers Barrier to diffus...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Nanofabrication-2 Read Appendix E in Book Metallization e www.tf.uni-kiel.de Metallization After source, drain and channel have been formed, metallization is used to define electrodes Low contact resistance (high for gate elect...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Nano- & Molecular Electronics Microcontact Printing: CP SAM: Self-Assembled Monolayer http:/www.research.philips.com/technologies Microcontact Printing: CP Elastomer: Silicone Rubber http:/www.research.philips.com/technologies Microcon...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Photonics Chapter 21 in the Book Photonics Until the early 70s the demand for longdistance communications could be met by electronic industry Electronic transmission alone became unable to accommodate needs A new technology needed ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Photonics - II Direct and Indirect Band Gap CB CB VB VB Direct Band-Gap Indirect Band-Gap Why not Si? Radiative recombination is slow because Si has an indirect band gap The momentum of the recombined electronhole pair is diff...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Photonics - III Diamond and Zinc Blende Structures Diamond C, Si, Ge GaAs Zinc blende Compound Semiconductors Band Gap Engineering (III-V) Band Gap scales with lattice constant III-V Semiconductors and Solid Solutions Band Gap Compar...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 1. Photodetectors 2. Optical Fibers Photodetectors Photoconductive materials Light is used to excite charge carriers into higher energy states in an intrinsic semiconductor which can carry electrical current when voltage is applied Li...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Optical Fibers Refraction ni/nr = sinr/sini i r Total Internal Reflection n1 > n2 Light moves faster Refracted angle larger Critical incident angle above which light does not escape n1 n2 i3 i2 i1 r3 r2 r1 Single Mode Fiber omlc.ogi....
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI111 Photonic Crystals New Optical Fibers? Why not use air as the core in a fiber? Air suffers from no impurities, no scatterers Low refractive index makes it impossible to maintain total internal reflection requirement Mirrors are not perf...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 ENERGY TRENDS Vision Daniel M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006 The stone age did not end because of lack of stone and the oil age will end long before the world runs out of oil Sheikh Saki Yamani, Oil Minister, Saudi Arabia So...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 PHOTOVOLTAICS Issue Fossil fuels produce CO2 CO2 does not let heat escape and produces the green house effect Climate changes Are we Doing Enough? D.M. Kammen, Scientific American, Sept. 2006 Photovoltaics Solar cells/photovolta...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 FUEL CELLS 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbohydrates: high-calorie food ~ 1% conversion http:/www.sinauer.com/ www.tribuneindia.com Grtzel Cell Different species involved in charge-carrier generation and transport Dye plays role of chlo...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 BATTERIES In the News Sony To Ask Notebook Battery Customers For Global Recall Toshiba Will Recall 340,000 Notebook Batteries Dell To Announce Massive Laptop Battery Recall It\'s Panasonic\'s Turn To Recall Batteries Lenovo Recalls ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Reality Check Concepts-Microelectronics Semiconductors/Insulators/Conductors Bands/Band Gap Direct/Indirect Band Gap Single crystal/amorphous/polycrystalline Crystal Structure Unit cell Doping Interfaces offer unique prop...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI111 Information Storage: Magnetics Background Electronics revolution has placed unprecedented demands on information storage most ambitious programs like the Genome project rely on information storage The faster we generate data the more sto...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI111 Magnetics-II Magnetic Storage Magnetic Write/Read Inductive Head Magnetoresistive Head 1-Dimensional Tape 2-Dimensional Disk State of the Art 100 GB 50 MB/sec 100 miles/hr Few microns between disk and head sometimes 0.5 microns a sm...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Magnetics - III Superparamagnetism Ferrofluids H H H Hard Soft hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/solids Requirements Head Easily magnetized and demagnetized High permeability (slope of M vs. H) Loose very little energy as heat ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Magnetics - IV Ferrofluids Ferrofluids Magnetic material Spontaneously magnetized Fluid Flow or assume shape of container Such a fluid could change its orientation and position in response to a magnetic field R. Rosenweig, Scientif...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Nanoscale Characterization Microscopy Form a magnified image of an object Light waves Resolution: limited by wavelength of light 200 nm: smallest feature resolvable by visible light microscope Microscopes for nanotechnology Scanning electron micro...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Scanning Probe Microscopy Features Common between STM and AFM: Scan range: 200 x 200 micron lateral, 10 micron vertical Some vibration isolation required Scan rates: 10 nm/sec to 1000 nm/sec typical 512x512 pixels at 512 pixels/sec Scanning Tunneling...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 New Carbon Forms Fullerenes www.mustsee.com www.europa-pages.com Graphite & Diamond 2-dimensional sp2 bonding 3-dimensional sp3 bonding Covalent bonds sp3 and sp2 Hybridization s, px, py, pz sp3 CH3- CH3 pz s, px, py sp2 CH2= CH2...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Carbon Nanotubes Composites B, 33, 263, 2002 Scientific American, 62, Dec. 2000 History Nanometer size cylinders made out of C Layers of graphite rolled up into a cylinder Multi-wall nanotubes, MWNT S. Ijima, NEC, 1991 (earlier discovery in Russ...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
Carbon Nanotubes Composites B, 33, 263, 2002 Scientific American, 62, Dec. 2000 Band Structure Semimetal Band gap in nanotubes varies with circumference small diameter: fewer states: further apart: larger Eg Additional effects because of tube shap...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Mechanical Response Bridges Strong so safety is not compromised Airplanes Al alloy or Carbon composites Lightweight Strong Cyclic loading during take-off and landing Sports Equipment Strength Weight Impact strength Electronic Devices Wi...
Cornell >> MSE >> 111 (Fall, 2007)
ENGRI 111 Mechanical Response Si: Covalent bonds Metal: Metallic bonds Polymer: Covalent and van der Waals bonds Plastic deformation: material yields to applied stress Elastic stretching: recoverable Youngs Modulus (Modulus of Elasticity), E = / ...
What are you waiting for?
View This Document For FREE!